MatterMatter

What is Matter?What is Matter? MatterMatter is anything that takes up space and has is anything that takes up space and has

massmass Some matter you can see (your lab table) and Some matter you can see (your lab table) and

some you cannot (the air around you)some you cannot (the air around you)Matter varies in characteristics because of the Matter varies in characteristics because of the atomsatoms

that make it upthat make it upAtomsAtoms are “building blocks” of matter are “building blocks” of matter

Element- substance that cannot be broken down Element- substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical into simpler substances by chemical or physical means (iron, copper, hydrogen)means (iron, copper, hydrogen)

Periodic Table- Organizes the Periodic Table- Organizes the ElementsElements

Periodic TablePeriodic Table112 known elements112 known elements

92 naturally occur and others are produced in 92 naturally occur and others are produced in the labthe lab

The periodic table is organized by periods The periodic table is organized by periods (rows) and groups (columns)(rows) and groups (columns)

Organizing the SquaresOrganizing the Squares

GROUP

P E R I O D SHorizontal Rows

V

E

R

T

I

C

A

L

C

O

L

U

M

N

S

Organizing the SquaresOrganizing the Squares

The PeriodsThe table has 7 periods (rows) 1st period has 2 elements2nd period has 8 elements 3rd period has 8 elements4h period has 18 elements etc

The The GroupsGroups Groups are numbers from 1 to 18 from left Groups are numbers from 1 to 18 from left

to rightto right Some groups are given family namesSome groups are given family names Notice the different colors on the table Notice the different colors on the table

belowbelow Group 1=Alkali metalsGroup 1=Alkali metals Group 2= Alkali Earth MetalsGroup 2= Alkali Earth Metals etcetc

Organizing the Squares

Organizing the SquaresOrganizing the SquaresMetals, non-metals, and Metals, non-metals, and

semimetalssemimetals MetalsMetals – shiny, good conductors of heat and – shiny, good conductors of heat and

electricity, solid (Hg liquid), etcelectricity, solid (Hg liquid), etc Non-metalsNon-metals – do not have properties above – do not have properties above SemimetalsSemimetals – or metalloids – have some – or metalloids – have some

properties of metalsproperties of metals

ElementsElements Each element is represented by a symbolEach element is represented by a symbol Each element also has an atomic number Each element also has an atomic number

which represents the number and protons which represents the number and protons and a mass number which represents the and a mass number which represents the mass (and number) of protons + neutronsmass (and number) of protons + neutrons

http://www.ptable.com/ The number of electrons in an atom will The number of electrons in an atom will

equal the number of protons, (unless the equal the number of protons, (unless the atom is an ion)atom is an ion)

The most abundant elements in The most abundant elements in Earth’s crustEarth’s crust

Element Approximate% by weight

Oxygen 46.6Silicon 27.7Aluminum 8.1Iron 5.0Calcium 3.6Sodium 2.8Potassium 2.6Magnesium 2.1All others 1.5

Atoms and MatterAtoms and MatterAtoms- Nucleus + ElectronsAtoms- Nucleus + ElectronsNucleus- contains protons and neutronsNucleus- contains protons and neutrons

Protons and Neutrons- NucleusProtons and Neutrons- Nucleus

Protons have a (+) charge Protons have a (+) charge The number of protons in an atom of an element is equal The number of protons in an atom of an element is equal

to the atomic number of the elementto the atomic number of the elementNeutrons are neutral (they have no charge)Neutrons are neutral (they have no charge)Mass of individual protons is approximately 1 Mass of individual protons is approximately 1

and mass of individual neutrons is and mass of individual neutrons is approximately 1approximately 1

Mass number = mass of protons + neutrons Mass number = mass of protons + neutrons (and) number of protons + neutrons(and) number of protons + neutrons

Electrons- Electrons- Surround the nucleusSurround the nucleus

The smallest of the fundamental particles of The smallest of the fundamental particles of an atoman atom

The part of the atom involved in chemical The part of the atom involved in chemical bondingbonding

Mass- 1/1836 the mass of a proton or electronMass- 1/1836 the mass of a proton or electronElectrons move so rapidly around the nucleus Electrons move so rapidly around the nucleus

that they create a sphere that they create a sphere shaped zoneshaped zone

ElectronsElectronsThe number of electrons in an atom is The number of electrons in an atom is

always the same as the number of always the same as the number of protons- unless the atom is an ionprotons- unless the atom is an ion

Ions- have extra electrons (giving the ions Ions- have extra electrons (giving the ions a negative charge) or have less electrons a negative charge) or have less electrons (giving the ions a positive charge)(giving the ions a positive charge)

Examples- CaExamples- Ca+2+2, Na, Na++, Cl, Cl--Which of these has extra electrons? Which Which of these has extra electrons? Which

have electrons taken away?have electrons taken away?

