States of States of MatterMatter

Matter - anything that Matter - anything that has mass and volumehas mass and volume

States of Matter aka States of Matter aka PHASESPHASES

There are 5 states of matterThere are 5 states of matter– LiquidLiquid– SolidSolid– GasGas– PlasmaPlasma– Bose-Einstein CondensatesBose-Einstein Condensates

The three most familiar areThe three most familiar are– LiqudsLiquds– SolidsSolids– Gasses Gasses

The state of a sample of matter depends on The state of a sample of matter depends on its TEMPERATUREits TEMPERATURE

SolidsSolids Has DEFINATE shape and volumeHas DEFINATE shape and volume

– Shape and volume do NOT change Shape and volume do NOT change when put in different containerswhen put in different containers

Particles are very close to each Particles are very close to each otherother

Two types of solidsTwo types of solids– Crystalline Crystalline – NoncrystallineNoncrystalline

Crystalline SolidsCrystalline Solids Crystals: arrangements of particles Crystals: arrangements of particles

in in repeatingrepeating geometric geometric patternspatterns Particles vibrate in Particles vibrate in fixed positionsfixed positions Very rigid and have specific Very rigid and have specific

melting pointsmelting points EX: snowflake is a crystal of water, EX: snowflake is a crystal of water,

ice, saltice, salt

Noncrystalline Noncrystalline (Amorphous) Solids(Amorphous) Solids

Particles are NOT arranged in Particles are NOT arranged in crystal patterns. crystal patterns. – Noncrystalline or amorphousNoncrystalline or amorphous

Solids NOT as rigid as crystalline Solids NOT as rigid as crystalline solids. It is easier to solids. It is easier to change change shape.shape.

As you heat them As you heat them gradually meltgradually melt EX: glass, plastics, some kinds of EX: glass, plastics, some kinds of

waxeswaxes

LiquidsLiquids Have definite volume Have definite volume but not shape but not shape

(take shape of their containers)(take shape of their containers) Flows and takes the shape of its Flows and takes the shape of its

containercontainer Particles are farther apart than solids Particles are farther apart than solids

and and move fastermove faster Particles close together but have Particles close together but have

enough KINETIC ENERGY to move over enough KINETIC ENERGY to move over and around each otherand around each other– Allows liquids to flow and take shape of its Allows liquids to flow and take shape of its

containercontainer

LiquidsLiquids

Changes shape, but is always 45mL

Graduated

Cylinder BeakerFlask

LiquidsLiquids

Liquids will Liquids will flowflow and can be and can be described by described by viscosityviscosity

ViscosityViscosity is the resistance of a is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Thicker liquids are liquid to flow. Thicker liquids are more more viscousviscous than thinner than thinner liquidsliquids

GasesGases NO definite NO definite shape OR volumeshape OR volume Take shape and volume of their Take shape and volume of their

containerscontainers Particles are Particles are far apartfar apart and move and move

fastfast Particles are always bumping into Particles are always bumping into

each other and bouncing awayeach other and bouncing away As they hit the sides of their As they hit the sides of their

container, they exert container, they exert pressurepressure As you As you heatheat a gas, the particles move a gas, the particles move

fasterfaster and have more and have more collisionscollisions and and the pressure the pressure increasesincreases

Solids, Liquids, GasesSolids, Liquids, Gases

PlasmaPlasma Very high energy, electrically charged Very high energy, electrically charged

gas gas – Positively and negatively chargedPositively and negatively charged

It makes up most of the matter in the It makes up most of the matter in the universeuniverse– Sun Sun and other and other starsstars are made of plasma are made of plasma

As matter is heated to very high temps. As matter is heated to very high temps. The particle begin to collide violently & The particle begin to collide violently & as a result the particles break up into as a result the particles break up into smaller piecessmaller pieces– These pieces are electrically chargedThese pieces are electrically charged

Plasma Plasma EX: light from sunEX: light from sun

lightninglightning fluorescent lightfluorescent light

- electricity causes - electricity causes particles of particles of mercury gas mercury gas inside tube to inside tube to form plasma form plasma

Bose-Einstein CondensatesBose-Einstein Condensates

Extremely Extremely low temperature fluidslow temperature fluids Have properties that are not Have properties that are not

completely understood, such as completely understood, such as spontaneously spontaneously flowing out of their flowing out of their containerscontainers

Exist only at temperatures close to Exist only at temperatures close to absolute zeroabsolute zero

0 K or -2730 K or -273°C°C

State ChangesState Changes

During a state change, the During a state change, the temperaturetemperature stops changing. stops changing.

When the state change is complete, When the state change is complete, the temperature will change againthe temperature will change again

Gas LawsGas Laws

Boyles LawBoyles Law– When you increase the pressure on a When you increase the pressure on a

gas, the volume gas, the volume decreasesdecreases– this is an this is an inverseinverse relationship. As one relationship. As one

factor increases, the other one factor increases, the other one decreasesdecreases

– Formula:Formula:

PP11VV11 = P = P22VV22

Boyles Law ExampleBoyles Law Example

The pressure on a balloon is 50 Pascals The pressure on a balloon is 50 Pascals and its volume is 200cmand its volume is 200cm33. If the . If the pressure is increased to 75 Pascals, pressure is increased to 75 Pascals, what is the new volume of the balloon?what is the new volume of the balloon?

PP11VV11 = P = P22VV22

(50Pa)(200(50Pa)(200cmcm33) ) = = (75Pa)(75Pa) VV22

133cm133cm33 = V = V22

EvaporationEvaporation

Occurs when a few particles at Occurs when a few particles at the surface of a liquid escape the surface of a liquid escape and turn into a gas. When they and turn into a gas. When they escape, they take heat with escape, they take heat with themthem– ExampleExample

SweatSweat

BoilingBoiling

Occurs when the entire liquid Occurs when the entire liquid starts changing into a gas, starts changing into a gas, not just at the surface.not just at the surface.

You will see bubblesYou will see bubbles

SublimationSublimation

Occurs when a solid turns into a gas Occurs when a solid turns into a gas without going through the liquid without going through the liquid phase firstphase first

ExamplesExamples– Dry iceDry ice– Moth ballsMoth balls– Solid room deodorizersSolid room deodorizers

State Change GraphState Change Graph

Charles LawCharles Law

As the temperature of a gas As the temperature of a gas increases, the volume also increasesincreases, the volume also increases

This is a This is a directdirect relationship. As one relationship. As one factor increases, the other one also factor increases, the other one also increases.increases.

As you heat a gas, it As you heat a gas, it expandsexpands Formula: Formula: VV11 = = VV22

TT1 1 TT22

Charles Law PracticeCharles Law Practice

When the temperature of a gas When the temperature of a gas is 120is 120°C, its volume is 40cm°C, its volume is 40cm33. . What is its volume if the What is its volume if the temperature is increased to temperature is increased to 150°C?150°C?

Solution:Solution: