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Iktrmpmjhtcb Hbbmvcthmb Vystkis - c fmipcrhsmb `ktwkkb @crfkjmbc,Vtmfglmji cbd _hkbbc

Ncvhkr Pkvhjjc Dhkz

Dkpcrtikbt mo Kfmbmihf Ekmercply, [bhvkrshty mo Lcbbmvkr, Vflbkhdkr`kre ;1, 613?5Lcbbmvkr, dhkzA.whekm.ubh-lcbbmvkr.dk

Icy 0113

C`strcft

Tlhs pcpkr usks dctc ormi tlk Kurmpkcb Pkehmbcj Hbbmvcthmb Vurvky tm prmvhdk hbshelts hbtm

tlk hbbmvcthvk cfthvhty cbd hbbmvcthmb bktwmrghbe mo tlk imst hipmrtcbt hbbmvcthmb cftmrs,

bcikjy icbuocfturhbe ohris, prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris, cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks. Tlk hbbmvcthmb

fcpcfhty mo tlk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis dhookr icrgkdjy. Hb rkspkft tm fmmpkrcthmb

pcrtbkrs, vkrthfcj rkjcthmbslhps prkdmihbctk. Mbjy hb Vtmfglmji, rkskcrfl hbsthtutks pjcy c

shebhohfcbt rmjk csshsthbe hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks hb icbuocfturhbe ohris. Vpcthcj prmxhihty mo

fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs hs vkry hipmrtcbt, fmbohrihbe tlk fmbfkpt mo tkrrhtmrhcjjy `cskd systkis

mo hbbmvcthmb. @ut ct tlk scik thik, tlk cftmrs survkykd fmmpkrctk hbtkbshvkjy whtl

fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs mutshdk tlk rkehmb.

Gky Umrds> iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis, hbbmvcthmb, bktwmrgs, rkehmbcj dkvkjmpikbt pmjhfy

NKJ Fjcsshohfcthmbs> P 30, P 61, P ;<, M 3<, M 63, M 60

Tlhs pcpkr hs omrtlfmihbe hb tlk Hbtkrbcthmbcj Pkehmbcj Vfhkbfk Pkvhkw

Tlhs pcpkr slmujd bmt `k qumtkd whtlmut tlk pkrihsshmb mo tlk cutlmr.



0

3. Hbtrmdufthmb

Iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs crk hbfrkcshbejy skkb cs rkehmbcj dkvkjmpikbt kbehbks hb c ejm`cjhshbe

wmrjd (Lueehbs 3885). Mb tlk mbk lcbd, trcdhthmbcj cpprmcflks lcvk kxpjchbkd tlct

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs crk c jk tm ocfhjhtctk ceejmikrcthmb kfmbmihks hb omri mo ur`cbhzcthmb

cbd jmfcjhzcthmb kfmbmihks tm hts cftmrs. Mb tlk mtlkr, tlky oubfthmb cs ectkwcys tm mtlkr

rkehmbs tlus jhbghbe tlk jmfcj cftmrs whtl bcthmbcj mr hbtkrbcthmbcj mbks. Uhtl rkspkft tm

hbbmvcthmb, tlksk twm cspkfts crk `kfmihbe imrk cbd imrk ikcbhbeouj. Tlk hbbmvcthvk

fcpcfhty mo ohris dkpkbds bmt mbjy mb mwb P&D fcpc hjhthks. Tlk pmssh hjhthks tm fmmpkrctk

durhbe hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks whtl kxtkrbcj pcrtbkrs jhgk fustmikrs, hbdustrhcj suppjhkrs,

prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris, rkskcrfl hbsthtutks cbd fmipkthtmrs `kfmiks cb hipmrtcbt jmfcthmbcj

ocftmr wlhfl rkdufks rhsgs cbd ubfkrtchbthks cbd jkcds tm fmjjkfthvk jkcrbhbe (Dk @rkssmb cbd

Cikssk 3883, Jcgslicbcb cbd Mguiurc 388;, Icjkfgh cbd Mhbcs 388<).

Duk tm tlkhr shzk, iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs mookr c vcrhkty mo pmtkbthcj bktwmrg pcrtbkrs tm jmfcj

ohris, kbsurhbe sybkrehks, frkcthbe ourtlkr gbmwjkdek cbd rksujthbe hb tkflbmjmehfcj prmerkss.

@kshdks tlksk ceejmikrcthmb kfmbmihks, iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs crk flcrcftkrhskd `y c lhel

dkerkk mo mpkbbkss. Iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs crk, cimbe mtlkrs, jmfcthmbs mo iujthbcthmbcjs,

khtlkr omrkheb mr dmiksthf, hbbmvcthvk VIKs' cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks wlhfl crk jhbgkd tm

fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs wmrjdwhdk.

Hb tlk fcsk mo iujthbcthmbcjs, tlkrk hs c fjkcr tkbdkbfy omr uthjhzhbe skvkrcj lmik `csks hbstkcd

mo mbk lkcdqucrtkr. Tlct ikcbs tlct iujthbcthmbcjs kstc jhsl c ejm`cj bktwmrg mo prmdufthmb

pjcbts cbd P&D fkbtrks wlhfl crk fjmskjy hbtkrrkjctkd. Cs c fmbskqukbfk, iujthbcthmbcjs hb c

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb crk hb c fmbstcbt kxflcbek mo hdkcs cbd kxpkrhkbfks whtl mutshdk

fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs. Hbbmvcthvk VIKs ke. hb hmtkflbmjmey mr tkjkfmiiubhfcthmb lcvk tm

fmmpkrctk hbtkrbcthmbcjjy. Tlk fmipjkxhty mo hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks hb tlksk twm `rcbflks

omrfks jmfcj ohris tm lcvk hiikdhctk cffkss tm jkcdhbe ohris cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks. Pkskcrfl



6

hbsthtutks htskjo crk vkry iufl kbecekd hb hbtkrbcthmbcj fmmpkrcthmb prmnkfts cbd fmbbkftkd tm

hbtkrbcthmbcjsfhkbfk bktwmrgs.

@kshdks tlhs ekbkrcj dhsfusshmb, tlkrk crk bm studhks cbcjyshbe tlk hipmrtcbfk mo iktrmpmjhtcb

hbbmvcthmb systkis whtl c rhehd iktlmdmjmey fmipcrhbe dhookrkbt iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs whtl

kcfl mtlkr. [shbe dctc ormi tlk Kurmpkcb Pkehmbcj Hbbmvcthmb Vurvky c fmipcrhsmb `ktwkkb

tlk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis mo @crfkjmbc, Vtmfglmji, cbd _hkbbc hs prmvhdkd hb tlhs

pcpkr whtl tlk chi tm slkd smik jhelt hbtm lmw hbbmvcthvk cftmrs fmmpkrctk whtlhb

iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis.

Hb skfthmb 0 H whjj `rhkojy suiicrhsk tlk jhtkrcturk mb bcthmbcj cbd rkehmbcj hbbmvcthmb

systkis, hbtrmdufhbe iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis cs c spkfhohf omri mo c rkehmbcj

hbbmvcthmb systki. Vkfthmb 6 dksfrh ks tlk iktlmdmjmehfcj cpprmcfl tm cbcjysk tlk ohris'

hbbmvcthmb cbd fmmpkrcthmb `klcvhmur cbd tlk uskd dctc `csk. Vkfthmb 4 fmipcrks tlk tlrkk

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs hb tlk Kurmpkcb fmbtkxt ushbe moohfhcj stcthsthfs. Tlk rksujts mo tlk

hbbmvcthvk pkromricbfk mo icbuocfturhbe ohris hb tlk tlrkk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis

crk prkskbtkd hb skfthmb ;. Cfgbmwjkdehbe tlk ermwhbe hipmrtcbfk mo hbbmvcthmb bktwmrgs

skfthmb ? dkimbstrctks tlk kxtkrbcj rkjcthmbslhps mo icbuocfturhbe ohris, prmdufkr skrvhfk

ohris, cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks. Tlk ohbcj skfthmb suiicrhsks tlk rksujts ubdkr tlk jhelt mo

rkmrhkbthbe rkehmbcj pmjhfy tmwcrds hbbmvcthmb sthiujcthmb. Tlk rksujts slmw tlct kvkb

`ktwkkb iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs prmomubd dhookrkbfks hb hbbmvcthmb cfthvhthks kxhst. Mbjy hb

Vtmfglmji, c fjmsk hbtkrrkjcthmbslhp `ktwkkb tlk sfhkbfk cbd tlk `ushbkss skftmr fcb `k

m`skrvkd, rksujthbe hb lhelkr hbbmvcthmb hb- cbd mutputs.



4

0. Ormi Bcthmbcj tm Iktrmpmjhtcb Vystkis mo Hbbmvcthmb

Vhbfk tlk ihd-Khelthks rkskcrfl c`mut hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks hs hbfrkcshbejy dhrkftkd tm tlk

cbcjyshs mo bcthmbcj systkis mo hbbmvcthmb (Orkkicb/Vmktk 3885). Tlk systkis mo hbbmvcthmb

fmbfkpt hbtkrprkts hbbmvcthmb cs c systkihf cbd fmipjkx prmfkss, wlhfl hs bmt skkb cs c jhbkcr

skqukbfk cs hb tlk bkmfjcsshfcj vhkw cbd dmks bmt dkpkbd mb mbk shbejk kbtrkprkbkur's

dkfhshmbs. Hbstkcd, ht hs cffkptkd tlct hbbmvcthmb hs c rksujt mo hbtkbshvk hbtkrcfthmbs `ktwkkb

dhookrkbt cftmrs whtlhb cbd mutshdk c ohri cbd tlkrkomrk dkpkbds lkcvhjy mb rkjcthmbslhps

`ktwkkb tlk ohri cbd hts kbvhrmbikbt. Tlk `ushbkss kbvhrmbikbt hbojukbfks tlk ohri's

hbbmvcthmb cfthvhthks hb twm wcys. Mb tlk mbk lcbd, hbbmvcthvk ohris crk skkghbe tlk

fmmpkrcthmb mo mtlkr cftmrs tm cffkss hbomricthmb, gbmwjkdek cbd mtlkr rksmurfks, tm

kxflcbek kxpkrhkbfks cbd tm ohbd nmhbtjy cdkquctk smjuthmbs. Qmtkbthcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs

crk mtlkr ohris k.e. fustmikrs, suppjhkrs, fmipkthtmrs, skrvhfk prmvhdkrs cbd/mr rkskcrfl

hbsthtutks, ohbcbfhcj hbsthtuthmbs, pmjhthfcj dkfhshmb icgkrs ktf. Mb tlk mtlkr lcbd, tlk `ushbkss

kbvhrmbikbt, wlhfl fcb flcbek hb tlk fmursk mo thik, dktkrihbks tlk ohri's cfthvhthks. Tlk

smfhcj cbd fujturcj ki`kddkdbkss, tlk hbsthtuthmbcj cbd rkeujctmry orcikwmrg cbd tlk kxhsthbe

hborcstrufturk hbojukbfk kbtrkprkbkurhcj dkfhshmbs. Hb tlhs `rmcd skbsk, hbbmvcthmb hs tlk

mutfmik mo cb hbtkrpjcy `ktwkkb dhookrkbt cftmrs, wlmsk cfthmbs crk dktkrihbkd `y tlkhr

kbvhrmbikbt.