Calculating number of Protons, Calculating number of Protons, Neutrons, and ElectronsNeutrons, and Electrons

Carbon (C) has an atomic number of 6 Carbon (C) has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 12.011and an atomic mass of 12.011How many protons? How many neutrons?How many protons? How many neutrons?How many electrons?How many electrons?

Gold (AU) has an atomic number of 79 Gold (AU) has an atomic number of 79 and an atomic mass of 196.97. and an atomic mass of 196.97. How many protons? How many neutrons? How many protons? How many neutrons? How many electrons?How many electrons?

IsotopesIsotopes Isotopes are atoms that have the same Isotopes are atoms that have the same

number of protons, but have different number of protons, but have different numbers neutrons. The mass number of numbers neutrons. The mass number of these atoms would be differentthese atoms would be different

Carbon has 15 different isotopesCarbon has 15 different isotopesCarbon 12 makes up 99% of the carbon on Carbon 12 makes up 99% of the carbon on

Earth and has 6 protons and 6 neutronsEarth and has 6 protons and 6 neutronsCarbon 13 has 6 protons and 7 neutronsCarbon 13 has 6 protons and 7 neutronsCarbon 14 has ? Protons and ? neutronsCarbon 14 has ? Protons and ? neutrons

Chemical Bonding and States of Chemical Bonding and States of MatterMatter

11.11. EnergyEnergy – the ability to do work – the ability to do work12.12. PotentialPotential energyenergy – stored energy due to – stored energy due to

position or locationposition or location13.13. OrbitalOrbital – the 3D space in which an electron – the 3D space in which an electron

has a good probability of being foundhas a good probability of being found14.14. ValenceValence electronselectrons – the outer most shell of – the outer most shell of

electronselectrons15.15. CovalentCovalent bondsbonds – atoms that combine by – atoms that combine by

sharing valance electronssharing valance electrons

16.16. IonicIonic bondbond – a type of bonding in – a type of bonding in which one atom strips away an which one atom strips away an electron from another atomelectron from another atom

17.17. IonIon – a charged atom – a charged atom18.18. ChemicalChemical reactionreaction – the making – the making

and breaking of chemical bonds and breaking of chemical bonds 19.19. ReactantsReactants – the starting materials – the starting materials

in a chemical reactionin a chemical reaction20.20. ProductsProducts – the result of a – the result of a

chemical reactionchemical reaction 2020

Atomic Theory of MatterAtomic Theory of Matter

  Dalton's Atomic Theory (John Dalton, English Dalton's Atomic Theory (John Dalton, English chemist, 1766-1844)chemist, 1766-1844)

1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are 1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.indivisible and indestructible.

2) All atoms of a given element are identical in 2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and propertiesmass and properties

3) Compounds are formed by a combination of 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.two or more different kinds of atoms.

4) A chemical reaction is a 4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangementrearrangement of of atoms. atoms.

Modern Atomic TheoryModern Atomic TheoryDalton’s theory remains valid, but modern Dalton’s theory remains valid, but modern

theory is more descriptivetheory is more descriptive1) atoms can be destroyed by nuclear 1) atoms can be destroyed by nuclear reactions, but not chemical reactionsreactions, but not chemical reactions2) there are different forms of atoms of 2) there are different forms of atoms of elements called elements called isotopesisotopes which have the which have the same propertiessame properties

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How compounds formHow compounds form Individual atoms combine in a process Individual atoms combine in a process

called called chemical bondingchemical bonding. . The type of bond is determined by how The type of bond is determined by how

many electrons are found in the outermost many electrons are found in the outermost energy level (orbital).energy level (orbital).

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Chemical BondingChemical Bonding

Valence ElectronsValence Electrons- the electrons on the outer - the electrons on the outer orbital of an atom which may participate in orbital of an atom which may participate in chemical bonding.chemical bonding.All other electrons are known as All other electrons are known as inner-shell inner-shell

electronselectrons

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Chemical BondingChemical Bonding Label the valence electrons on your periodic tableLabel the valence electrons on your periodic table

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Octet RuleOctet Rule Octet RuleOctet Rule- The tendency for atoms of elements - The tendency for atoms of elements

to gain, lose, or share electrons so that their to gain, lose, or share electrons so that their outer orbital (outer orbital (valencevalence orbital) is full with orbital) is full with eight eight electrons.electrons.There are a few There are a few exceptionsexceptions: Hydrogen, : Hydrogen,

Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium ions have outer Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium ions have outer shells that need only 2 electrons to be full.shells that need only 2 electrons to be full.

