topdressing you will need during the year,it takes 30 cubic yards of material to applya 1/4-inch-thick layer over one acre. Toapply the same layer on a 5,000 square footgreen requires almost four cubic yards. Abaseball field would need almost threeyards for the infield and 30 yards for theoutfield. A regulation football field wouldrequire nearly 40 yards.

Agnew points out that topdressing ismost cost effective for the high-wear areasof sports fields. You may only need totopdress between the hash marks on afootball field or the goal areas of soccerfields. This further strengthens the case formatching the topdressing to the field soil.

be dragged into core holes following aera-tion to improve compaction resistance.Core aerators can remove anywhere fromtwo to 15 percent of the old soil, dependingupon the diameter and pattern of the tines.If this soil is replaced by dragging sand intothe core holes, a small degree of amend-ment is possible. Repeated aerification andsand topdressing are necessary to achieveany significant improvement.

"Initially, you may not see much of animprovement," Agnew admits. "Once youstart topdressing with sand, you have tocontinue on a regular basis to get the

intended results. Remember, aerlfication isa necessary part of topdressing."

Turf managers and contractors are dis-covering that sand tends to settle into coreholes following irrigation. As this occurs,topdressing may need to be reapplied to fillthe holes to the surface. Once filled, thecore holes do not collapse as they wouldwithout topdressing. These important path-ways for air, moisture, and roots remainopen to extend the benefit of aeration.

As pointed out in the June issue of Golf& SportsTURF, maintenance of sand-based

continued on page 22

Core Harvester attachment for Cushman Turf-Truckster.

You don't want different soils within thesame irrigation zone.

The most notable departure from match-ing soil with the topdressing is when a turfmanager wants to amend an existing soilwith sand. This is where many people getinto trouble, says Agnew. "You can't sandtopdress twice a year," he points out."What you'll end up with is a layer of sand,a layer of thatch, a layer of sand, etc. Athatch layer can develop in a matter ofweeks on top of the sand you put down. Tokeep up with the thatch, you need to aerateand lightly topdress on a three- to four-week basis. This requires a major commit-ment on the part of the superintendent orsports turf manager."

The value of sand in preventing compac-tion and improving drainage is widely rec-ognized. Agnew stresses, however, that anysand should be tested for size, as well aswater- and nutrient-holding capability, be-fore it is applied to turf areas. "I'd rathersee turf managers use topdressings contain-ing approximately 80 percent sand, tenpercent soil, and ten percent peat thanstraight sand," he adds. "These providesome margin for error."

Properly selected sand topdressings can

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Aeration and Topdressingcontinued (rom page 21

saved our customers thousands of dollars."He also uses aerators made by Toro, Olathe,and Salsco (now Ransomes) and a turfconditioner by Yeager-Twose. "We matchthe equipment with the job to gain thegreatest efficiency."

David Bouck, president of Golf CourseServices in Hudson, FL, is another formersuperintendent who has built a business onaeration and topdressing. "During the busyseason, superintendents can't afford to dis-rupt. play in the daytime for aeration,"Bouck points out. "We can get on thecourse in the evening and renovate greensand tees without disrupting play. We uselights if necessary. By the following morn-ing, the course can open as usual, withoutmissing a round."

Toro has taken a different tack to reducethe disturbance created by aeration. It hasdeveloped an aerator that uses jets of high-velocity water to slice through subsurfacesoil without disturbing the playing surface.The Hydrolect 3000 has 11 nozzles spacedthree inches apart. Blasts of water createchannels in the soil between four andinches deep. They also fracture and lift thesoil so roots can penetrate more deeply intothe rootzone.

Research by Dr. Jeff Nus at Kansas State

rootzones is quite different from that ofsoil-based rootzones. Sand does not retainmoisture or nutrients as well as clay or loamsoils. Adjustments in maintenance and irri-gation levels will be necessary as the sandportion of the soil increases. However, agradual change to sand may be more man-ageable than switching from soil to sand byreconstruction.