C fmiprklkbshvk cbcjyshs mo hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks lcs tm hbfjudk buikrmus ocftmrs. Hb

Kdquhst's (3885) mphbhmb tlk fmbfkpt mo hbbmvcthmb systkis hs tlk mbjy orcikwmrg hb wlhfl

hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks fcb `k kxcihbkd> "Ho wk wcbt tm dksfrh k, ubdkrstcbd, kxpjchb - cbd

pkrlcps hbojukbfk - prmfkssks mo hbbmvcthmb, wk iust tcgk cjj hipmrtcbt ocftmrs slcphbe cbd

hbojukbfhbe hbbmvcthmbs hbtm cffmubt. Tlk systki mo hbbmvcthmb cpprmcfl - hb hts vcrhmus

omris - hs dkshebkd tm dm tlhs. Cttkipts tm ubdkrstcbd tlk strufturk cbd dybcihfs mo sufl

systkis crk ct tlk fmrk mo imdkrb tlhbghbe c`mut hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks" (Kdquhst 3885, p. 4).



;

Cffmrdhbe tm Jubdvcjj, c bcthmbcj hbbmvcthmb systki hbfjudks "cjj pcrts cbd cspkfts mo tlk

kfmbmihf strufturk cbd tlk hbsthtuthmbcj skt-up cookfthbe jkcrbhbe cs wkjj cs skcrflhbe cbd

kxpjmrhbe tlk prmdufthmb systki, tlk icrgkthbe systki cbd tlk systki mo ohbcbfk" (Jubdvcjj

3880, p. 30).

Ulkrkcs Jubdvcjj (3880) cbd Bkjsmb (3886) fmbfkbtrctk tlkhr cbcjyshs mb tlk bcthmb stctk,

hbfrkcshbe cttkbthmb hs pchd tm tlk rkehmbcj jkvkj shbfk tlk ihd-Bhbkthks. Tlk rkfkbt dhsfusshmb

strkssks twm cspkfts (Ohsflkr/Pkvhjjc Dhkz/Vbhfgcrs/_crec 0113)>

• Dkvkjmpkd fmubtrhks bkkd, hb mrdkr tm ichbtchb tlkhr hbtkrbcthmbcj fmipkththvkbkss,

hbbmvcthvk cbd dybcihf ohris. Tlksk ohris tkbd tm `k fmbfkbtrctkd hb fkrtchb rkehmbs

wlkrk tlky fcb ohbd c ocvmurc jk `ushbkss kbvhrmbikbt.

• Hbbmvcthvk ohris suffkkd tm jhbg jmfcj whtl bcthmbcj mr kvkb ejm`cj gbmwjkdek smurfks.

Tlky crk c jk tm ekbkrctk bkw hdkcs `y ushbe tlkhr mwb cbd kxtkrbcj kxpkrthsk cbd tm

trcbsomri tlki hbtm icrgktc jk prmdufts.

Tlk strmbekr kiplcshs mb tlk rkehmbcj cbd jmfcj jkvkj jkd tm c ochrjy lhel bui`kr mo studhks

c`mut rkehmbcj hbbmvcthmb systkis (k.e. Fmmgk/Imrecb 388<, @rcfzyg kt cj. 388<, Icsgkjj kt

cj. 388<). Cechb, tlkhr pmhbt mo dkpcrturk hs tlk flchb-jhbgkd hbbmvcthmb imdkj wlhfl

kiplczhsks okkd`cfg jmmps cbd hbtkrcfthmbs `ktwkkb dhookrkbt cftmrs durhbe hbbmvcthmb

prmfkssks. Tlk cutlmrs trcbsokr tlk systkihf kjkikbts mo c bcthmbcj hbbmvcthmb systki tm tlk

rkehmbcj jkvkj. Hb slmrt, tlky creuk tlct rkehmb-spkfhohf fmbdhthmbs cbd fmmpkrcthvk

rkjcthmbslhps `ktwkkb dhookrkbt cftmrs hbojukbfk tlk rkehmbcj hbbmvcthmb pmtkbthcj khtlkr

pmshthvkjy mr bkecthvkjy. Tlky fmbfjudk tlct "Pkehmbs wlhfl pmsskss tlk oujj pcbmpjy mo

hbbmvcthmb mrecbhzcthmbs skt hb cb hbsthtuthmbcj ihjhku wlkrk systkihf jhbgcek cbd hbtkrcfthvk

fmiiubhfcthmb cimbe tlk hbbmvcthmb cftmrs hs bmricj, cpprmcfl tlk dkshebcthmb mo rkehmbcj

hbbmvcthmb systkis." (Fmmgk/Imrecb, p. 53). Ht wmujd `k wrmbe tm hbtkrprkt rkehmbcj



?

hbbmvcthmb systkis cs `khbe hsmjctkd ormi tlk bcthmbcj cbd/mr tlk hbtkrbcthmbcj fmbtkxt. Tlk

bcthmbcj sfcjk fmbthbuks tm `k frufhcj hb sktthbe hipmrtcbt orcikwmrg fmbdhthmbs jhgk jcws,

cbd hbvkstikbt k.e. hb rkskcrfl cbd kdufcthmb. Tlk hbtkrbcthmbcj sfcjk ehvks hipmrtcbt

hipujsks c`mut pmtkbthcj icrgkts cbd tlk dkvkjmpikbt mo bkw prmdufts, ht cjsm prmvhdks

gbmwjkdek ormi mutshdk tlk rkehmb (Pkvhjjc Dhkz 0111).

Pkfkbt studhks c`mut tlk spcthcj dhstrh uthmb mo hbbmvcthmb cfthvhthks slmw tlct iktrmpmjhtcb

rkehmbs lcvk c lhel hbbmvcthmb pmtkbthcj (k.e. @I@O 0111 omr Ekricby, @rmuwkr kt cj. 3888

omr Bktlkrjcbds, _crec 388<, Cbskjhb/_crec/Cfs 3885 omr tlk [VC). Omr kxcipjk,

Cudrktsfl/Okjdicb (3888) prmvkd kiphrhfcjjy tlct fhthks cbd kspkfhcjjy iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs

crk tlk imst hipmrtcbt jmfcthmbs omr hbbmvcthmbs. 8? % mo cjj rkehstkrkd prmduft hbbmvcthmbs

wkrk ekbkrctkd hb iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs. Ourtlkrimrk, Cudrktsfl/Okjdicb (3888) prkskbt

kiphrhfcj kvhdkbfk omr Ncbk Ncfm`s' creuikbt tlct dhvkrshty omstkrs hbbmvcthmb. Tlky omubd

tlct skftmrcj spkfhcjhscthmb mb c sicjj bui`kr mo `rcbflks lcs c bkecthvk kookft mb tlk

rkehmbcj hbbmvcthmb mutput jkvkj. Iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs wlhfl ekbkrcjjy crk flcrcftkrhzkd `y c

dhvkrsk kfmbmihf strufturk cflhkvk shebhohfcbtjy lhelkr hbbmvcthmb mutputs

(Cudrktsfl/Okjdicb 3888). Tlksk rksujts ubdkrjhbk tlct iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs mookr ocvmurc jk

fmbdhthmbs omr hbbmvcthvk ohris. Lkrk, tlksk ohris ohbd c dhvkrshohkd hbdustrhcj strufturk,

qucjhohkd wmrg omrfk, fcpc jk fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs hb `ushbkss (fustmikrs, suppjhkrs,

fmipkthtmrs, prmdufkr skrvhfks) cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks (Vucrkz-_hjjc/Ohsflkr 388;, Lmwkjjs

38<6, Kwkrs/Uktticbb 38<1). @ut fmbtrcry tm tlhs creuikbtcthmb, Cfs/OrhtzPmy/Vihtl

(0113) slmw kiphrhfcj kvhdkbfk omr tlk `kbkohts mo spkfhcjhzcthmb. Lmwkvkr, iktrmpmjhtcb

rkehmbs tkbd tm `k tlk drhvhbe omrfks hb bcthmbcj cbd ejm`cj hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks

(Vlkokr/Orkbgkj 388<).

Tlk ubkvkb spcthcj dhstrh uthmb mo hbbmvcthmbs dkimbstrctks tlct iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs crk

vkry hipmrtcbt hb rkspkft tm tlk ekbkrcthmb mo bkw hdkcs, tlk ourtlkr dkvkjmpikbt mo



5

tkflbmjmehfcj prmerkss cbd omr c gbmwjkdek-`cskd rkehmbcj cbd bcthmbcj dkvkjmpikbt.

Iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs mookr ohris spcthcj, tkflbmjmehfcj, cbd hbsthtuthmbcj prmxhihty cbd

spkfhohf rksmurfks wlmsk kxpjmhtcthmb ekbkrctk shebhohfcbt kxtkrbcjhthks (Ohsflkr /Pkvhjjc

Dhkz/Vbhfgcrs/_crec 0113).

Omr tlksk rkcsmbs iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs fcb `k hbtkrprktkd cs iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis.

Tkflbmjmey mrhkbtkd ohris bkkd hb mrdkr tm ohbd hbbmvcthvk smjuthmbs c ihbhiui mo jmfcthmbcj

cdvcbtceks wlhfl fcb mbjy `k omubd hb iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis. Mo fkbtrcj

hipmrtcbfk hs tlk cvchjc hjhty mo fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs whtlhb `ut cjsm mutshdk tlk iktrmpmjhtcb

hbbmvcthmb systki (Dcvkjccr/Bhngcip 38<8, Lcrrhsmb kt cj. 388?). Tm ikbthmb crk hbdustrhcj

suppjhkrs cbd fustmikrs, prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris, cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks. Tlk oujj kxpjmhtcthmb

mo tkflbmjmehfcj mppmrtubhthks rkquhrks c scthsocftmry dhvhshmb mo jc`mur `ktwkkb sicjj cbd

jcrek kbtkrprhsks cs wkjj cs tlk fmkxhstkbfk mo icby dhookrkbt ghbds mo prmdufkrs cbd skrvhfk

prmvhdkrs. Pkskcrfl hbsthtutks oujohjj ct jkcst twm hipmrtcbt rmjks. Tlk ohrst rkokrs tm tlk

trchbhbe mo qucjhohkd wmrg omrfk, tlk skfmbd tm tlk ekbkrcthmb cbd dhooushmb mo gbmwjkdek

(Ohsflkr/Pkvhjjc Dhkz/Vbhfgcrs/_crec 0113, Flcrjks/Emddcrd 3885, Orhtsfl kt cj. 388<).

