MATTER AND MATTER AND PROPERTIESPROPERTIESUnit 3Unit 3

ChemistryChemistry

LangleyLangley

WHAT IS MATTERWHAT IS MATTER

MatterMatter Anything that has mass and occupies spaceAnything that has mass and occupies space Anything that has mass and volumeAnything that has mass and volume

6 Phases of Matter6 Phases of Matter Bose-Einstein CondensatesBose-Einstein Condensates SolidSolid Amorphous SolidAmorphous Solid LiquidLiquid GasGas PlasmaPlasma

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SOLIDSOLID A form of matter that has definite shape A form of matter that has definite shape

and volumeand volume Particles are packed tightly together, in Particles are packed tightly together, in

an orderly/rigid arrangement (crystalline)an orderly/rigid arrangement (crystalline) Shape of a solid does not depend on the Shape of a solid does not depend on the

shape of the container (difficult to squeeze shape of the container (difficult to squeeze solid into a smaller volume), not easily solid into a smaller volume), not easily compressedcompressed

Particles expand when heatedParticles expand when heated When shattered, fragments have same When shattered, fragments have same

surface angles as original solidsurface angles as original solid

AMORPHOUS SOLIDAMORPHOUS SOLID

Lacks an ordered internal structureLacks an ordered internal structure Random arrangement of atomsRandom arrangement of atoms Definite volumeDefinite volume Can be molded into different shapesCan be molded into different shapes Rubber, plastic, asphalt, glassRubber, plastic, asphalt, glass When shattered, fragments have When shattered, fragments have

irregular angles and jagged edgesirregular angles and jagged edges

LIQUIDLIQUID

Form of matter that has an indefinite shape Form of matter that has an indefinite shape (flows), but has a definite volume(flows), but has a definite volume

Takes the shape of its container (due to the Takes the shape of its container (due to the particles being free to flow from one location to particles being free to flow from one location to another)another)

Volume of a liquid does not change has its Volume of a liquid does not change has its shape changesshape changes

Particles expand slightly when heatedParticles expand slightly when heated Due to the lack of space between particles, not Due to the lack of space between particles, not

easily compressed into smaller volumeseasily compressed into smaller volumes

GASGAS

Indefinite shape, indefinite volumeIndefinite shape, indefinite volume Takes the shape and the volume of the Takes the shape and the volume of the

container it is incontainer it is in Can expand to fit any volumeCan expand to fit any volume Due to the space between the particles, Due to the space between the particles,

gases are easily compressed into a gases are easily compressed into a smaller volumesmaller volume

PLASMAPLASMA Just like a gasJust like a gas Exist only at extremely high temperaturesExist only at extremely high temperatures Does not occur naturally on EarthDoes not occur naturally on Earth Occurs naturally on the sun and stars, and in Occurs naturally on the sun and stars, and in

small quantities, surrounding a lightening boltsmall quantities, surrounding a lightening bolt Has enough energy for electrons to be Has enough energy for electrons to be

separated from the nucleusseparated from the nucleus It consists of independently moving electrons It consists of independently moving electrons

and nucleiand nuclei Very good magnetic shieldVery good magnetic shield Highest energy of all phases of matterHighest energy of all phases of matter

BOSE-EINSTEIN BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATESCONDENSATES

First predicted as a consequence of quantum First predicted as a consequence of quantum mechanics by Einstein in 1925mechanics by Einstein in 1925

Produced in a lab in 1995 by Cornell and Produced in a lab in 1995 by Cornell and WiemanWieman

Formed by a system of bosons confined in an Formed by a system of bosons confined in an external potential and cooled temperature (very external potential and cooled temperature (very near absolute zero)near absolute zero)

Exists at extremely low temperatures, currently Exists at extremely low temperatures, currently only created in a lab settingonly created in a lab setting

Slowing of atomic movementSlowing of atomic movement Lowest energy of all the forms of matterLowest energy of all the forms of matter