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Chemical BondingChemical Bonding

Atoms gain, share, or lose electrons to get 8 Atoms gain, share, or lose electrons to get 8 electrons in their outer shells electrons in their outer shells to become to become STABLE.STABLE.When they do this, they form bondsWhen they do this, they form bonds

There are There are 33 main types of bonds main types of bondsIonic BondsIonic BondsCovalent BondsCovalent BondsMetallic BondsMetallic Bonds

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Remember…Remember…ProtonsProtons are Positively charged (p are Positively charged (p++))ElectronsElectrons are Negatively charged (e are Negatively charged (e--))An atom has equal number of positive and An atom has equal number of positive and

negative charges.negative charges.Same number of protons and electrons.Same number of protons and electrons.

Atoms are electrically neutral, but they can gain Atoms are electrically neutral, but they can gain or lose electrons to become or lose electrons to become ionsions..

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Ionic BondsIonic Bonds

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IonsIons IonIon- an atom or group of atoms that has - an atom or group of atoms that has

an electric charge because it has lost or an electric charge because it has lost or gained electronsgained electronsCationCation-- an ion that has a positive an ion that has a positive

charge.charge.More protons than electrons.More protons than electrons.

AnionAnion-- an ion that has a negative an ion that has a negative charge.charge.More electrons than protons.More electrons than protons.

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Ionic CompoundIonic Compound

Any chemical compound that is composed of Any chemical compound that is composed of oppositely charged ions.oppositely charged ions.

Elements in groups 1 and 2 and in groups 16 and Elements in groups 1 and 2 and in groups 16 and 17 will almost always form ionic compounds.17 will almost always form ionic compounds.

The force of attraction between the ions’ positive The force of attraction between the ions’ positive and negative charges create an and negative charges create an ionic bondionic bond.. Ionic bonding occurs between Ionic bonding occurs between metals and metals and

nonmetals.nonmetals.Metals usually lose electrons and nonmetals Metals usually lose electrons and nonmetals

gain electrons.gain electrons.

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IonsIonsIt is easy to tell which ion an element will form It is easy to tell which ion an element will form

based on their group numberbased on their group number

Group 1= +1Group 1= +1Group 2 = +2Group 2 = +2Group 13 = +3Group 13 = +3Group 14 = doesn’t usually form ionsGroup 14 = doesn’t usually form ionsGroup 15 = -3Group 15 = -3Group 16 = -2Group 16 = -2Group 17 = -1Group 17 = -1Group 18 = doesn’t usually form ionsGroup 18 = doesn’t usually form ions

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Ionic BondIonic Bond

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Chemical Formulas for Ionic Chemical Formulas for Ionic BondsBonds

If the charges of the ions cancel out, then If the charges of the ions cancel out, then you can just write the element symbols you can just write the element symbols together:together:

NaNa+1+1 + Cl + Cl-1-1 = NaCl = NaCl

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Chemical Formulas for Ionic Chemical Formulas for Ionic BondsBonds

If they are not equal, then the superscript If they are not equal, then the superscript of one ion becomes the subscript of the of one ion becomes the subscript of the other ion:other ion:

Ca Ca +2+2 + Cl + Cl-1-1

= CaCl= CaCl22Notice that 1 is not writtenNotice that 1 is not written

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Covalent BondingCovalent BondingOccurs between nonmetal and Occurs between nonmetal and

nonmetalnonmetal

Covalent Bonds – Covalent Bonds – A A covalent bondcovalent bond is formed when atoms share is formed when atoms share

electronselectrons Atom is unstable when the outside energy level is not Atom is unstable when the outside energy level is not

filled filled

Hydrogenatoms

H2Molecule: A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds(they have no overall charge)

Example - Individual hydrogen atoms have 1 electron but want 2. In this state they are unstable. By sharing electrons they are stable.

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Covalent BondCovalent Bond Neither atom in a covalent bond has enough Neither atom in a covalent bond has enough

attraction to completely take an electron from attraction to completely take an electron from the other atom (to become an ion); so the the other atom (to become an ion); so the electrons are shared.electrons are shared.

Because the atoms share electrons, covalent Because the atoms share electrons, covalent bonds are much stronger than ionic bonds.bonds are much stronger than ionic bonds.

Atoms in covalent bonds can share 1, 2, or 3 Atoms in covalent bonds can share 1, 2, or 3 pairs of electrons.pairs of electrons.The more electrons are shared, the stronger The more electrons are shared, the stronger

the bond between the atoms.the bond between the atoms.

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Review Chemical BondsReview Chemical Bonds

Covalent VS Ionic BondsCovalent VS Ionic Bonds

Metallic Bonds are…Metallic Bonds are…How metal atoms are held How metal atoms are held

together in a solid.together in a solid.Metals hold on to their valence Metals hold on to their valence

electrons electrons very weaklyvery weakly..Think of them as positive ions Think of them as positive ions

(cations) floating in a sea of (cations) floating in a sea of electronselectrons

A Sea of ElectronsA Sea of Electrons

Sea of ElectronsSea of Electrons

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Electrons are free to move through Electrons are free to move through the solid.the solid.