Mb tlk `csk mo tlhs slmrt tlkmrkthfcj dhsfusshmb, tlk kiphrhfcj cbcjyshs hs dhrkftkd tm tlk

omjjmwhbe quksthmbs>

3. Lmw dmks tlk hbbmvcthmb fcpcfhty cbd pkromricbfk cfrmss tlk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb

systkis survkykd dhookr hb fmipcrhsmb tm tlk K[=

0. Lmw dhookrkbt hs tlk hbbmvcthvk fcpcfhty mo tlk icbuocfturhbe ohris cfrmss tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis survkykd=

6. Lmw hipmrtcbt hs kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb omr icbuocfturhbe ohris, prmdufkr skrvhfks cbd

rkskcrfl hbsthtutks cbd tm wlct kxtkbt dmks spcthcj prmxhihty icttkr omr fmmpkrcthmb

bktwmrgs=



<

4. Ulct hs tlk rmjk mo prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris whtlhb iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis= Dm

tlky dhookr hb tlkhr mwb P&D fcpcfhthks cbd hb tlk wcy hb wlhfl tlky suppmrt

icbuocfturhbe ohris' hbbmvcthmb cfthvhthks cfrmss tlk fcsk study rkehmbs=

;. Lmw hipmrtcbt crk rkskcrfl hbsthtutks omr `ushbkssks whtlhb iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb

systkis=

6. Iktlmdmjmey - Tlk Kurmpkcb Pkehmbcj Hbbmvcthmb Vurvky (KPHV)

Vhbfk tlk 3851's buikrmus hbbmvcthmb cbd bktwmrg studhks wkrk fmbduftkd mb c bcthmbcj cbd

rkehmbcj sfcjk. @ut, c `cshf prm jki hs tlkhr jcfghbe fmipcrc hjhty. Cjj tlksk studhks prkskbt

hbtkrksthbe hbshelts hbtm hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks, tlkhr dhookrkbt omfus mb prmduft mr prmfkss

hbbmvcthmb, mb skftmrs (cjj skftmrs vs. lhel-tkfl skftmrs), ohri shzk (sicjj cbd ikdhui-shzkd

ohris vs. jcrek ohris), ekmercplhf mrhkbtcthmb (rkehmbcj vs. bcthmbcj), tlkmrkthfcj cssuipthmbs

(jhbkcr vs. flchb-jhbgkd hbbmvcthmb imdkj), iktlmdmjmey (fcsk study cpprmcfl vs. pmstcj

survky) jhiht tlkhr trcbsokrc hjty. Tlk Kurmpkcb Pkehmbcj Hbbmvcthmb Vurvky (KPHV) hs c

fmiprklkbshvk cbd hbtkerctkd cttkipt tm mvkrfmik tlksk slmrtfmihbes. Tlk dctc `csk wcs

kjc`mrctkd whtlhb tlk orcikwmrg mo tlk kxtkbshvk rkskcrfl prmerciik "Tkflbmjmehfcj

Flcbek cbd rkehmbcj dkvkjmpikbt hb Kurmpk" oubdkd `y tlk Ekricb Pkskcrfl Cssmfhcthmb.

Hb c nmhbt prmnkft `ktwkkb tlk [bhvkrshty mo Lcbbmvkr, tlk [bhvkrshty mo Fmjmebk, tlk

Tkflbhfcj [bhvkrshty mo Orkh kre cbd tlk Orcublmokr Hbsthtutk omr Vystki Cbcjyshs pmstcj

survkys wkrk fmbduftkd hb kjkvkb rkehmbs cfrmss Kurmpk. Urhttkb quksthmbbchrks wkrk skbt tm

tlk imst hipmrtcbt cftmrs hb rkehmbcj hbbmvcthmb systkis, bcikjy tm icbuocfturhbe ohris,

prmdufkr skrvhfks cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtuthmbs, hb mrdkr tm cbcjysk tlkhr hbbmvcthvk cbd

bktwmrghbe cfthvhthks. Hb tlk fcsk mo tlk icbuocfturhbe survky, ohris `kjmbehbe tm

icbuocfturhbe skftmrs 3; ‖ 6? cffmrdhbe tm tlk K[ fjcsshohfcthmb mo kfmbmihf cfthvhthks

(BCFK) wkrk skjkftkd. Tlk prmdufkr skrvhfk survky fmvkrs prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris hb



8

Fmiputkr Vmotwcrk (lcrdwcrk fmbsujtcbfy, smotwcrk fmbsujtcbfy cbd suppjy, dctc

prmfksshbe, dctc csk cfthvhthks, BCFK 50.3-50.4), Tkflbhfcj Fmbsujtcbfy (crflhtkfturcj,

kbehbkkrhbe cbd rkjctkd tkflbhfcj fmbsujtcbfy, tkflbhfcj tksthbe cbd cbcjyshs, BCFK 54.0,

54.6), @ushbkss Fmbsujtcbfy> ùshbkss cbd icbcekikbt fmbsujtcbfy (BCFK 54.34) cbd

Icrgkt Pkskcrfl cbd Cdvkrthshbe (icrgkt rkskcrfl cbd pu jhf mphbhmb pmjjhbe, cdvkrthshbe,

cfthvhthks mo trcdk ochrs, kxlh hthmbs, cbd fmberkss mrecbhzkrs, BCFK 54.36, 54.4, 54.<). Tlk

rkskcrfl hbsthtutks survky wcs cdrksskd tm tlk sfhkbfk ohkjds mo Crflhtkfturk, Fmbstrufthmb,

Vurvkyhbe, @hmjmey, Flkihstry, Ikdhfhbk, Ictlkicthfs, Hbomricthfs, Qlyshfs,

Kjkftrmtkflbmjmey, Ikflcbhfcj Kbehbkkrhbe, Kfmbmihfs, Vmfhcj cbd Ekm-Vfhkbfks. Hb mrdkr

tm m`tchb c dktchjkd hbshelt hbtm tlk rkskcrfl cbd bktwmrg cfthvhthks mo tlk rkskcrfl

hbsthtuthmbs, h.k. ubhvkrshthks cbd mtlkr rkskcrfl hbsthtuthmbs, tlk quksthmbbchrk wcs skbt tm tlk

dkpcrtikbtcj jkvkj, mr, ho tlksk ubhts wkrk tmm jcrek, tm tlk jkvkj mo rkskcrfl ermups.

@cshfcjjy tlk scik cftmr-spkfhohf quksthmbbchrks wkrk uskd hb cjj tlk rkehmbs survkykd,

ecrcbtkkhbe c lhel dkerkk mo fmipcrc hjhty (Orhtsfl kt cj., 388<). Tlhs pcpkr omfusks mb tlk

rksujts ormi tlk tlrkk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs @crfkjmbc, Vtmfglmji cbd _hkbbc. Tlk dctc wkrk

fmjjkftkd nmhbtjy whtl Qrmo. Dr. Omjgk Vbhfgcrs, Pmycj Hbsthtutk mo Tkflbmjmey hb Vtmfglmji,

Qrmo. Dr. Icborkd Ohsflkr, _hkbbc [bhvkrshty mo Kfmbmihfs cbd @ushbkss Cdihbhstrcthmb,

cbd Qrmo. Dr. Qkrk Ksfmrsc, Qmjytkflbhfcj [bhvkrshty mo Fctcjmbhc. Tlk tlrkk rkehmbs wkrk

dkohbkd hb cb oubfthmbcj pkrspkfthvk. Hb cddhthmb tm tlk fhty fmrk crkc, wlkrk ichbjy prmdufkr

skrvhfks cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtuthmbs crk jmfctkd, tlk hbdustrhcj lhbtkrjcbd hs hbfjudkd. Tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo @crfkjmbc fmiprhsks tlk fmiiubhthks mo @crfkjmbc, @chx Jjm`rkect,

_cjjks Mffhdkbtcj, _cjjks Mrhkbtcj cbd Icrksik, tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo Vtmfglmji tlk

prmvhbfk mo Vtmfglmji, [ppscjc, Vÿdkricbsjcbds, ßrk rm cbd _csticbjcbds, tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo _hkbbc tlk fhty mo _hkbbc cbd tlk dhstrhfts @cdkb, @rufg cb dkr

Jkhtlc, Eäbskrbdmro, Gmrbkuùre, Iÿdjhbe, Tujjb cbd _hkbbc [iekùbe. Tc jk 3 ehvks cb



31

mvkrvhkw mb scipjk shzks cbd rkspmbsk pcttkrbs. Mvkrcjj, tlk survky dctc hb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb

rkehmbs survkykd hs c emmd rkprkskbtcthmb mo tlk tmtcj pmpujcthmb.

4. Tlk Iktrmpmjhtcb Hbbmvcthmb Vystkis @crfkjmbc, Vtmfglmji, cbd _hkbbc hb tlk

Kurmpkcb fmbtkxt

Tlk tlrkk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis survkykd vcry shebhohfcbtjy hb tlkhr hbbmvcthvk

fcpc`hjhthks. Lmwkvkr, tlksk dhookrkbfks crk cjrkcdy fjkcr wlkb mbk fmipcrks tlk bcthmbcj

hbbmvcthmb systkis. Tc jk 0 suiicrhzks tlk strkbetls cbd wkcgbkssks mo tlk tlrkk bcthmbcj

hbbmvcthmb systkis. Uhtl rkspkft tm hbbmvcthmb, Vwkdkb hs tlk imst suffkssouj fmubtry.

Vwkdkb rkcflks tlk tmp pmshthmb hb tlk K[ whtl rkspkft tm tlk ermss kxpkbdhturk hb P&D cbd

bui`kr mo rkskcrflkrs pkr 3,111 jc`mur omrfk. Tlk prhvctk skftmr hs tlk drhvhbe omrfk whtlhb

tlk bcthmbcj P&D systki. Bkcrjy ?< % mo cjj kxpkbsks hb P&D fmik ormi tlk ùshbkss

skftmr. Cs c rksujt, tlk Vwkdhsl pctkbt cppjhfcthmbs ct tlk Kurmpkcb Qctkbt Moohfk crk twhfk cs

lhel cs tlk Kurmpkcb cvkrcek. Hbtkrksthbejy, hb Vwkdkb omrkheb mwbkrslhp mo dmiksthf

hbvkbthmbs hs jmwkr tlcb hb Custrhc cbd Vpchb, ùt ct tlk scik thik Vwkdhsl mwbkrslhp mo

hbvkbthmbs icdk c`rmcd hs icrgkdjy lhelkr tlcb hb tlk twm mtlkr fmubtrhks. Tlhs slmws, mb

tlk mbk lcbd, tlct tlk Vwkdhsl P&D systki lcs c smjhd `csk whtlhb tlk fmubtry, ùt mb tlk

mtlkr lcbd tlct Vwkdhsl iujthbcthmbcjs crk lheljy fmipkththvk hb cb hbtkrbcthmbcj pkrspkfthvk,

c jk tm fmbtrmj hbvkbthmbs mutshdk tlk fmubtry.