PHASES OF MATTERPHASES OF MATTER

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

PLASMA

2 TYPES OF MATTER2 TYPES OF MATTER

Pure SubstancesPure Substances Matter that has a Matter that has a

uniform and definite uniform and definite compositioncomposition

A substance that A substance that cannot be broken cannot be broken down furtherdown further

ElementElement CompoundCompound

MixtureMixture Physical blend of two Physical blend of two

or more substances or more substances that are not that are not chemically combinedchemically combined

Blend of two or more Blend of two or more kinds of matterkinds of matter

Homogeneous Homogeneous HeterogeneousHeterogeneous

PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties Any characteristic you can observe without Any characteristic you can observe without

changing the substance that make up the changing the substance that make up the materialmaterial Color, size, state of matter, measurements, odorColor, size, state of matter, measurements, odor Intensive or ExtensiveIntensive or Extensive

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Any characteristic of a substance that Any characteristic of a substance that

identifies how it reacts with other substancesidentifies how it reacts with other substances Sodium reacts with water to produce a flameSodium reacts with water to produce a flame

PROPERTIES (cont.)PROPERTIES (cont.)

Extensive PropertiesExtensive Properties Property that depends on the amount of matter Property that depends on the amount of matter

present, property changes with different amounts present, property changes with different amounts Mass, volume, areaMass, volume, area

Intensive PropertiesIntensive Properties Properties that do not depend on the amount of Properties that do not depend on the amount of

matter present, depends on the type of matter matter present, depends on the type of matter present present

Every sample of a given substance has identical Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the intensive properties because every sample has the same compositionsame composition Density, Color, HardnessDensity, Color, Hardness

CHANGESCHANGES

Physical ChangePhysical Change Changes the outward appearance of a substance Changes the outward appearance of a substance

but does not change the actual substance/chemicalbut does not change the actual substance/chemical Classified as reversible or irreversibleClassified as reversible or irreversible All phase changes are physical changesAll phase changes are physical changes

Chemical ChangeChemical Change Changes that produce matter with a different Changes that produce matter with a different

composition that the original mattercomposition that the original matter Mixing of two or more chemicals together to create Mixing of two or more chemicals together to create

a new onea new one 4 signs of a chemical change: gives off a gas, gives 4 signs of a chemical change: gives off a gas, gives

off a precipitate, absorbs or releases heat, color off a precipitate, absorbs or releases heat, color changechange

ENERGY CHANGESENERGY CHANGES

EndothermicEndothermic Reactants absorb Reactants absorb

energy to create a new energy to create a new productproduct

ExothermicExothermic Reactants release Reactants release

energy to make a energy to make a new productnew product

2 TYPES OF SUBSTANCES2 TYPES OF SUBSTANCES

ElementElement Simplest form of matter Simplest form of matter

that has a unique set of that has a unique set of propertiesproperties

Cannot be broken down Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by into simpler substances by chemical meanschemical means

Composed of only one Composed of only one kind of atom (hydrogen is kind of atom (hydrogen is only made of hydrogen only made of hydrogen atoms)atoms)

Simplest form of matter Simplest form of matter than can exist at normal than can exist at normal conditionsconditions

CompoundCompound Substance that contains Substance that contains

two or more elements two or more elements chemically combined in a chemically combined in a fixed proportionfixed proportion Salt = sodium atoms and Salt = sodium atoms and

chlorine atoms chlorine atoms chemically combinedchemically combined

HH22 = hydrogen atoms = hydrogen atoms chemically combinedchemically combined

Can be broken down by Can be broken down by chemical reactionschemical reactions Salt can be broken down Salt can be broken down

into sodium and chlorine into sodium and chlorine atoms when exposed to atoms when exposed to an electric shockan electric shock

2 TYPES OF MIXTURES2 TYPES OF MIXTURES

HomogeneousHomogeneous Mixture that is uniform Mixture that is uniform

in compositionin composition Components are Components are

evenly distributed and evenly distributed and not easily not easily distinguisheddistinguished

Individual parts Individual parts cannot be seen cannot be seen (coffee)(coffee)

