natural gas powered vehicles

Natural Gas Powered Vehicles

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Historic CNG Vehicle and Equipment

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Powered by Natural Gas

1932 Chrysler “Ironsides” Powered By Mogas Natural Gas System 4

Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market

Commercial Vehicle Applications Local/Regional Food/Beverage distribution Drayage Municipal Utilities

Current Chassis PACCAR DTNA/Freightliner Volvo/Mack Navistar

Current Engines Cummins Westport GX Cummins ISL-G MaxxForce DT-ESI system

Future Development

Market Overview

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Benefits/Attributes

• One of the cleanest fuels available – 25% GHG reduction versus Clean Diesel

• Domestic Fuel Source

• Substantial fuel cost savings with long term stability

• Quiet – No diesel knock

• No diesel odor

• MAY reduce Emissions Control Technology

• Complexity (varies by Engine model)

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• Fuel Infrastructure is fragmented, not yet 100% suited for commercial vehicles

• Range Anxiety

• Maintenance Infrastructure costs are high ($350k-$500K per site)

• Engine portfolio is limited, but expanding

• Vehicle Investment Premiums

Limitations/Opportunities

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Ryder/SANBAG Project

Cooperative project between Ryder, SANBAG, Department of Energy, and California Energy Commission.

The project calls for: The delivery of more than 202 natural gas powered commercial vehicles. The creation of a natural gas maintenance infrastructure in Southern California leveraging 3 of Ryder’s existing full service maintenance facilities. The construction of two fuel stations (both LNG and CNG capable) with public access available.

Construction under way for maintenance / fuel network. Grand opening for Rancho Dominguez was May 4, 2011 Orange, CA will open for maintenance work in January 2012, Fuel in April or May Fontana, CA will open for maintenance in April of 2012 and fuel in June or July

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Through our active projects we have developed vast knowledge in the areas of: • Facility design and layout • Facility modifications required to maintain compliance to NFPA and Electric Codes • Natural Gas engine technology • Fuel station design and layout

The result of that knowledge is demonstrated through: • Our technician training programs, supported through direct OEM technical relationships. • Our employee (non-technical) natural gas awareness training • Our customer and driver, training and awareness programs • Community awareness training, regarding the environmental benefits of natural gas.

Ryder’s Current Experience

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How Can Natural Gas Burn Cleaner than Diesel?

Diesel fuel, Oil, Coal, the other fossil fuels, are chemically complex. They

contain higher proportions of carbon and hydrogen. (C12 H26)

Natural gas has a simple chemical

make-up: one molecule of carbon and four molecules of hydrogen (C H4).

That's what makes it burn so cleanly.

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Natural Gas Availability

CNG Network - 1,000+ stations in North America - Less than 50 thought to be commercial vehicle viable

LNG Network - Currently only 7 public LNG stations in U.S.

Natural Gas Pricing Versus Diesel

Natural Gas deposits in North America

Posted price 3/24/11, Long Bch, CA

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CNG FUEL CHARACTERIST

• Compressed Natural Gas • 3600 PSI • Same Methane that you have in your home • Pipeline Sourced, then Compressed • New Sources of Methane; Landfills and Farms • Stored in High Pressure Cylinders on the Vehicles • Fuel Dispensing Similar to Diesel • Lowest Price NG versus LNG, (Well to Wheel) • Fair Infrastructure; 1000 Stations in North America (less than 10% Truck-Friendly) • Heaviest Fuel – When Comparing Loaded 75 DGE Fuel System to Weight of 75 Gallon Diesel Fuel System, CNG is about 400 “net” Pounds Heavier • Multiple Tanks Required to Carry Supply of CNG • Current CNG configuration is 75 DGE’s (Diesel Gallon Equivalents) which yield a potential 300-325 mile range

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LNG FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

• Liquefied NG – Methane is Cryogenically Frozen to 265 Degrees Below Zero F • More Expensive than CNG - Due to processing and transportation cost • Trucked to Storage Facilities • Stored In Vacuum Tanks in Stations and on Vehicles • Special Training and Protective Clothing Required for Vehicle Fueling • LNG Vents to the Atmosphere as it Warms in the Storage Tanks (Station and Truck) which equals a loss of efficiency • Slightly Better Range Than CNG by volume • Heavier than Diesel, but not as Heavy as CNG • Poor Infrastructure • More Stations Planned, but Slow in Actual Production - Clean Energy has plans for 450 locations. 70 of them in 2012 • Current FTL configuration is 86 DGE’s (Diesel Gallon Equivalents) which yields a potential 400-425 mile range per tank.