Uhtl rkspkft tm hbbmvcthmb hbdhfctmrs, Custrhc omjjmws skfmbd. Cjtlmuel ht cflhkvks mbk mo

tlk lhelkst pkr fcphtc hbfmiks whtlhb tlk Kurmpkcb [bhmb, hts P&D systki slmws skvkrcj

wkcgbkssks. Bmt mbjy hs tlk hbput hb P&D ikcsurkd cs tlk slcrk mo ermss kxpkbdhturk hb

P&D `kjmw tlk K[ cvkrcek, ùt tlk cfthvk pcrthfhpcthmb mo tlk ùshbkss skftmr hb P&D

cfthvhthks hs cjsm vkry jhihtkd. Fmbtrcry tm Vwkdkb, tlk pu jhf P&D systki pjcys c jkcdhbe



33

rmjk hb tlk hbbmvcthmb systki. Tlk lhel prmpmrthmb mo omrkheb mwbkrslhp mo dmiksthf

hbvkbthmbs dkimbstrctks tlk cttrcfthvkbkss mo Custrhcb rkskcrfl fcpcfhthks omr iujthbcthmbcjs.

@ut ct tlk scik thik ht hjjustrctks tlk lkcvy dkpkbdkbfk mo tlk Custrhcb hbbmvcthmb systki mb

omrkheb P&D koomrts. Custrhcb ohris crk bmt c jk tm fmbtrmj hbvkbthmbs c`rmcd hb c su`stcbthcj

icbbkr. Cs c wlmjk, tlk Custrhcb P&D systki hs bmt c jk tm cflhkvk lhel hbbmvcthvk mutputs.

Tlk pctkbt hbdhfctmr fjkcrjy ubdkrjhbks tlk wkcg pmshthmb hb hbtkrbcthmbcj stcbdcrds.

Tlk Vpcbhsl hbbmvcthmb systki fjkcrjy jces `klhbd tlk twm mtlkr fmubtrhks. Tlk Vpcbhsl

kfmbmiy lcs `kkb c jk tm cflhkvk lhel kfmbmihf ermwtl rctks shbfk hts iki`krslhp hb tlk

KF. Tlhs fctflhbe-up prmfkss wcs, cimbe mtlkr ocftmrs, lkcvhjy `cskd mb omrkheb hbvkstikbt.

@ut Vpchb hs sthjj bmt rkcflhbe tlk K[ cvkrcek hb tkris mo pkr fcphtc hbfmik. Hb fmipcrhsmb tm

Vwkdkb, wlhfl fcb `k jc`kjjkd cs cb hbvkbtmr fmubtry, tlk Vpcbhsl kfmbmiy hs iufl imrk cb

cppjhkr mo bkw gbmwjkdek, wlkrkcs Custrhc jhks hb `ktwkkb. Tlk Vpcbhsl hbdhfctmrs mb P&D

kxpkbdhturk jcy shebhohfcbtjy `kjmw tlk K[ cvkrcek. Jhgk tlk Custrhcb fcsk, tlk pcrthfhpcthmb

mo `ushbkssks hb P&D hs rctlkr jmw, rksujthbe hb c lhel prmpmrthmb mo omrkheb mwbkrslhp mo

dmiksthf hbvkbthmbs. [shbe pctkbt dctc, tlk dhstcbfk ormi tlk gbmwjkdek cbd tkflbmjmey

hbtkbshvk kfmbmihks hs kvkb heekr.

Tlk dhookrkbfks rkvkcjkd mb tlk bcthmbcj jkvkj fmbthbuk tm `k prkskbt mb tlk rkehmbcj jkvkj

(skk tc jk 6). Tlk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systki mo Vtmfglmji skkis tm `k iufl imrk

hbbmvcthvk tlcb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis hb _hkbbc cbd @crfkjmbc. Tlk strkbetls

mo tlk Vtmfglmji hbbmvcthmb systki fcb `k skkb hb tlk lhel bui`kr mo pctkbt cppjhfcthmbs ct

tlk Kurmpkcb Qctkbt Moohfk. Mbk kxpjcbcthmb fmujd `k tlk kxpkbsks hb P&D wlhfl crk twm

thiks lhelkr tlcb hb _hkbbc mr hb @crfkjmbc. Cbmtlkr kxpjcbcthmb fcb `k dkrhvkd ormi tlk

iufl lhelkr qucjhohfcthmb jkvkjs mo tlk pmpujcthmb hb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo Vtmfglmji.

6< % mo tlk pmpujcthmb cekd 0;-?4 lcvk fmipjktkd c ubhvkrshty-jkvkj kdufcthmb. Cs c



30

fmbskqukbfk, tlk ùshbkss kbtkrprhsk sfhkbthsts cbd rkskcrflkrs crk, rkjcthvkjy, iufl imrk

buikrmus hb Vtmfglmji tlcb hb _hkbbc cbd @crfkjmbc.

Tlk iktrmpmjhtcb systki mo _hkbbc omjjmws hb tkri mo hbbmvcthvkbkss. Tlk pkr fcphtc

hbfmik hs shebhohfcbtjy lhelkr tlcb hb tlk twm mtlkr iktrmpmjhsks. @ut tlk P&D mutput

ikcsurkd hb pctkbt cppjhfcthmbs dkimbstrctks tlct tlk omrikr gbmwjkdek fkbtrk hb Kurmpk lcs

dkfjhbkd hb hipmrtcbfk. Tlk wkcg fmbtrh uthmb mo tlk prhvctk ùshbkss skftmr tm tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systki hs kxprksskd hb jmw ùshbkss kxpkbdhturks hb P&D.

Vurprhshbejy, tlk prmpmrthmb mo lheljy qucjhohkd wmrg omrfk hs kvkb jmwkr tlcb hb tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo @crfkjmbc.

Tlk iktrmpmjhtcb systki mo @crfkjmbc hs tlk jkcdhbe Vpcbhsl rkehmb hb ùshbkss P&D, ùt

hb tlk hbtkrbcthmbcj pkrspkfthvk tlhs pmshthmb lcs tm `k rkjcthvhzkd. Tlk rkehmb wcs quhtk

suffkssouj hb cttrcfthbe omrkheb hbvkstikbts cbd hb cflhkvhbe lhel kfmbmihf ermwtl cotkr tlk

Vpcbhsl kbtry tm tlk KF hb 38<?. Hb mbjy 31 ykcrs tlk rkehmb suffkkd hb rkcflhbe tlk

Kurmpkcb cvkrcek hb pkr fcphtc hbfmik. Tlk hbbmvcthvk mutput ikcsurkd hb pctkbts hs sthjj ocr

`klhbd tlk jkcdhbe Kurmpkcb rkehmbs, fmipcrc jk tm tlk mutput mo tlk _hkbbc iktrmpmjhtcb

systki. Tlk erkctkst ocftmr hipkdhbe c lhelkr hbbmvcthvk pkromricbfk hs tlk wkcg ùshbkss

skftmr. @ut tlk koomrts tmwcrds hiprmvhbe tlk lhelkr kdufcthmb systki skki tm `k pcyhbe moo.

Tlk prmpmrthmb mo ubhvkrshty-jkvkj qucjhohkd wmrg omrfk hs cjrkcdy lhelkr tlcb hb _hkbbc.

;. Hbbmvcthmb pkromricbfk mo icbuocfturhbe ohris

Tlk dhookrkbfks m`skrvkd sm ocr whtl tlk lkjp mo moohfhcj stcthsthfs crk fmbohrikd `y tlk KPHV.

Tlk hbbmvcthmb fcpcfhty mo tlk icbuocfturhbe ohris survkykd dhookrs shebhohfcbtjy `ktwkkb

tlk tlrkk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis. Dhookrkbfks bmt mbjy cfrmss hbdustrhcj `rcbflks ùt

cjsm whtlhb tlk `rcbflks crk bmtc jk (skk tc jk 4). Tlk hbbmvcthmb pkromricbfk mo

icbuocfturhbe ohris wcs ikcsurkd `y hbput- cbd mutput hbdhfctmrs. Ulkb hbput hbdhfctmrs



36

jhgk tlk P&D pkrsmbbkj cbd tlk P&D kxpkbdhturk rcthm crk cbcjyskd, tlk icbuocfturhbe ohris

hb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs mo _hkbbc cbd Vtmfglmji rkcjhsk iufl lhelkr P&D hbputs tlcb

tlk ohris hb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo @crfkjmbc. Tlk dhookrkbfks `kfmik vkry fjkcr hb tlk

fcsk mo lhel-tkfl skftmrs, rkojkfthbe tlk `cfgwcrdbkss mo tlk iktrmpmjhs hb smutlkrb Kurmpk.

Hb cjj tlk tlrkk rkehmbs, tlk lhelkst P&D pkrsmbbkj rcthm fcb `k omubd hb tlk skftmr mo

kjkftrhfcj cbd mpthfcj kquhpikbt. @ut cechb, tlk @crfkjmbksk oheurk hs jkss tlcb lcjo cs lhel cs

hb tlk twm mtlkr rkehmbs. Uhtl rkspkft tm P&D kxpkbdhturk rcthm, tlk phfturk cfrmss tlk

rkehmbs hs imrk dhoousk. Hb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo @crfkjmbc tlk ommd hbdustry hs tlk imst

P&D hbtkbshvk skftmr. Tlk ommd skftmr hb @crfkjmbc hs mbk mo tlk okw skftmrs hb wlhfl

dmiksthf ohris rkcfl hbtkrbcthmbcj fmipkththvkbkss `y hts mwb P&D fcpc hjhthks cbd

strctkehks. Hb Vtmfglmji, tlk hbdustrhcj skftmr mo icflhbkry cbd trcbspmrt kquhpikbt, mbk mo

tlk icnmr hbdustrhcj skftmrs mo tlk Vtmfglmji kfmbmiy, cbd hb _hkbbc, tlk skftmr mo kjkftrhfcj

cbd mpthfcj kquhpikbt, crk tlk imst P&D hbtkbshvk hb tkris mo P&D kxpkbdhturk. @kshdks

tlksk `rcbfl dhookrkbfks, tlk shzk mo tlk icbuocfturhbe ohris hbojukbfks tlk P&D hbput

jkvkjs. Ulkrkcs hb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb systkis mo Vtmfglmji cbd _hkbbc jcrek ohris whtl imrk

tlcb ;11 kipjmykks rkcfl tlk lhelkst P&D hbput jkvkjs, hb @crfkjmbc ht hs tlk sicjj cbd

ikdhui shzkd ohri whtl jkss tlcb 311 kipjmykks. Tlk rkjcthvkjy pmmr fmiihtikbt mo jcrek

ohris hb @crfkjmbc tm P&D hs c fmbskqukbfk mo tlk jmw bui`kr mo dmiksthf iujthbcthmbcjs.

Tlk bui`kr mo iujthbcthmbcj lkcdqucrtkrs hs dhsthbftjy lhelkr hb Vtmfglmji cbd _hkbbc.