"The cost of reconstruction being whatit is, more and more golf courses, schools,and parks are willing to try renovationthrough aerification and topdressing," saysBill Stark, president of Turf Renovation,Inc., in Cortland, NY. Stark was formerlysuperintendent at Bellview Country Club inCortland and started his business after re-alizing the potential for aeration services inhis area. "Renovation requires a lot ofmaterial handling, specialized equipment,and labor. Since we have the equipmentand staff, we are more efficient."

Stark has renovated more than 300greens with a VertiDrain deep aerator. "Wego over the green twice with solid tines,then pu1l5/8-inch cores on a third pass andtopdress," he explains. 'The results have

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University has shown that vibratory plowsand colter blades can also provide substan-tial improvement in soil aeration and struc-ture. He discovered this when testingmachines designed to inject synthetic poly-mers below the turf surface. "Our choice ofmethods to cultivate turf rootzones fromthe surface may grow in the coming years,"Nus admits.

As the results of recent research projectsstart to surface, the indications are that

topdressing should be done in conjunctionwith aeration. Both need to be carried outrelatively frequently in high-traffic turfareas to provide a significant and lastingeffect.

Diagnostic equipment can now measurethe effectiveness of aeration and topdress-ing. As a result, turf managers know howoften they need to cultivate their rootzonesand can better manage the disturbancesuch practices produce. Qi?

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SCOTT AND SANDOZ TODEVELOP BIOLOGICALPESTICIDES

Sandoz Crop Protection, a producer ofbiological insecticides for agricultural uses,and the a.M. Scott & Sons Company, amarketer of products for home lawns andgardens, have agreed to develop and mar-ket a natural line of products for homegardens and lawn care in the United Statesand Canada. The first products from thisalliance are expected to be introduced in1991.

Under the agreement, Sandoz researchand development will provide biologicalproducts to Scott for inclusion in a newlydeveloped natural product line. This linewill initially include biological insecticides,and may eventually include products basedon naturally occurring insect viruses, bac-teria, protozoa, and natural plant extractsto control lawn and garden pests.

Sandoz presently sells a number of bio-logical products to farmers to control cat-erpillars and Colorado potato beetles infruit and vegetable crops. Another productis widely used to combat gypsy moth infes-tations across North America.

"Increasing public awareness about the

environment has created a demand for sucha natural line of products for home garden-ers," says Tadd C. Seitz, Scott presidentand CEO. "Wtth the technical capabilitiesand experience that Sandoz has in produc-ing natural crop protection materials forNorth American farmers, we believe thatthey are the ideal company to provide re-search and development for our biologicalproducts."

The new enterprise will be jointly admin-istered by a management committee and abusiness development committee contain-ing equal numbers of representatives fromeach company. Each firm will chair onecommittee.

TORO TO CONSOLIDATEWHEELHORSEADMINISTRA TIO N

The Toro Company will consolidate itsSouth Bend, IN, Wheel Horse administra-tive functions into its Bloomington, IN,headquarters. Wheel Horse is a lawn andgarden equipment manufacturer, pur-chased by Toro in 1986.

The move will result in the transfer of50 employees. Fifty positions have beeneliminated. "With our commitment to bet-ter serve our customers and our organiza-tion and remain a contender in ourcompetitive business, it's imperative thatwe deploy our assets and resources in themost efficient and cost-effective way possi-ble," explained David H. Morris, presidentof Toro. "When it became apparent that wehad an opportunity to integrate our organi-zations to better support our businessesworldwide and eliminate costly duplicationin our administrative functions, it madesense to do so.t'Morris said the move tocorporate headquarters will take place dur-ing the next six months. He noted that keySouth Bend employees will be offered relo-cation in Minnesota, although he didn'tknow how many. Dislocated employees willbe offered severance packages and assis-tance in finding new employment.

"Toro deeply regrets the loss of jobs thatwill occur as the result of this consolida-tion, and any impact this may have on thecommunity," said Morris. HOur 300-personmanufacturing operation will remain inSouth Bend and we look forward to a longand meaningful partnership with the com-munity."

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Universitiesare known for their tightcontrol over spending, especiallywhen it comes to campus turf and

landscaping. Grants typically pay for plan-ning and construction of new facilities. Ourinstitutions of higher education then bearthe long-term burden of maintenance.

Turf product salesmen will tell you it'stougher to sell to a university than a golfcourse or park. Every expense must becarefully justified before it is included aspart of an overall physical plant budget.And, if the athletic department contributesto the grounds budget, the money is oftentagged for specific needs agreed upon bythe athletic director.

Even universities with huge endow-ments and powerful athletic programs op-erate in this frugal manner. The Universityof Southern California in Los Angeles, afrequent participant in the Rose Bowl, is noexception. The l Ol-year-old institution lo-cated in urban Los Angeles is facing a watercrisis of growing proportions. As one of thelargest users of water in the city, USC mustalso take a leadership role in conservation.

Rather than undertake a massive over-haul of its extensive irrigation system forthe 27 acres of turf on the campus, theuniversity chose to upgrade it gradually.They began by creating an irrigation de-partment in 1983 and hired Jim Peralta torun it. Peralta had helped pioneer advancedirrigation control systems as the irrigationspecialist at California State PolytechnicUniversity in Pomona during the late '70sand early '80s.

"When Ijoined USC, two employees hadbeen taken from the grounds shop andassigned to the plumbing shop to do irriga-tion maintenance and repair," Peralta re-flects. II Any type of controller or valveproblems were given to outside contrac-tors. Contractors were also hired to installthe irrigation during new campus construc-tion. The resulting system was a patchworkof different types of heads, valves and con-trollers."

The two men and Peralta became USC'sfirst irrigation department, which today hasgrown to six. "The first thing I did was lookat the whole system to document each partwith as-builts and an inventory" he says."You could tell just by looking at the stockof repair parts that the system needed to bestandardized. To make matters more con-fusing, we had a combination of hydraulicand electric controllers. The old hydraulicsystems were much harder to maintain."

"We've had to redesign a lot of the areasbecause the original systems weren't engi-

Jim Peralta, head of the irrigation department at USC, adjusts satellite for drip system.

Irrigation DepartmentRestores Control at USCnee red properly and they were very ineffi-cient. Line sizing and system dynamicswere not taken into consideration. Maybesix large impacts were running off a 1-1/4inch line throwing over sidewalks in orderto cover a large area. They weren't con-cerned about staying within the boundariesof the landscaping. Systems were justpatched together when new landscapingwas installed."

Peralta began to standardize the irriga-tion components on campus,replace oldhydraulic and ten-station controllers withexpandable electric controllers, reconfig-ure the heads and valves, and explore re-mote control. "It has been a slowprogression," he admits.

All heads except those on the athleticfields operated at the pressure supplied bythe city mains, about 65 psi. The systemsfor Howard Jones Field (football), DedeauxField (baseball), Cromwell Field (track andfield), and the intramural fields havebooster pumps.

Paralta started to replace old impactrotors around buildings with adjustable,low-gallonage stream and spray heads andto add drip to many of the plant beds. Zoneswere changed to match site conditions andpressure and flow requirements. Old valveswere replaced with pressure-regulating ver-sions in addition to flow meters. "We nowhave a fairly accurate record of the output

and flow rate of each station," he says.The next step was to reduce the number

of controllers on campus from an unwieldy65 to around 40. Peralta then hoped to linkthe field controllers (satellites) to a centralcomputer. To do this he had to select con-trollers that could be connected to a centralin the future and still fit into his budget.Until all controllers were set up with thecentral computer, he wanted his crew to beable to operate them by radio remote con-trol for testing.

Scheduling is also a big problem oncampus. Peralta can't always irrigate whenhe'd like to because he has to work aroundso many campus activities. To change aprogram for a special activity, and thenchange it back, is very time consuming. Acentral computer would enable him tomake these changes from his desk in theoffice or from a terminal at his home.