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Natural Gas Engine Technology

Dedicated Fuel-

Uses 100% natural gas Spark ignited – less efficient combustion Maintenance intervals may be shorter (more frequent ODI’s) Eliminates need to utilize DPF’s or ATD’s for EPA ’10 Compliance CNG or LNG Currently ISL-G, MaxxForce DT, Cummins 11.9L (Late-2012)

Dual Fuel-

Uses a mix of diesel and natural gas Ratio varies, but typically 85% to 90% NG Compression combustion, uses diesel pilot burn for ignition source More efficient combustion, better MPG’s Potentially More complex after-treatment (DPF, SCR, DEF, NG) CNG or LNG Currently found in Cummins Westport GX (15L) and in upcoming MF13

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Natural Gas for the Commercial Transportation Market NG Fueling Station

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On-Vehicle Fuel Storage Configurations

Compressed Natural Gas - CNG Liquefied Natural Gas - LNG 16

Tractor Specifications

Model: Freightliner M2

Bumper to Back-of-Cab: 112”

Wheelbase: 185”

Engine: Cummins Westport ISL Gas

Horsepower: 320 HP (additional HP ratings to follow)

Torque: 1,000 lb/ft @ 1,300 RPM

Transmission: Allison 3000 HS Automatic

Front Axle Rating: 12,000lbs.

Rear Axle Rating: 40,000lbs.

Front Suspension: Taperleaf

Rear Suspension: AirLiner

Fuel Tanks: 147 Gallon LNG (86 DGE) CNG (75 DGE)

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Vehicle & Driver Safety - Methane Detection

•Sensors mounted in the cab, and engine compartment

•Visually and audibly warns driver of fuel leaks

•Trace amount (no concern) •Significant amount (potential hazard concern)

•NG will ignite when there is a 5%-15% mixture in the air

•Methane Detection installed on LNG and CNG vehicles

Mounted In The Overhead Console

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Fill Ports Standard and High Capacity Receptacles

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Vehicle Specifications for Fuel Economy

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Transmissions • Manual - Automated

• Overdrive • Direct Drive

Axle Ratios • Today’s Axle Ratios for Fuel Economy

Engine Selection • Horse Power

•Torque

Controls • Progressive Shifting

• Gear Down Protection


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An automated mechanical transmission (AMT) is a manual transmission that uses a computer to determine when the gear ratio changes need to occur and a servo-mechanism to perform the shifts. Most of today’s AMTs also use the AMT’s computer to determine when the clutch needs to be operated and a servo-mechanism to operate the clutch. The clutch pedal is removed and the vehicle is operated very much like an automatic transmission equipped vehicle.

Benefits: Less acquisition cost than an automatic transmission and no shifting distraction. You should get better fuel economy than a manual or an automatic transmission. Less driver training.

Disadvantage: Higher acquisition cost than a manual transmission.

Automated Transmissions

Eaton - UltraShift PLUS

Automated Transmission

X-Y Shifter

Electric Clutch Actuator

Transmission Control Module

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10 Speed Overdrive Transmission – 3.42 Axle Ratio

10th Gear 50 MPH = 1080 RPM

9th Gear 50 MPH = 1459 RPM

Difference is 379 RPM Or .74 Over Drive

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10 Speed Direct Drive Transmission - 2.47 Axle Ratio

10th Gear @ 50 MPH 1054 RPM


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Horse Power Vs Torque

Torque = Startabilty and Gradeabilty Horsepower = Road Speed Engine and axle ratio must be selected to allow for operation in the “sweet spot” at cruise speed. Road speed change of 3 MPH could require an axle ratio change


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Engine Selection – Sweet Spot


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Engine Selection

Peak torque engine speed is now at 1100 RPM

Fuel Economy: 1370 RPM @ 65 MPH cruise speed - 1650 lb ft ratings for the fuel efficient spec.

Balanced: 1400 RPM @ 65 MPH cruise speed - balanced fuel

economy and performance spec.

Tire Rev per

mileX

Rear

ratioX

Transmission

ratioX

Top Speed

wanted/ 60 = Engine RPM

512 X 2.47 X 1 X 65 / 60 = 1370

512 X 3.42 X 0.74 X 65 / 60 = 1404


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Gear Down Protection offers a high range maximum Vehicle Limit Speed to encourage the use of high (top) gear during cruise operation.

Progressive Shift encourages the driver to up shift from a lower to a higher gear prior to reaching the engine's governed speed. The resulting lower engine speed in high range should result in improved fuel economy. Progressive shifting techniques should be practiced by every driver, but can be forced if fleet management considers it necessary. The benefits from progressive shifting are best realized during stop-and-go driving cycles.

Equipment Controls


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Equipment Controls


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Aerodynamics

Thank You

Arthur J. Trahan Sr. Manager, National Accounts , Technical Support

Ryder Truck Rental Miami, Florida

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natural gas powered vehicles

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