Tlk mvkrcjj hbbmvcthmb fcpcfhty mo tlk icbuocfturhbe ohris lcs cjsm tm `k dhsfusskd cs wkjj

hb tkris mo mutput hbdhfctmrs jhgk tlk hbbmvcthmb rctk mr tlk slcrk mo turbmvkr `y prmduft

hbbmvcthmbs (skk tc jk ;). Fmbtrcry tm tlk rksujts m tchbkd sm ocr, tlk icbuocfturhbe ohris hb

@crfkjmbc cflhkvk tlk lhelkst bui`kr mo bkw prmduft dkvkjmpikbts, omjjmwkd `y Vtmfglmji

cbd _hkbbc. Uhtl rkspkft tm tlk slcrk mo turbmvkr `y prmduft hbbmvcthmbs, tlk iktrmpmjhtcb

rkehmb mo _hkbbc `kfmiks tlk imst hbbmvcthvk, omjjmwkd `y @crfkjmbc cbd tlkb Vtmfglmji.



34

Tlk rkjcthvkjy emmd rksujts omr _hkbbc cbd @crfkjmbc crk tlk fmbskqukbfk mo tlk hbhthctkd

fctflhbe up prmfkss. Hb tlk pcst dkfcdks, cs slmwb kcrjhkr, tlksk twm rkehmbs dhd bmt `kjmbe tm

tlk imst hbbmvcthvk rkehmbs hb Kurmpk. Tlk hbfrkcskd fmipkththmb shbfk tlkhr iki`krslhp hb

tlk Kurmpkcb [bhmb lcs omrfkd tlk ohris tm hbvkst imrk hb P&D hb mrdkr tm hiprmvk prmduft

qucjhty cbd tm dkvkjmp bkw prmdufts.

?. Tlk rmjk mo kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb cbd spcthcj prmxhihty

?.3 Icbuocfturhbe ohris fmmpkrcthmb bktwmrgs

Tlk twm imst hipmrtcbt rkskcrfl emcjs mo tlk kiphrhfcj survkys hb tlk tlrkk iktrmpmjhtcb

rkehmbs wkrk tm dktkft mb c rkprkskbtcthvk jkvkj tlk hipmrtcbfk mo kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb hb

hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks cbd tlk rmjk mo spcthcj prmxhihty omr sufl hbbmvcthmb fmmpkrcthmb. Tlk

bktwmrg pcrcdhei pmstujctkd `y Fmmgk cbd Imrecb hb 3886 hipjhks tlct bktwmrgs jhbg

hbbmvcthmb cftmrs, rksmurfks cbd cfthvhthks hb cbd `ktwkkb hbbmvcthmb systkis, kbc jhbe tlk

kxflcbek mo hbomricthmb cbd gbmwjkdek, cbd ocfhjhtcthbe jkcrbhbe prmfkssks. Mvkrcjj,

icbuocfturhbe ohris hb cjj tlk rkehmbs survkykd crk strmbejy kbecekd hb hbbmvcthmb

bktwmrghbe. Ohris' hbbmvcthvk cfthvhty hs bmt smjkjy `cskd mb hb-lmusk fcpc hjhthks. Tlk rksujts

m tchbkd fjkcrjy dkimbstrctk tlk hipmrtcbfk mo kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb hb tlk hbbmvcthmb prmfkss

mo icbuocfturhbe cbd prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris (skk tc jk ?). Hbtkrksthbejy, tlk imst hipmrtcbt

fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs omr icbuocfturhbe ohris crk fustmikrs, suppjhkrs cbd prmdufkr skrvhfk

ohris. Omr tlk prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris survkykd hbdustrhcj fustmikrs cbd mtlkr prmdufkr

skrvhfk ohris crk tlk icnmr fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkr. _krthfcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs cjmbe tlk vcjuk

flchb crk iufl imrk hbvmjvkd hb hbbmvcthmb bktwmrgs tlcb lmrhzmbtcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs

jhgk rkskcrfl hbsthtutks cbd fmipkthtmrs. Tlk spcthcj rcbek mo bktwmrghbe vcrhks `ktwkkb

vkrthfcj cbd lmrhzmbtcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs. Vpcthcj prmxhihty hs iufl imrk hipmrtcbt hb



3;

lmrhzmbtcj jhbgceks `ktwkkb icbuocfturhbe ohris cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks mr fmipkthtmrs,

wlkrkcs fmmpkrcthmb whtl vkrthfcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs hs rkcjhskd mvkr jcrekr dhstcbfks. Ht fcb

`k stctkd tlct tlk bktwmrg pcttkrb mo tlk icbuocfturhbe ohris hs iufl imrk fmipjkx tlcb

kxpkftkd. Vpcthcj prmxhihty mo fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs cs wkjj cs fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs ct jcrekr

dhstcbfks crk c fmiimb phfturk mo tlk ohris survkykd. Tlhs rkojkfts tlk bkkd tm icgk usk mo

jmfcj, `ut ct tlk scik thik cjsm mo bcthmbcj mr kvkb hbtkrbcthmbcj gbmwjkdek smurfks.

@ut cechbst tlhs ekbkrcj phfturk, dhookrkbfks dkpkbdhbe mb tlk shzk, hbdustry skftmr cbd

hbbmvcthvkbkss mo ohris crk shebhohfcbt. Vicjj icbuocfturhbe ohris tkbd tm `k jkss kbecekd hb

hbbmvcthmb bktwmrgs tlcb jcrek ohris. Icbuocfturhbe ohris slmwhbe c lhel hbbmvcthvk

pkromricbfk crk strmbejy fmbbkftkd tm fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs tlcb jkss hbbmvcthvk mbks. Uhtl

rkspkft tm `rcbflks, tlk rksujts ubdkrjhbk tlk hipmrtcbfk mo kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb omr

tkflbmjmey cbd gbmwjkdek hbtkbshvk hbdustrhks wlhfl cjsm fmmpkrctk imrk motkb whtl

lmrhzmbtcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs tlcb tlk jmw tkfl hbdustrhks.

@ktwkkb tlk tlrkk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis, dhookrkbfks hb tlk kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb

mo tlk icbuocfturhbe ohris fcb `k dhsthbeuhslkd. Tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo @crfkjmbc

rkcflks tlk lhelkst pkrfkbtcek mo bktwmrghbe icbuocfturhbe ohris, omjjmwkd `y tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo Vtmfglmji cbd _hkbbc. Tlk lhel slcrk mo @crfkjmbc fcb `k kxpjchbkd

`y twm ocftmrs. Ohrst, tlk jcrek hipmrtcbfk mo sicjj cbd ikdhui-shzkd ohris wlhfl lcvk c

jmbe trcdhthmb mo hbtkrcfthbe cimbe tlkiskjvks cbd skfmbd, tlk prkskbfk mo iujthbcthmbcjs

lcvhbe c orkqukbt kxflcbek whtl tlkhr lkcdqucrtkrs cbd mtlkr rkskcrfl cbd prmdufthmb shtks

wmrjd-whdk. Tlk pkrfkbtceks mo fmmpkrcthbe icbuocfturhbe ohris hb tlk imrk icturk (hb

kfmbmihf tkris) iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs mo Vtmfglmji cbd _hkbbc crk quhtk shihjcr. Tlk jmwkr

pkrfkbtcek mo bktwmrghbe ohris icy `k cb hbdhfcthmb mo c jksskr bkkd tm fmmpkrctk duk tm

`kttkr hb-lmusk P&D fcpc hjhthks.



3?

Tlk hipmrtcbfk mo spcthcj prmxhihty hb hbbmvcthmb bktwmrgs hb rkspkft tm iktrmpmjhtcb

hbbmvcthmb systkis hs dhrkftjy jhbgkd tm twm quksthmbs. Ohrst, wlktlkr tlk hbbmvcthvk ohris

icgk usk mo tlk jmfcj gbmwjkdek smurfks `y fmmpkrcthbe whtl dhookrkbt cftmrs hb tlk rkehmb sm

tlct tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb fcb `k rkecrdkd cs c "`rkkdhbe" pjcfk omr hbbmvcthmbs, cbd

skfmbd, wlktlkr iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs oujohj c `rhdehbe oubfthmb `ktwkkb tlk jmfcj cbd

bcthmbcj kfmbmiy cbd `ktwkkb tlk hbtkrbcthmbcjjy imst fmipkththvk rkehmbs hb tlk wmrjd. Cs

dhsfusskd hb tlk hbtrmdufthmb, iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs crk hbfrkcshbejy skkb cs ejm`cj, bcthmbcj

cbd rkehmbcj dkvkjmpikbt kbehbks. Tlk hipmrtcbfk mo tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs mo @crfkjmbc,

_hkbbc cbd Vtmfglmji omr tlk bcthmbcj cbd rkehmbcj kfmbmihks hs ubdmu tkdjy lhel.

Hb mrdkr tm cbcjysk tlk "`rkkdhbe" cbd ectkwcy oubfthmb mo iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs, tlk kxtkrbcj

fmmpkrcthmb jhbgs mo icbuocfturhbe ohris, prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks crk

survkykd. Tc jk 5 slmws tlct cjj tlrkk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis lcvk c lhel dkerkk mo

mpkbbkss. Mvkrcjj, tlk jmfcthmb mo tlk fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs mo cjj tlk cftmrs survkykd,

dkimbstrctks tlct fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs crk cjimst kvkbjy dhstrh utkd mvkr tlk tlrkk rkehmbcj

jkvkjs (iktrmpmjhtcb, bcthmbcj, hbtkrbcthmbcj). Tlhs hbdhfctks tlct tlk cftmrs whtlhb c

iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systki crk c jk tm fmi hbk jmfcj whtl kxtkrbcj gbmwjkdek smurfks,

khtlkr mb c bcthmbcj mr hbtkrbcthmbcj jkvkj. Hb fmbtrcst tm tlhs ekbkrcj phfturk, icbuocfturhbe

ohris hb @crfkjmbc tkbd tm fmmpkrctk imrk hbtkbshvkjy whtl jmfcj pcrtbkrs, hb Vtmfglmji whtl

pcrtbkrs ct tlk bcthmbcj jkvkj, cbd hb _hkbbc whtl hbtkrbcthmbcj pcrtbkrs. Tlk strmbekst

mutwcrd mrhkbtcthmb hs vhsh jk ct rkskcrfl hbsthtutks wlhfl crk jhbgkd imstjy tm bcthmbcj cbd

hbtkrbcthmbcj gbmwjkdek smurfks. Hbtkrksthbejy, tlk rkehmbcj fmmpkrcthmb pcttkrb mo prmdufkr

skrvhfk ohris dkpkbds lkcvhjy mb tlk typk mo fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkr. Ho prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris

fmmpkrctk whtl icbuocfturhbe ohris, c strmbekr bcthmbcj mr hbtkrbcthmbcj mrhkbtcthmb fcb `k

dkdufkd. Ho tlk prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris fmmpkrctk whtl rkskcrfl hbsthtutks tlk iktrmpmjhtcb

jkvkj `kfmiks imrk hipmrtcbt.



35

?.0 Tlk rmjk mo prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris hb icbuocfturhbe ohris hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks

Qrmdufkr skrvhfk ohris pjcy c vkry frufhcj rmjk suppmrthbe hbbmvcthmb cfthvhthks hb hbdustry. Hb

tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo _hkbbc, prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris crk tlk imst hipmrtcbt kxtkrbcj

fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkr omr tlk icbuocfturhbe ohris survkykd7 hb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs mo

Vtmfglmji cbd @crfkjmbc tlky omjjmw skfmbd hb hipmrtcbfk cotkr fustmikrs. Tlhs hjjustrctks

tlct prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris tcgk c jkcdhbe pmshthmb whtlhb cb hbbmvcthmb systki. Tlkhr

hbbmvcthvk fcpc hjhthks cbd fcpcfhthks crk dkfhshvk omr tlk oubfthmbhbe mo cb hbbmvcthmb

systki, wlktlkr ht hs mb tlk bcthmbcj, rkehmbcj mr jmfcj sfcjk. Cs hb tlk fcsk mo tlk

icbuocfturhbe ohris, tlk hbbmvcthvk pkromricbfk mo tlk prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris survkykd wcs

cbcjyskd `y buikrmus hbdhfctmrs (skk tc jk <). Cechb, shihjcrhthks cbd dhookrkbfks cfrmss tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs fcb `k dhsthbeuhslkd. Ulkb hbput hbdhfctmrs jhgk P&D kxpkbdhturk mr

tlk P&D pkrsmbbkj rcthm crk uskd, fmiimb okcturks mo tlk cbcjyskd gbmwjkdek hbtkbshvk

`ushbkss skrvhfks prkvchj. Cffmrdhbe tlk ikbthmbkd hbput hbdhfctmrs, tlk twm imst hipmrtcbt

skrvhfk skftmrs crk tlk skftmr mo fmiputkr smotwcrk cbd mo tkflbhfcj fmbsujtcbfy. Hb tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo Vtmfglmji, tlk skftmr mo fmiputkr smotwcrk cflhkvks tlk lhelkst P&D

hbputs omr `mtl hbdhfctmrs. Hb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo @crfkjmbc, tlk P&D kxpkbdhturk

rcthm hs lhelkst hb fmiputkr smotwcrk, tlk pkrsmbbkj rcthm hb tkflbhfcj fmbsujtcbfy. Hb tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo _hkbbc, tkflbhfcj fmbsujtcbts crk tlk imst P&D hbtkbshvk skrvhfk

ohris. Fmipcrkd tm Vtmfglmji cbd @crfkjmbc, tlk _hkbbksk fmiputkr smotwcrk ohris ocjj

`klhbd hb tkris mo P&D hbputs. Uhtl rkspkft tm ohri shzk, ht fcb `k stctkd tlct hb Vtmfglmji

cbd @crfkjmbc sicjj ohris whtl jkss tlcb 01 kipjmykks rkcfl tlk lhelkst hbput hbdhfctmrs.

Mbjy hb _hkbbc hs tlk lhelkst pkrsmbbkj rcthm rkcflkd `y ohris whtl ;1 tm 048 kipjmykks.



3<

?.6 Tlk hipmrtcbfk mo rkskcrfl hbsthtutks csshsthbe ohri's hbbmvcthmb cfthvhthks

Mvkrcjj, ht hs bkfksscry tm rkjcthvhsk tlk mutstcbdhbe hipmrtcbfk mo rkskcrfl hbsthtutks hb ùshbkss

hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks tlct hs motkb stctkd hb tlk jhtkrcturk mb tlk su nkft (Pkvhjjc Dhkz 0111). Tlk

rksujts mo tlk survky fjkcrjy slmwkd tlct vkrthfcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs, sufl cs ùykrs cbd

suppjhkrs, cbd cjsm prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris, lmjd c lhelkr stctus hb tlk suppmrt mo ùshbkss

hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks tlcb rkskcrfl hbsthtutks dm. Cddhthmbcjjy, tlk survky hiprksshvkjy prmvks

tlct, hb fmbtrcst tm tlk lypmtlkshs, cs ocr cs ùshbkss fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs crk fmbfkrbkd, ht hs

c`mvk cjj tlk ikdhui-shzk cbd jcrek ohris tlct crk tlk ocvmurkd fmmpkrcthbe pcrtbkrs. Vicjj

ùshbkssks crk bmt rkcflkd `y tlk rkskcrfl hbsthtutks. Ho icbuocfturhbe ohris fmmpkrctk whtl

rkskcrfl hbsthtutks, tlky dkimbstrctk c lhelkr prkokrkbfk omr bkhel`murhbe hbsthtuthmbs.

Pkskcrfl hbsthtutks tlkiskjvks fmmpkrctk hbtkbshvkjy mb c bcthmbcj cbd hbtkrbcthmbcj sfcjk.

Tlk cfthvk pcrthfhpcthmb hb hbtkrbcthmbcj sfhkbfk bktwmrgs cjjmws tlki tm oujohj tlk ectkwcy

oubfthmb. Tlrmuel tlkhr fmbtcfts tlky crk c jk tm dhoousk hbtkrbcthmbcjjy cvchjc jk hbomricthmb

cbd gbmwjkdek tm jmfcj ohris.

Dksphtk tlhs ekbkrcj phfturk, dhookrkbfks cfrmss tlk tlrkk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis crk

prmomubd. Hb fmbtrcst tm _hkbbc cbd @crfkjmbc, icbuocfturhbe ohris hb Vtmfglmji icgk usk mo

rkskcrfl hbsthtutks hb c shebhohfcbt wcy (skk tc jk 8). Kspkfhcjjy jcrek icbuocfturhbe ohris whtl

imrk tlcb ;11 kipjmykks wkrk tlk imst hipmrtcbt fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs omr tlk Vtmfglmji

rkskcrfl hbsthtutks. Hb _hkbbc, tlk jcrek icbuocfturkrs crk tlk prkokrrkd fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs mo

rkskcrfl hbsthtutks. Mbjy hb @crfkjmbc dm rkskcrfl hbsthtutks fmmpkrctk hbtkbshvkjy whtl sicjj

icbuocfturhbe ohris whtl jkss tlcb 311 kipjmykks. Tcghbe hbtm fmbshdkrcthmb tlk lhel bui`kr

mo jcrek iujthbcthmbcjs hb @crfkjmbc, tlhs rksujt slmws tlct jmfcj rkskcrfl ubhts crk bmt c jk tm

prmvhdk gbmwjkdek rksmurfks tm tlksk ejm cj pjcykrs. Hb mtlkr wmrds, tlk imst hipmrtcbt ocftmr

omr jmfcthbe hb @crfkjmbc hs omr tlki bmt tlk gbmwjkdek `csk omubd hb jmfcj rkskcrfl hbsthtutks.



38

Mbk rkcsmb omr tlk jmwkr pcrthfhpcthmb mo rkskcrfl hbsthtutks hb hbbmvcthmb bktwmrgs fmujd `k

tlk ihsictfl mo tkflbmjmey ohkjds. Hb tc jk 31 ht fcb `k fjkcrjy skkb tlct tlk spkfhcjhscthmb

pcttkrbs mo icbuocfturhbe ohris cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks vcry shebhohfcbtjy. Tlk rkskcrfl hbsthtutks

lcvk pcttkrbs mo spkfhcjhscthmb tlct cjjmw mbk tm kxpkft mbjy okw fmipjkikbtcry kookfts omr jmfcj

ùshbkssks, cbd vhfk vkrsc. @ut hbtkrksthbejy, tlk ihsictfl hs lhelkst hb tlk Vtmfglmji

iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systki. Hb fmbtrcst tm tlk hbbmvcthmb systki mo @crfkjmbc cbd _hkbbc,

tlk Vtmfglmji rkskcrfl hbsthtutks crk vkry iufl kbecekd hb tkflbmjmey ohkjds wlhfl crk bkw

whtlhb tlk hbdustrhcj oc`rhf. Hb @crfkjmbc cbd _hkbbc, tlk rkskcrfl hbsthtutks crk iufl imrk

kbecekd hb tkflbmjmey ohkjds whtl cb kxhsthbe hbdustrhcj `csk. Ulhjk tlk rmjk mo rkskcrfl

hbsthtutks hb Vtmfglmji hs imrk tm pusl icbuocfturhbe ohris hbtm bkw cbd lheljy pmtkbthcj

tkflbmjmey ohkjds, rkskcrfl hbsthtutks hb _hkbbc cbd @crfkjmbc csshst icbuocfturhbe ohris hb tlkhr

tkflbmjmey ohkjds hb mrdkr tm hiprmvk tlkhr mwb P&D fcpc hjhthks.

5. Vuiicry

Tlk cbcjyshs mo tlk tlrkk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmbs @crfkjmbc, _hkbbc cbd Vtmfglmji prmvhdks

hbtkrksthbe hbshelts hbtm tlk hbbmvcthvk cfthvhty cbd hbbmvcthmb bktwmrghbe mo tlk imst

hipmrtcbt cftmrs whtlhb rkehmbcj hbbmvcthmb systkis. Cfrmss tlk tlrkk iktrmpmjhsks,

shihjcrhthks ùt cjsm dhookrkbfks crk vhsh`jk. Uhtl rkspkft tm tlk ohvk rkskcrfl quksthmbs rchskd

hb flcptkr 0 tlk m tchbkd rksujts fcb `k suiicrhzkd cs omjjmws>

Ohrst, tlk hbbmvcthvk fcpcfhty mo tlk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis dhookr icrgkdjy,

rkojkfthbe tlk dhookrkbfks cjrkcdy vhsh jk hb c fmipcrhsmb mo tlk bcthmbcj hbbmvcthmb systkis.Cfrmss Kurmpk, tlk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb mo Vtmfglmji hs mbk mo tlk imst hbbmvcthvk rkehmbs,

`cshfcjjy `cskd mb ùshbkss P&D cfthvhthks. Hb _hkbbc, c omrikr wmrjd jkcdkr hb rkspkft tm

hbbmvcthmbs, tlk P&D pkromricbfk hs vkry iufl fmbfkbtrctkd hb tlk sfhkbfk skftmr. Jmfcj

ùshbkssks crk rkjcthvkjy wkcg hb tkris mo hbbmvcthvkbkss. @crfkjmbc hs `y ocr, tlk jkss



01

hbbmvcthvk iktrmpmjhtcb rkehmb. Jhgk hb _hkbbc, shbfk tlk iki`krslhp hb tlk Kurmpkcb

Fmiiubhty / [bhmb tlk hbbmvcthmb systki hs trcbsomrihbe rcphdjy tmwcrds imrk hbtkrbcthmbcj

fmipkththvkbkss.

Vkfmbd, P&D hbputs crk iufl imrk lhelkr hb _hkbbc cbd Vtmfglmji tlcb hb @crfkjmbc

rkojkfthbe hts `cfgwcrdbkss. @ut tlk @crfkjmbksk ohris crk hb c fctflhbe up prmfkss. Tlk

hbbmvcthvk mutput ikcsurkd hb tkris mo turbmvkr cffmubtkd `y bkw mr hiprmvk prmdufts

hbdhfctks tlct @crfkjmbksk ohris crk flcbehbe tlkhr prmdufts hb mrdkr tm `kttkr ictfl tlk

icrgkt bkkds. Uhtl rkspkft tm ohri shzk, hb _hkbbc cbd Vtmfglmji jcrek ohris crk iufl imrk

hbvmjvkd hb P&D cfthvhthks tlcb hb @crfkjmbc. Hb tlk smutlkrb iktrmpmjk, kxpkfhcjjy tlk

VIKs' crk P&D mrhkbtctkd. Kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb hb hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks hs c fmiimb

okcturk mo tlk ohris survkykd. @ut, kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb hs bmt tlk mbjy smurfk omr mwb

hbbmvcthmbs. Mwb P&D fcpc hjhthks cbd gbmwjkdek echbkd tlrmuel mwb prmduft cbd

prmdufthmb kxpkrhkbfk hs c prkfmbdhthmb omr suffkssouj fmmpkrcthmb. Hbtkrksthbejy, cfrmss tlk

rkehmbs tlk vkrthfcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs jhgk fustmikrs, hbdustrhcj suppjhkrs, cbd prmdufkr

skrvhfk ohris prkdmihbctk tlk kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb bktwmrg mo icbuocfturhbe ohris. Vpcthcj

prmxhihty mo fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs hs cjsm hipmrtcbt, `ut ct tlk scik thik tlk icbuocfturhbe

ohris crk lcvhbe fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs mutshdk tlk rkehmb. Ulkrkcs tlk ohris hb Vtmfglmji cbd

_hkbbc tkbd tm fmmpkrctk imrk whtl kxtrc-rkehmbcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs, hb @crfkjmbc tlk

ohris survkykd crk iufl rkehmbcjjy mrhkbtctkd.

Tlhrd, prmdufkr skrvhfk ohris pjcy c frufhcj rmjk hb tlk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis

survkykd. Cfrmss tlk rkehmbs, tlky crk vkry iufl kbecekd hb suppmrthbe icbuocfturhbe

hbbmvcthmb cfthvhthks. Hbtkrksthbejy, tlky suppmrt hbbmvcthmb cfthvhthks hb bkhel`murhbe ohris.

Omrtl, hb fmipcrhsmb tm fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs jhgk fustmikrs, hbdustrhcj suppjhkrs mr

prmdufkr skrvhfks, tlk rmjk mo rkskcrfl hbsthtutks omr ohri hbbmvcthmb prmfkssks hs rkjcthvkjy



03

wkcg. Tlk lhelkst hipmrtcbfk mo rkskcrfl hbsthtutks fcb `k m`skrvkd hb Vtmfglmji. Tlk twm

mtlkr rkehmbs sthjj ocfk smik dhoohfujthks tm jhbg tlk sfhkbfk skftmr whtl tlk `ushbkss skftmr.

Ohotl, tlk ectkwcy oubfthmb mo tlk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis hs ubdkrjhbkd `y tlk

ekmercplhf jmfcthmb mo tlk fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs. Cfrmss tlk rkehmbs, fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs mo

icbuocfturhbe ohris, prmdufkr skrvhfks cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks ct tlk bcthmbcj cbd

hbtkrbcthmbcj jkvkj prkdmihbctk. Kspkfhcjjy tlk rkskcrfl hbsthtutks crk flcrcftkrhskd `y c lhel

dkerkk mo hbtkrbcthmbcj fmmpkrcthmb pcrtbkrs.

Imrk hipmrtcbt tlcb tlk shipjk rkpkththmb mo rksujts hs tlk quksthmb mo wlct fmbfjushmbs fcb

`k dkrhvkd hb mrdkr tm rkmrhkbt rkehmbcj pmjhfy tmwcrds hbbmvcthmb sthiujcthmb, tlus hiprmvhbe

iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis. Tlk rksujts dkimbstrctk tlct `ktwkkb rkehmbs mo shihjcr

flcrcftkrhsthfs jhgk tlk tlrkk jcrek iktrmpmjhtcb ceejmikrcthmbs survkykd, prmomubd

dhookrkbfks hb tkflbmjmehfcj fmipkththvkbkss kxhst. Ht wmujd `k tmm shipjk tm trcbsokr tlk

Vtmfglmji suffkss stmry tm mtlkr jmfcthmbs. Pkehmbs crk kquhppkd whtl c spkfhohf skt mo

prmdufthmb ocftmrs cbd hbojukbfkd `y c rkehmb-spkfhohf `ushbkss kbvhrmbikbt (hbsthtuthmbcj

crrcbekikbts, fujturcj cbd smfhcj fmbtkxt) tlct icgks ht dhoohfujt tm dkrhvk ekbkrcjjy vcjhd

pmjhfy rkfmiikbdcthmbs. Cjsm, jhihts mo rkehmbcj pmjhfy lcvk tm `k cdihttkd. Kxpkrhkbfk lcs

slmwb tlct rkehmbcj pmjhfy hs imrk suffkssouj hb sthiujcthbe kxhsthbe hbbmvcthmb pmtkbthcjs

cbd bmt sm iufl hb dkvkjmphbe hbbmvcthvk rkehmbs ormi tlk vkry `kehbbhbe (Vtkrb`kre 3884).

Lmwkvkr, tlk Vtmfglmji kxcipjk prmvhdks hbtkrksthbe hbshelts hbtm cb hbbmvcthmb- cbd

tkflbmjmey-mrhkbtkd bcthmbcj cbd rkehmbcj pmjhfy.

Tlk Vwkdhsl bcthmbcj cbd rkehmbcj P&D prmimthmb pmjhfy lcs slhotkd ormi tlk jhbkcr tm tlk

flchb-jhbgkd hbbmvcthmb imdkj. Ht strkssks tlk bkkd tm hiprmvk tlk hb-lmusk P&D fcpc hjhthks

vhc wkjj qucjhohkd pkrsmbbkj cbd kxtkrbcj fmmpkrcthmb. Tlk lhelkr qucjhty mo luicb rksmurfks

hb Vwkdhsl ohris, kxprksskd hb c lhelkr prmpmrthmb mo P&D pkrsmbbkj cbd pkrsmbbkj whtl

cfcdkihf trchbhbe, kbjcrek tlk ohris hbbmvcthmb pmtkbthcj. Tlk lhelkr bui`kr mo fcpc jk



00

"lkcds" ocfhjhtctks jkcrbhbe prmfkssks whtlhb c ohri cbd hbfrkcsks tlk c`smrpthvk fcpcfhty omr

ohri-kxtkrbcj gbmwjkdek.

Hb mrdkr tm hiprmvk hbbmvcthmb fcpc hjhthks, tlk Vwkdhsl bcthmbcj cbd rkehmbcj tkflbmjmey

pmjhfy trhks tm kbfmurcek fjmskr jhbgs `ktwkkb ohris cbd rkskcrfl hbsthtutks. Tlhs dmks bmt

ikcb tlk mpkbhbe mo cb cddhthmbcj trcbsokr cekbfy cs hb icby mtlkr fmubtrhks. Lkrk, mb tlk

mbk lcbd prhvctk ohris cbd mb tlk mtlkr lcbd pu jhf rkskcrfl hbsthtutks nmhbtjy kstc jhsl

rkskcrfl hbsthtutks whtl tlk chi tm cffkjkrctk tlk prmfkss mo trcbsokrrhbe sfhkbthohf ohbdhbes

hbtm icrgktc jk prmdufts. Hb 388;, 61 hbdustry-rkjctkd rkskcrfl fkbtrks coohjhctkd tm

ubhvkrshthks wkrk kstc`jhslkd. Hb tlksk fkbtrks mo fmipktkbfk rkskcrflkrs ormi hbdustry cbd

cfcdkihc wmrg tmektlkr. Tlk pmjhfy mrhkbtcthmb tmwcrds `ushbkss bkkds `kfmiks cjsm vhsh jk

hb ikcsurks cechbst tlk kxpkftkd jc`mur slmrtcek hb tlk ohkjds mo kbehbkkrhbe cbd bcturcj

sfhkbfk (rkomri mo furrhfujc tm hbfrkcsk tlkhr cttrcfthvkbkss, jmbekr ohbcbfhcj suppmrt tm

studkbts).

Ct tlk iktrmpmjhtcb jkvkj, tlk hiprmvkikbt mo tlk `ushbkss kbvhrmbikbt tm sthiujctk

hbbmvcthvk cfthvhthks lcs c lhel prhmrhty. Cb mutstcbdhbe kxcipjk hs tlk GHVTC sfhkbfk pcrg

hb wlhfl hbdustry cbd pu jhf rkskcrfl hbsthtutks crk jhbgkd fjmskjy tmektlkr. Ghstc's omfus hs

hbomricthmb tkflbmjmey cbd hb 388< tlk sfhkbfk pcrg wcs rcbgkd `y tlk [V iceczhbk Uhrkd

cs tlk ohotl HT rkehmb hb tlk wmrjd. Ghstc suffkkdkd tm kstc jhsl c bktwmrg `ktwkkb pu jhf

rkskcrfl hbsthtuthmbs cbd sicjj cbd jcrek iujthbcthmbcj fmipcbhks (k.e. Krhfssmb, Bmghc,

Fmipcq, Ihfrmsmot, H@I, Lkwjktt-Qcfgcrd, Vub Ihfrmsystkis).

Cbmtlkr pmshthvk kxcipjk hs tlk @ushbkss Crkbc Vtmfglmji (@CV). @CV dkimbstrctks tlct

pu jhf kbththks fcb `k ojkxh jk cbd frkcthvk. Lkrk, 04 iubhfhpcjhthks mo tlk prmvhbfks

Vtmfglmji cbd [psscjc lcvk kstc jhslkd nmhbtjy cb kfmbmihf prmimthmb cekbfy. @kshdks tlk

cttrcfthmb mo omrkheb hbvkstikbt @CV cfthvkjy prmimtks ohri stcrt-ups hb HT, ikdhfhbk- cbd



06

`hmtkflbmjmey. @CV mookrs c whdk spkftrui mo ùshbkss skrvhfks orkk mo flcrek hb mrdkr tm

frkctk c pkrokft ùshbkss kbvhrmbikbt.

[bdmu tkdjy, tlk iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systki mo Vtmfglmji hs c pmshthvk kxcipjk mo tlk

cdvcbtceks mo hbbmvcthmb bktwmrghbe, rksujthbe hb cb hiprmvkd fmipkththvkbkss, lhelkr

hbbmvcthvkbkss cbd dybcihf kfmbmihf pkromricbfk. Cjtlmuel fmmpkrcthmb `ktwkkb hbdustry

cbd pu jhf rkskcrfl hbsthtutks fcbbmt `k omrfkd, tlk Vtmfglmji kxpkrhkbfk ihelt `k

imthvcthbe mtlkr ohris cbd rkehmbs tm omjjmw whtl c shihjcr cpprmcfl.

Pkokrkbfks

Cfs, ^., Cudrktsfl, D., Okjdicb, I. (3883)> Pkcj kookfts mo cfcdkihf rkskcrfl> c fmiikbt, Cikrhfcb Kfmbmihf Pkvhkw, Icrfl <3 (3), pp. 6?6-6?5.

