Nasals and other consonants

Nasals and other consonantsFontica y Fonologa I2015

- Nasals /m/ /n/ //- /l/ /r/ /j/ /w/

CONSONANTSCONTINUANTSThey usually have no FRICTION noiseBut in other ways different from each other Nasals/m/ /n/ //

Air escapes through the nose soft palate is loweredAir does not pass through the mouth complete closure at some point3 types of closure: bilabial, alveolar, and velar ( /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/)

Nasals /m/ /n/ //

/m/ and /n/ distributions similar to plosives// different problems to foreign speakers place of articulation is the same as /k/ and /g/ distribution is unusual https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcq9m2Q9Plo

(i) Never in initial position(ii) In medial position quite frequent BBC English (rule) When may / / be pronounced without a following plosive? /g/ /k/

nk middle of a word /k/ always THINKING /k/ng middle sometimes / g/ or //

MORPHOLOGY MORPHEMES 2 morphemessing +erhang + er-// without /g/ at the end of a morpheme-/ g/ if it is in the middle of a morpheme

Words ending orthographically with ng ALWAYS //e.g. song, bang, sing, thing, long

EXCEPTION TO THE MORPHEME-BASED RULE

Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives single morphemelonger /lg/longest /lgst/stronger /strg/strongest/stgst/

(iii) It rarely occurs after a diphthong or long vowel

PHONETICALLY SIMPLE BUT PHONOLOGICALLY COMPLEX

EXERCISE- /g/ or //? Transcribe phonemically these words younger language single ringing

/jg/ /lgwd/ /sgl/ /r/The consonant /l/LATERAL APPROXIMANTComplete closure between the centre of the tongue and the alveolar ridgeAir escapes along the sides of the tongue

The consonant /l/DISTRIBUTIONInitial, medial and final position /lk//ple/ /k:l/BBC English REALISATION of /l/ before vowel sounds different in other contexts

DARK /l/CLEAR /l/eel /i:l/lea /li:/

The consonant /l/Clear /l/ never occurs before consonants or a pauseDark /l/ never occurs before vowels

Allophones of the phoneme /l/ in complementary distribution

The consonant /l/Another allophone of /l/ when it follows /p/, /t/ beginning of a stressed syllable. e.g. play, clear

/l/ devoiced and pronounced as a fricative

The consonant /r/POST-ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT(Approximant an articulation in which the articulators approach each other but do not get close enough to produce a complete consonant)ARTICULATION tip of the tongue approaches the alveolar area never makes contact with any part of the roof of the mouth (post-alveolar)Beginning of a syllable preceded by /p/, /t/, /k/ voiceless & fricativeTongue slightly curled backwards, tip raised (retroflex)Lips slightly rounded (dont exaggerate)

The consonant /r/DISTRIBUTION BBC Accent /r/ occurs only before vowels(i)

(ii)(iii)

Accents /r/ in final position and before a consonant RHOTIC/r/ only before vowels (BBC English) NON-RHOTIC

The consonants /j/ and /w/APPROXIMANTSPHONETICALLY like VOWELSPHONOLOGICALLY like CONSONANTS

ARTICULATION/j/ practically the same as a front close vowel[i], but very short/w/ [u]

The consonants /j/ and /w/DISTRIBUTIONWe use them like consonants:- They occur before vowel phonemes e.g. /ju:nv:st/- an apple , an umbrella a way, a yard- the aunt , the wildWe hear friction noise in /j/ or /w/ Preceded by /p/ /t/ /k/ at the beginning of a syllable.

e.g. /ple/, /tre/, /kwk/, /kju:/ have devoiced and fricative /l/, /r/, /j/, /w/