Therefore Metals conduct electricity.Therefore Metals conduct electricity.

Metals are Metals are MalleableMalleableCan be hammered into shape Can be hammered into shape

(bendable)(bendable)Also Also ductileductile - drawn into wires. - drawn into wires.Both malleability and ductility Both malleability and ductility

are possible because of the are possible because of the mobilitymobility of the valence of the valence electronselectrons

MalleableMalleable

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Force

MalleableMalleable

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Mobile electrons allow atoms to slide by, Mobile electrons allow atoms to slide by, sort of like ball bearings in oil.sort of like ball bearings in oil.

Force

Ionic solids are brittleIonic solids are brittle

+ - + -+- +-

+ - + -+- +-

Force

Ionic solids are brittleIonic solids are brittle

+ - + -

+- +-+ - + -

+- +-

Strong RepulsionStrong Repulsion breaks a crystal apart, breaks a crystal apart, due to similar ions being next to each due to similar ions being next to each other.other.

Force

Chemical ReactionChemical ReactionA process in A process in

which one or which one or more more substances are substances are converted into converted into new substances new substances with different with different physical and physical and chemical chemical propertiesproperties

Before reaction

After reaction

Chemical Reaction DefinitionChemical Reaction DefinitionReactantReactant – Substances present – Substances present

beforebefore a chemical reaction a chemical reactionProductProduct – Substances present – Substances present

afterafter a chemical reaction a chemical reactionTherefore, a chemical reaction Therefore, a chemical reaction

can be states as reactants can be states as reactants changing into productschanging into products

Reasons for ReactionsReasons for Reactions

An atom with an incomplete set of An atom with an incomplete set of valence electrons will bond.valence electrons will bond.

Atoms try to obtain a complete set of Atoms try to obtain a complete set of valence electrons and thus become valence electrons and thus become more stable by reacting with other more stable by reacting with other substancessubstances

States of MatterStates of Matter

Solid, Liquid, Gas, PlasmaSolid, Liquid, Gas, PlasmaThe movement (or lack of movement) of The movement (or lack of movement) of

atoms results in different states of matteratoms results in different states of matter

States of MatterStates of MatterSolids- Solids-

Atoms are in a fixed position, they vibrate but Atoms are in a fixed position, they vibrate but do not change positiondo not change position

They have a definite size and shapeThey have a definite size and shape Liquids-Liquids-

Molecules are close together and move freelyMolecules are close together and move freelyTakes the shape of its containerTakes the shape of its container

Gases-Gases-Molecules are freely moving and independentMolecules are freely moving and independentCompletely fills its containerCompletely fills its container

Write down the properties of each state of matter!!!! A solid holds shape and has a fixed volume, a liquid……

PlasmaPlasmaMost of the matter in the universe is in the Most of the matter in the universe is in the

plasma stateplasma stateMatter in this state is composed of ions Matter in this state is composed of ions

and electronsand electronsMost electrons are found outside the electron Most electrons are found outside the electron

cloudcloudStars are composed of matter found in the Stars are composed of matter found in the

plasma stateplasma state

Phase Changes in MatterPhase Changes in Matter

Factors determine state of matterFactors determine state of matter1)1) Attraction between atomsAttraction between atoms2)2) Rate of movement of atomsRate of movement of atoms

Temperature and pressure can affect Temperature and pressure can affect these factorsthese factors

Increase temperature (SI Unit?)= Increase in movementIncrease temperature (SI Unit?)= Increase in movementIncrease pressure = Decrease in space between atomsIncrease pressure = Decrease in space between atoms

Click here to run simulationClick here to run simulation

Physical Properties of MatterPhysical Properties of Matter

Can observe these with our senses!Can observe these with our senses!DensityDensityColorColorSmellSmellHardnessHardnessMelting PointMelting PointBoiling PointBoiling PointAbility to conduct electricityAbility to conduct electricityMagnetismMagnetism

physical changephysical change alters form or appearance of alters form or appearance of

material, but does not change material, but does not change material into brand new material into brand new substancesubstance

examplesexampleschopping woodchopping woodbending wirebending wiremolding claymolding clayphase changesphase changes

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Chemical PropertiesChemical PropertiesAre only observable during a chemical reactionAre only observable during a chemical reaction paper burns paper burns iron rusts iron rusts gold does not rust gold does not rust wood rots wood rots nitrogen does not burn nitrogen does not burn silver does not react with water silver does not react with water sodium reacts with watersodium reacts with water

chemical propertieschemical properties observed only when substance is observed only when substance is

changed changed andand interacts with interacts with another substanceanother substance

examplesexamples flammability: able to burnflammability: able to burn rusting: combining with oxygen rusting: combining with oxygen

to form rustto form rust

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