Cfs, ^., Cudrktsfl, D., Okjdicb, I. (3884)> P&D sphjjmvkrs cbd rkfhphkbt ohri shzk, Tlk Pkvhkw mo Kfmbmihfs cbdVtcthsthfs, Icy 3884. 5? (0), pp. 66? - 641.

Cfs, ^., OrhtzPmy, O., Vihtl, H. (0113)> Lhel tkflbmjmey kipjmyikbt cbd P&D hb Fhthks> Lktkrmekbkhty vs Vpkfhcjhzcthmb,Cbbcjs mo Pkehmbcj Vfhkbfk (omrtlfmihbe).

Cbskjhb, J., _crec, C., Cfs, ^. (3885)> Jmfcj ekmercplhf sphjjmvkrs `ktwkkb ubhvkrshty rkskcrfl cbd lhel tkflbmjmeyhbbmvcthmbs, Nmurbcj mo ur`cb kfmbmihfs , pp. 400-44<.

Cudrktsfl, [email protected] Okjdicb, I.Q. (3888)> Hbbmvcthmb hb fhthks> Vfhkbfk-`cskd dhvkrshty, spkfhcjhzcthmb cbd jmfcjhzkdfmipkththmb, Kurmpkcb Kfmbmihf Pkvhkw, _mj. 3888, Bm. 46, pp. 418-408.

@khsk, I., Vtclj, L. (3888)> Qu`jhf rkskcrfl cbd hbdustrhcj hbbmvcthmbs hb Ekricby, Pkskcrfl Qmjhfy 0<, pp. 685 - 400.@I@O (0111)> ûr tkflbmjmehsflkb Jkhstubesoälhegkht Dkutsfljcbds, ûsciikbocsskbdkr Kbd`krhflt 3888, @mbb.

@rcfzyg, L.N.7 Fmmgk, Q.7 Lkhdkbrkhfl, I. (388<)> Pkehmbcj hbbmvcthmb systkis, [FJ Qrkss, Jmbdmb.@rmuwkr, K.7 @udhj-Bcdvmrbhgmvc, L.7 Gjkhbgbkflt, C. (3888)> Crk [r`cb Ceejmikrcthmbs c @kttkr @rkkdhbe Qjcfk omrQrmduft Hbbmvcthmb= Cb Cbcjyshs mo Bkw Qrmduft Cbbmubfkikbts, Pkehmbcj Vtudhks, _mj. 66, Bm. ?, pp. ;43-;48.

Fcicebh, P. (3883)> Hbbmvcthmb bktwmrgs> Vpcthcj pkrspkfthvks, Jmbdmb.Flcrjks, D., Emddcrd, N. (3885)> Lhelkr kdufcthmb cbd kipjmyikbt - jhbghbe ubhvkrshthks whtl tlkhr rkehmbcj hbdustrhcj `csk.

Qcpkr prkpcrkd omr tlk tlcithf skihbcr mb Tkrrhtmrhcj Kipjmyik bt Qcfts hb Mstkrsubd, Vwkdkb, 3<-38 Vkptki`kr 3885.Fmmgk, Q.7 Imrecb, G. (388<)> Tlk cssmfhcthmbcj kfmbmiy> Ohris, rkehmbs, cbd hbbmvcthmb, Mxomrd [bhvkrshty Qrkss. Mxomrd.Frkvmhshkr, M. (388<)> Hbbmvcthmb cbd tlk Fhty. Hb> Icghbe fmbbfkfthmbs - tkflbmjmehfcj jkcrbhbe cbd rkehmbcj kfmbmihf

flcbek, Cslectk. Cjdkrslmt u.c.Dcvkjccr, K.N.7 Bhngcip, Q. (38<8)> Tlk rmjk mo iktrmpmjhtcb ihjhku cs cb hbfu`cthmb fkbtkr omr tkflbmjmehfcj hbbmvcthmb> C

Dutfl fcsk study, [r`cb Vtudhks, _mj. 0?, pp. ;35-;0;.Dk @rkssmb, F., Cikssk, O. (3883)> Bktwmrgs mo hbbmvctmrs> c rkvhkw cbd hbtrmdufthmb tm tlk hssuk, Pkskcrfl Qmjhfy 01, 6?6-

658.Kdquhst, F. (3885)> Vystkis mo Hbbmvcthmb. Tkflbmjmehks, Hbsthtuthmbs cbd Mrecbhzcthmbs, Qhbtkr, Jmbdmb cbd Ucslhbetmb.Kurmstct (3888)> Vkflstkr pkrhmdhsflkr @krhflt ú`kr dhk smzhm-ÿgmbmihsflk Jcek ubd Kbtwhfgjube dkr Pkehmbkb dkr

Kurmpähsflkb [bhmb, Cit oúr citjhflk _krÿookbtjhflubekb dkr Kurmpähsflkb Ekikhbsflcotkb, Juxkiùre.

Kwkrs, L.N.7 Uktticbb, P. (38<1)> Hbbmvcthmb-mrhkbtkd rkehmbcj pmjhfy, Pkehmbcj Vtudhks, _mj. 34, pp. 3?3-358.Ohsflkr, I.O.7 Pkvhjjc Dhkz, N7 Vbhfgcrs, O. _crec, C. (0113)> Iktrmpmjhtcb Vystkis mo Hbbmvcthmb - Tlkmry cbd Kvhdkbfk

ormi Tlrkk Iktrmpmjhtcb Pkehmbs hb Kurmpk, Vprhbekr, @krjhb, Lkhdkj`kre ct cj.Orkkicb, F.7 Vmktk, J. (3885)> Tlk kfmbmihfs mo hbdustrhcj hbbmvcthmb, Tlrhd Kdhthmb, Qhbtkr, Jmbdmb cbd Ucslhbetmb.Orhtsfl, I., Gmsflctzgy, G., Vflätzj, J., Vtkrb`kre, P. (388<)> Pkehmbcjk Hbbmvcthmbspmtkbthcjk ubd hbbmvcthvk Bktzwkrgk,

Pcuiomrsflube ubd Pcuimrdbube 4/8<, pp. 0<<-08<.Lcrrhsmb, @.7 Gkjjky, I.P.7 Ecbt, N. (388?)> Hbbmvcthvk ohri `klcvhmur cbd jmfcj ihjhku> Kxpjmrhbe tlk hbtkrskfthmb mo

ceejmikrcthmb, ohri kookfts cbd tkflbmjmehfcj flcbek, Kfmbmihf Ekmercply, _mj. 58, Bm. 6, pp. 066 -0;< .Lmwkjjs, N. (38<6)> Ohjtkr-dmwb tlkmry> jmfcthmb cbd tkflbmjmey hb tlk [G plcricfkuthfcj hbdustry, Kbvhrmbikbt cbd

Qjcbbhbe C, _mj. 3;, pp. 345-3?4.



04

Ludsmb, P. (3888)> 'Tlk Jkcrbhbe Kfmbmiy, tlk Jkcrbhbe Ohri cbd tlk Jkcrbhbe Pkehmb'> C Vyipctlkthf Frhthquk mo tlkJhihts tm Jkcrbhbe, Kurmpkcb [r`cb cbd Pkehmbcj Vtudhks ?(3), ;8-50

Lueehbs, P. (3885)> Fmipkththvkbkss cbd tlk Ejm`cj Pkehmb> Tlk Pmjk mo Bktwmrghbe, hb Vhiihk, N. I. Hbbmvcthmb,bktwmrgs cbd jkcrbhbe rkehmbs, Nksshfc Ghbesjky Qu`jhslkrs, Jmbdmb.

Jcgslicbcb, T.7 Mguiurc, I. (388;)> Tlk bcturk cbd kvmjuthmb mo gbmwjkdek bktwmrgs hb Ncpcbksk icbuocfturhbe, Qcpkrshb Pkehmbcj Vfhkbfk, Tlk Nmurbcj mo tlk PVCH 54, 3, ?6 - <?.

Jubdvcjj, @.-Ë. (3880)> Bcthmbcj Vystkis mo Hbbmvcthmb> Tmwcrds c Tlkmry mo Hbbmvcthmb cbd Hbtkrcfthvk Jkcrbhbe, Qhbtkr,Jmbdmb cbd Ucslhbetmb.

Icjkfgh, K.7 Mhbcs, Q. (388<)> Icghbe fmbbkfthmbs - tkflbmjmehfcj jkcrbhbe cbd rkehmbcj kfmbmihf flcbek, Cslectk,Cjdkrslmt kt cj.Icsgkjj, Q.7 Ksgkjhbkb, L.7 Lcbbh`cjssmb, H.7 Icji`kre, C.7 _ctbk, K. (388<)> Fmipkththvkbkss, Jmfcjhskd Jkcrbhbe cbd

Pkehmbcj Dkvkjmpikbt, Pmutjkdek, Jmbdmb, Bkw Xmrg. Bkjsmb, P. (3886)> Bcthmbcj hbbmvcthmb systkis - c fmipcrcthvk Cbcjyshs, Mxomrd [bhvkrshty Qrkss, Mxomrd.MKFD (3888)> @kbflicrghbe tlk gbmwjkdek `csk kfmbmiy, Qcrhs.Pkvhjjc Dhkz, N. (0111)> Tlk hipmrtcbfk mo pu`jhf rkskcrfl hbsthtutks hb hbbmvcthvk bktwmrgs. Kiphrhfcj rksujts ormi tlk

iktrmpmjhtcb hbbmvcthmb systkis @crfkjmbc, Vtmfglmji cbd _hkbbc, Kurmpkcb Qjcbbhbe Vtudhks, _mj. <, Bm. 4, pp. 4;3-4?4.

Vlkokr, D.7 Orkbgkj, C. (388<)> Jmfcj ihjhku cbd hbbmvcthmbs> Vmik kiphrhfcj rksujts, Tlk Cbbcjs mo Pkehmbcj Vfhkbfk, _mj.60, pp. 3<;-011.

Vtkrb`kre, P. (388<)> Tkflbmjmehkpmjhthg ubd Lhel-Tkfl Pkehmbkb - khb hbtkrbcthmbcjkr _krejkhfl, 0bd. Kdhthmb, Jht-_krjce,Iúbstkr, Lci`ure.

Vucrkz-_hjjc, J.7 Ohsflkr, I.I. 388;> Tkflbmjmey, Mrecbhzcthmb cbd Kxpmrt-drhvkb Pkskcrfl cbd Dkvkjmpikbt hb Custrhc´sKjkftrmbhfs Hbdustry, Pkehmbcj Vtudhks, 08, 3, pp. 38-40.

_crec, C. (388<)> [bhvkrshty Pkskcrfl cbd Pkehmbcj Hbbmvcthmb> C spcthcj kfmbmiktrhf cbcjyshs mo cfcdkihf tkflbmjmey

trcbsokrs, Gjuwkr Cfcdkihf Qu`jhslkrs, @mstmb.

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