After exploring his options, Peralta de-cided to begin the conversion using Valconhardware and software. One or two control-lers at a time were replaced with V3 satel-lites. Forty new satellites have now beeninstalled. Each operates as a stand-alonecontroller until it can be tied into the cen-tral computer through phone lines. In themeantime, Peralta started using the com-puter to record data on all the separatesystems on the campus.

continued on page 29

July, 1990 25

CHALKBOARD...TIPS FROM THE PROS

BIOSTIMULANTS BENEFIT TURF MANAGEMENT

Biostimulants can have a significantand beneficial effect on turfgrasswhen combined with sound man-

agement practices, according to researchunderway at several U.S. universities. On-going studies indicate that these com-pounds improve root growth, providebetter resistance to certain stresses, andpossibly reduce nitrogen rates due to im-proved fertilizer efficiency.

As their name would imply,biostimulants are products which improveand accelerate plant growth. Some are com-pletely natural, with no added chemicals orhormones. Others contain synthetic hor-mones, chemicals, and other ingredients.

A number of turf managers are nowusing these products to protect new plant-ings and for faster establishment of sodinstallation and overseeding. They reduceloss due to transplant shock and environ-mental stress.

Dr. R.E. Schmidt, professor of agronomyand a turf ecology and physiology specialistat Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacks-burg, VA, says research indicates thatbiostimulant compounds work consistentlywell in a number of applications, particu-larly sod production. "We know we canstimulate growth, especially of roots, withsome of these materials," he explains. IIWealso get tillering and initiating of buds."

Based on experiments with bluegrass,bentgrass, and tall fescue, Schmidt believesthat biostirnulants can be used to speed upproduction and transplanting of sod byenabling roots to knit more quickly into thesoil. He says it might be possible for rootsto become established in a week, as op-posed to the usual two or three.

"This would reduce irrigation necessity,because water would not be as critical foras long after transplanting," Schmidt ex-plains. IIFor sod producers in areas depen-dent solely on rainfall, this benefit would beparticularly useful."

The turf specialist adds that productionof bentgrass sod for putting greens is in-creasing in the U.S. He reports that thereis an increasing demand on sod producersto treat these products with biostimulants

26 Golf & Sports TURF

before shipping to this market. "Some golfcourses are now able to sod their greensand have them putted on in a few weeks'time when biostimulants are used," saysSchmidt.

A biostimulant compound he is cur-rently examining contains different formu-lations of humic acids derived from peatmoss, kelp extracts, micronutrients, coen-zymes, chelating agents, and other naturalsoil chemicals. This formulation is soldunder the trade name of Roots RootGrowth Enhancer.

At rates ranging from a one- to two-per-cent solution, the product can be appliedduring seeding, after germination in thetwo-leaf stage, or in general applicationsthree or four times a year at four- to six-week intervals. It can be mixed with liquidfertilizers and herbicides.

Because Virginia Tech is located in atransition zone, its researchers are study-ing both warm- and cool-season grasses.Applications of biostimulants and iron, forexample, are being investigated onberrnudagrass. According to Schmidt, thiscombination seems to help fight cold stress.

IIWe're at an elevation of 2,100 feet, andmany times our berrnudagrass plots areseriously affected by the cold," he explains."Last October, berrnudagrass treated witha biostlmulant and iron stayed green afterseveral frosts. There was no comparisonbetween the bermuda that was treated andthe bermuda that wasn't. The untreatedturf succumbed to the frost."

Schmidt says that helping turf hold upto chilling temperatures is perhaps thegreatest benefit of applying a biostimulantin combination with iron. "The correlationin survivability of turf is pretty high whereiron and biostimulant are applied in tan-dem," he stresses.

Widespread use of biostimulant com-pounds may someday help turf managerscope with the problems of groundwatercontamination, particularly from nitrates.IIWe're talking about biostimulant applica-tion rates measured in grams as opposed tohundreds of pounds of fertilizer," saysSchmidt.

However, he is quick to point out thatbiostimulants would never be substitutedfor an essential plant nutrient such as ni-trogen. lilt's conceivable that you'd use thetwo together and cut the nitrogen rates,because nitrogen efficlency would begreatly increased," he explains.

Dr. Michael Goatley, assistant professorat Mississippi State University in Starkville,is also researching the effectiveness ofbiostimulants on warm-season grasses suchas berrnudagrass, St. Augustine, andzoysiagrass.

"With warm-season grasses, we see mostresponse to biostimulants under stress con-ditions," Goatley says. "The most measur-able response of turf grown under suitablemoisture and fertility conditions occurswhen biostimulant is applied in late Sep-tember or early October, when turf beginsto prepare for winter dormancy."

In this situation, Goatley is seeing moreenhanced root development late in thegrowing season. This could result in bettercarbohydrate storage and preparation ofplants for winter. There is also evidencethat biostimulants could enhance springgreen-up as temperatures warm and springdormancy breaks.

According to Goatley, turf managers,especially in the South, can get into troublein the spring with early, heavy nitrogenapplications designed to stimulate growthand green the turf. "The lush growth of turffollowing early-season nitrogen applicationis very susceptible to injury from latefrosts," he explains. "If a frost occurs, theturf will again have to expend a lot of storedenergy reserves toward development of anew canopy."

While the detrimental effects of an insuf-ficient root system might not be initiallyapparent, Goatley warns that turf will bemore susceptible to moisture and heatstress during the summer months.

Both Goatley and Schmidt stress thatmany unanswered questions remain con-cerning biostimulants and where thesecompounds might fit best in commercialsituations. Future research will be focusedin this direction.

Irrigation Departmentcontinued (rom page 25

Even though only 14 of the school's 41controllers have been tied into the central,Peralta has gained a grasp on the water heis using on the rest of the campus. As longas every component is maintained to spec-ifications and checked frequently, he canpredict his water usage. Eventually, flowmeters will be installed on all primaryvalves for each area. This will give him theability to compare his computer projectionto what is actually being used. Anotherobjective is to install pressure transducers,that will shut a station down when a pipebreaks, and moisture sensors.

Utilizing his staff efficiently is one ofPeralta's biggest goals. He was one of thefirst irrigation specialists in the area to use

. remote control radio to operate satellites inthe field. Instead of installing receivers oneach satellite, he put permanent connectorson them. The crew has four receivers andfour hand-held transmitters. After plugginga receiver into the satellite, one person cantest each station as he walks the area byusing the transmitter.

By staying on top of maintenance andrepairs, Peralta is reasonably assured that

there won't be major problems at nightwhen the irrigation system is running.When all satellites are hooked up to thecentral, he will be able to see problems thatoccurred during the night on his computerscreen. He will also be able to access thatinformation and make any adjustmentsfrom the terminal at his home. If there is aproblem he can't handle, Valcon can alsocall up the central to diagnose and correctproblems.

"This university is like a small city," hesays. "Managing irrigation around eventsand construction is a complicated task. Anefficient irrigation system controlled by acomputer is critical.

It took Peralta years to put all the piecestogether, and he is always faced withchanges and growth. But, he's almost thereand he did it within the university's budget.

As Peralta has demonstrated, it is possi-ble for universities to avoid a massive over-haul of their irrigation systems by creatingan irrigation department to address theproblems of water conservation and systemperformance on a consistent basis. It is aneffective way for schools to control long-term maintenance costs and still have awell-landscaped campus and productiveathletic facilities. 4.'

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Anti-Wash/Geojute matting is a ruggedwoven fabric that absorbs almost five timesits weight in water. It is easy to apply overany soil surface. Seeding can be performedeither before or after application. The mat-ting biodegrades after one or two growingseasons.

DeKowe is woven with yarns spun fromthe fibers of coconut husks. The fabric isextremely strong and durable, and can beused to stabilize waterways and steepslopes until the vegetation is hardy. Thisgeotextile will biodegrade in four to tenyears.BELTON INDUSTRIES INC.Circle 144 on Postage Free Card

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