All solutions and All solutions and alloysalloys

HeterogeneousHeterogeneous Mixture that is not Mixture that is not

uniform in uniform in compositioncomposition

Components are not Components are not evenly distributed evenly distributed throughout the throughout the mixturemixture

Individual parts can Individual parts can be seen (pizza)be seen (pizza)

Suspensions and Suspensions and colloidscolloids

HOMOGENEOUS HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURESMIXTURES

SolutionSolution Has 2 parts: solute Has 2 parts: solute

(what you want to (what you want to dissolve) and solvent dissolve) and solvent (what does the (what does the dissolving)dissolving) Kool-Aid: powder and Kool-Aid: powder and

sugar = solute and the sugar = solute and the water = the solventwater = the solvent

3 types: saturated, 3 types: saturated, unsaturated, and unsaturated, and supersaturatedsupersaturated

AlloyAlloy Combining one or Combining one or

more metals to more metals to maximize the benefits maximize the benefits of eachof each

14 Karat gold: gold + 14 Karat gold: gold + silver = shine of gold silver = shine of gold and the strength of and the strength of silversilver

HETEROGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURESMIXTURES

SuspensionSuspension Mixture where the Mixture where the

particles are so large they particles are so large they settle to the bottom unless settle to the bottom unless constantly stirredconstantly stirred

Example: When you add Example: When you add sugar to cold teasugar to cold tea

ColloidColloid Mixture where the Mixture where the

particles are average size particles are average size and do not dissolve and and do not dissolve and do not settle to the bottom do not settle to the bottom as they remain “stuck” in as they remain “stuck” in the middle of the liquidthe middle of the liquid

Tyndall Effect is used to Tyndall Effect is used to tell the difference between tell the difference between a solution and a colloida solution and a colloid Scattering of light by Scattering of light by

particles which causes a particles which causes a beam of light to become beam of light to become visiblevisible

Example: glue, milk, Example: glue, milk, smoke, whipped cream, smoke, whipped cream, mayo, fog, egg, paintmayo, fog, egg, paint

PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF MIXTURESMIXTURES

SolutionsSolutions 2 parts: solute and solvent2 parts: solute and solvent Solute dissolves completely in solventSolute dissolves completely in solvent Cannot separate solute from solventCannot separate solute from solvent Saturated, unsaturated, supersaturatedSaturated, unsaturated, supersaturated

ColloidsColloids Cloudy appearanceCloudy appearance Particles are intermediate in size so they will not Particles are intermediate in size so they will not

settle out and will not dissolvesettle out and will not dissolve Filter will not separate particlesFilter will not separate particles Emulsion is a specific type of colloid, where a liquid Emulsion is a specific type of colloid, where a liquid

gets stuck in a solidgets stuck in a solid

PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES (cont.)MIXTURES (cont.)

SuspensionSuspension Cloudy appearanceCloudy appearance Large particlesLarge particles Particles “suspended” in the liquidParticles “suspended” in the liquid Particles eventually settle to the bottom Particles eventually settle to the bottom

unless there is constant stirringunless there is constant stirring Particles can be separated by a filterParticles can be separated by a filter

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURESMIXTURES

ElectrolytesElectrolytes When a mixture is able to conduct an When a mixture is able to conduct an

electric currentelectric current

NonelectrolytesNonelectrolytes When a mixture is not able to conduct an When a mixture is not able to conduct an

electric currentelectric current

WAYS TO SEPARATE A WAYS TO SEPARATE A MIXTUREMIXTURE

FiltrationFiltration Mixture passes through filter paper and only Mixture passes through filter paper and only

traps large particlestraps large particles

DecantingDecanting Solid and liquid are mixed together and parts Solid and liquid are mixed together and parts

of the solid dissolves, but most go to the of the solid dissolves, but most go to the bottom; liquid off the top of the solid is bottom; liquid off the top of the solid is poured offpoured off

WAYS TO SEPARATE A WAYS TO SEPARATE A MIXTURE (cont.)MIXTURE (cont.)

