nature versus nurture. nature people behave the way they do because they are animals who act in...
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Nature versus Nurture
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Nature
• People behave the way they do because they are animals who act in accordance with their animal instincts and are determined by their biology.
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Nurture• People behave the way they do because
they are determined by the things other people teach them, the things they observe around them, and because of the different situations they are put in.
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Activity Sheet AS5
• Complete the questionnaire on your own
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Activity Sheet AS5
• Complete the questionnaire on your own
• Now discuss your responses and thoughts with your neighbours.
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Human Development
Factors that affect the development of: • Behaviour• Personality• Language• Gender Roles
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Behaviour
Pro-social behaviour
• Cooperation• Working together• Helping and caring behaviours• In children this includes sharing, taking turns, responding to the needs of others
Anti-social Behaviour
•Difficulty in getting on with others•Aggressive & disruptive•In children this includes hitting,bullying, teasing, verbal abuse.• hostile• non-cooperative
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LanguageNon verbal stage (babbling)
Single word stage
2/3 word sentences
Using grammar (adding ‘s’ for plural)
More complex speech
Ability to read and write
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Gender What differencesare there betweengirls and boys behaviour?
What makes boys and girlsbehave differently?
What stereotypes are there ofFemale/male behaviour & appearance?
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Gender Differences• More risk taking• More aggressive• More physical• Rough & tumble play• Better mathematical
Skills & spatial ability (map reading!)
• Higher verbal ability• Higher spelling
conversational ability.• Less Physical• ‘Caring’ less
aggressive.
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Gender differences
• Clear Biological differences• Occupational choice differs• Playtime differs in children• To what extent do media stereotypes affect the
development of gender?• To what extent do parenting styles affect the
development of gender?
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Personality
• A unique set of characteristics• Relatively stable over time• What factors affect how our personality is shaped?
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What factors influence human Development?
Theories of Human Development:• Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development• Learning Theory (Skinner)• Social Learning Theory (Bandura)• Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment• Freud’s Theory of Personality• Maslow’s Theory of motivation
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Factors that affect development
1. Genetics
2. Environment
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Genetics
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/genes/41.asp
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Genetics• Family traits, physical appearance,
similarities, height, hair colour, eye colour
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Genotype
•The genetic pattern anindividual inherits.• Every human has 23 pairs ofchromosomes, half inheritedfrom the mother and half from the Father. These combine to forma UNIQUE gene pattern known asyour GENOTYPE.
P51 Reece
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Evidence to support Nature
• Dr Thomas Bouchard of the Minnesota Centre for Twin Adoption Research concluded that genetic factors play a huge part in human behaviour. The study focussed on identical twins who had been raised apart from each other.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yTCShemS_0&feature=player_embedded (2.30 mins)
• http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/27/sunday/main3304885.shtml (paper article)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gwnzW4jOMI (10 mins)
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Genes alone do not predict development….
Mental illness & Environment
Cognitive Development &Deprivation
Obesity & Envirnoment
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Genetic patterned behaviour – behaviours we are born with.
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Genetic patterned behaviour…..
Attachment in humans, Imprinting in animals – both behaviours promote survival
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MATURATION – a timetable of development built into a person’s genotype
• Walking
• Language
• PubertyThese are all UNIVERSAL and happen
at roughly the same time. Variation in
timings may be due to environmental
influences e.g. nutrition.
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Environmental Factors
• What environmental factors affect development?
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Environmental Factors
• Income• Housing• Nutrition• Education • Access to health facilities• Parenting Styles• Play Opportunities• Weather
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Parenting Styles• http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/DLiT/2002/family/
parent.htm
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Parental Influence
• Behaviour
• Attachment
• Gender roles
• Language
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AuthoritarianStyle
COLD CHILD HASLIITLE CHOICE
UNAFFECTIONATE
STRICT RULES FREQUENTPUNISHMENT
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Democratic
Style
Emotionally Warm Encourages Self-reliance
Frequent guidance Explains rules
Punishes serious wrong-doings
Shares decision making
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PERMISSIVE STYLE
Little guidance Emotionally warm
Does not apply rules or allows the child to do what he/she wants Inconsistent
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Factors affecting Human Development Summary
Access to Health Services Genetics
Education Sense of ‘self’
Income Interaction withothers
Nutrition(pre & post-natal) Parenting Styles
Housing
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Summary
• Because someone is born into a low income environment, does NOT mean they will grow up to be poor & disadvantaged.
• It is important to understand that a person’s sense of ‘SELF’ influences their development and the CHOICES they make gives them more CONTROL over their environment.
• A person’s ability is strongly influenced by their GENOTYPE and the ENVIRONMENT.
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M1 Discuss the Nature/Nurture debate in relation to individual development.
• We need to split into 2 groups to represent each side of the debate.
• Before next week, prepare for your ‘camps’ debate. We will debate ‘In Context Chris and Ian on Pg 180 of your text book. Re-read PPT on Moodle, visit links given in PPT, read handout. Prepare some notes having read the case study.
• Next week I will host a debate followed by drafting the assignment.