Matter- anything that has mass and takes up spaceThings that are not matter:

Energy Forces

VacuumMagnetic, electric, and gravitational fields

What is Mass?Amount of matter an object has

It is not the same as weight

Weight depends on gravity. It can change depending on where you are, but mass does not change

What instrument can we use to measure Mass?

Balances-triple beam, analytical, pan balance

What are the units for mass?

Kilogram is the SI unit, but we usually use grams in class

Physical Properties:These can be observed without changing the composition of the substance

colormass

melting pointboiling point

density

Melting Point The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid

What is the point that a substance changes from a liquid to a solid called?

Freezing Point

Are these points the same?

YES

The name depends on the direction of the change

Boiling Point The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is just equal to the external pressure on the liquid

DensityThe ratio of mass and volume

VolumeMassDensity

Volume-

the amount of space matter takes up

Units used:Solids:

m3

or any conversions of m

Liquids:

Liters

There is a connection between the solid and the liquid measure

1 cm3 = 1 mL

How is this helpful in getting the volume of an irregular shaped object?

Instruments used to obtain volume:

RulerBeakers

Graduated cylinders

States of MatterSolids

Particles are close togetherDefinite shape and volume

Slight expansion when heatedNot compressible

LiquidsParticles close together, but they move past each other to allow then to flow

Take the shape of containerdefinite volumeTend to expand when heated

Almost incompressible

WaterA special liquid that expands when it freezesThis allows ice to float since it becomes less dense than the liquid form- fish live in the winter

GasesParticles are spaced far apart

Take shape and size of containerEasily compressible

Vapor- a gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature

Physical Changes of MatterChanges that do not change the composition of the substancecutting bending

crushing

Changing the state of matter

MixturesPhysical blend of 2 or more substances

Composition may vary- the samples may not be the same

Examples: tea, salt water, alloys

Types of MixturesHeterogeneous

These are not uniform in composition Individual particles or areas can be seen

Examples: salad, sand in water

HomogeneousUniform composition- they look the same throughoutAlso known as solutions which are made by dissolving a solute in a solvent

Examples: tea, coffee, salt water

Phases:These are uniform parts of a mixture

Homogeneous solutions have 1phase Heterogeneous

mixtures have 2 or more phases, each phase with a distinct area

Common Solutions:Gas in Gas: air- composed of CO2, O2, N2, and other gasesLiquid in Gas: water vapor in air,

moistureGas in Liquid: Soda

Liquid in Liquid: vinegar- acetic acid in waterSolid in Liquid: salt water

Solid in Solid: alloys- bronze, brass, steel

Mixtures are physically combined, so they can be physically separatedDistillation: separation of 2 or

more liquids based on boiling pointsMagnets: magnet solid from nonmagnetic solidChromatography: separate liquids based on their solubilities Filtration: solid from a liquid

Decanting: pouring off a liquid from a solid

Centrifuge: separation of solids from a liquid by using an instrument that spins very fast causing the solid to move to the bottom of the tubeDone in medical labs, biology

Evaporation: liquid in a solution is evaporated off leaving behind a solidThis is also called recrystallization

What is a Substance?

Matter with uniform and definite composition

All examples of a substance have the exact same composition

Examples: water, table salt, carbon dioxide

Elements:Types of Substances:

Cannot be broken into smaller substances by chemical means

Represented using 1 or 2 letter symbolsIf 2 letters are used, the first is capitalized and the second is lowercaseExample: O, Cu, Co

Found on the Periodic Table

Compounds:2 or more elements chemically combined

These are separated by chemical means- heating and electricityThe properties of the compound

are different from the elements that make up the compound

Example: Sugar

Represented with formulas that show how many of each element there are in 1 molecule of the compound

Example: Table sugar C12H22O11 has 12 atoms of carbon, 22 atoms of hydrogen and 11 atoms of oxygen

Chemical PropertiesThe ability of a substance to react with another substance to form a new substance OR the inability of a substance to react with another substance to form a new substanceExample: Iron reacts with oxygen to form rust, but aluminum does not react with oxygen to form rust

Chemical Changes:Properties of the substance changes

When a chemical change occurs, you cannot get the original substances back by any physical means

Burning

Cooking

Reacting with another element or compound

Chemical ReactionsWhen 1 or more substances change into a new substanceHow do you know a chemical reaction took place?

Change in TemperatureChange in color or odor

Gas production- bubblesSolid production- precipitate

Representing Reactions:

Reactants Products What goes into reaction

yields The new substance

Example:

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl20 g + 20 g = 40 g

Conservation of Mass

Mass cannot be created or destroyed, so the amount that goes into the reaction must come out

That is why you have a balanced equation

That is why the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products