ChromatographyChromatography Used to separate dyes or pigmentsUsed to separate dyes or pigments Based off on the fact that different dyes Based off on the fact that different dyes

move at different speeds up chromatography move at different speeds up chromatography paperpaper

CentrifugeCentrifuge Place a test tube filled with a mixture into a Place a test tube filled with a mixture into a

machinemachine Machine spins rapidly and pushes solids to Machine spins rapidly and pushes solids to

the bottomsthe bottoms

WAYS TO SEPARATE A WAYS TO SEPARATE A MIXTURE (cont.)MIXTURE (cont.)

DistillationDistillation Based off the fact that each substance has Based off the fact that each substance has

its own characteristic boiling pointits own characteristic boiling point To distill water, heat mixture up to 100°C, To distill water, heat mixture up to 100°C,

trap the vapor that comes off at that trap the vapor that comes off at that temperature. Cool the vapor back to a temperature. Cool the vapor back to a liquid, you have pure waterliquid, you have pure water

SOLUBILITYSOLUBILITY

4 factors that affect the rate of dissolving4 factors that affect the rate of dissolving Surface areaSurface area

Increase surface area = longer time to dissolveIncrease surface area = longer time to dissolve AgitationAgitation

Stirring/Shaking up a solution speeds up the rate Stirring/Shaking up a solution speeds up the rate of dissolvingof dissolving

HeatHeat Higher the temperature, faster the particles move Higher the temperature, faster the particles move

and therefore faster they dissolveand therefore faster they dissolve PressurePressure

Increase in pressure increases solubility of gasesIncrease in pressure increases solubility of gases

SOLUBILITY (cont.)SOLUBILITY (cont.)

Like dissolves likeLike dissolves like Bases dissolve basesBases dissolve bases Acids dissolve acidsAcids dissolve acids Miscible liquids are liquids that freely Miscible liquids are liquids that freely

dissolve one anotherdissolve one another Immiscible are solutes and solvents that Immiscible are solutes and solvents that

will not dissolve one another (Oil and will not dissolve one another (Oil and water)water)

3 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS3 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Unsaturated SolutionUnsaturated Solution Solution contains less than the maximum Solution contains less than the maximum

amount of soluteamount of solute Can still add more solute that can be Can still add more solute that can be

dissolveddissolved Saturated SolutionSaturated Solution

Solution contains the maximum amount of Solution contains the maximum amount of solutesolute

If you add more solute, it will not dissolve, it If you add more solute, it will not dissolve, it will fall to the bottomwill fall to the bottom

3 TYPES OF SOLUTION 3 TYPES OF SOLUTION (cont.)(cont.)

Supersaturated SolutionSupersaturated Solution Solution contains more than the maximum Solution contains more than the maximum

amount of soluteamount of solute Large amounts of solute fall to the bottomLarge amounts of solute fall to the bottom

PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLEAND THE PERIODIC TABLE

Elements are pure substancesElements are pure substances Some symbols come from the Latin name, Some symbols come from the Latin name,

some are made up by scientist who discovers some are made up by scientist who discovers elementelement

Periodic table:Periodic table: All known elements are organized onto periodic All known elements are organized onto periodic

tabletable Vertical columns – groups/familiesVertical columns – groups/families Horizontal rows – periodsHorizontal rows – periods

PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE (cont.)(cont.)

Groups of Elements:Groups of Elements: MetalsMetals

Good conductors of heat and electricityGood conductors of heat and electricity Malleable – hammered into sheetsMalleable – hammered into sheets Ductile – drawn into wiresDuctile – drawn into wires High tensile strength – resist breakingHigh tensile strength – resist breaking Luster – high shineLuster – high shine Tend to be positiveTend to be positive

NonmetalsNonmetals Poor conductors of heat and electricityPoor conductors of heat and electricity Many are gasesMany are gases Form brittle solids – break easilyForm brittle solids – break easily Tend to be negativeTend to be negative

PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE (cont.)(cont.)

MetalloidsMetalloids On the zigzag lineOn the zigzag line B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, AtB, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At Semi conductorsSemi conductors

Noble gasesNoble gases Group 18Group 18 Un-reactiveUn-reactive