Notes

Introduction The National Body in Mexican Literature

1. All translations of Vasconceloss La raza csmica / The Cosmic Race are Dider T. Jans and are marked Jan.

2. All other translations are mine unless otherwise noted.3. Weisss intercorporeality is based on Merleau-Pontys pioneering

notion of cart [divergence] and his work on intersubjectivity in The Visible and the Invisible. For him and other philosophers in the phenomenological tradition, the individual becomes a subject through a relationship with the object. In other words, the subject depends on its sensual relationships with the objects that surround it to develop a sense of self, and becomes an individual subject through relationships with objects. Thus, for Merleau-Ponty, through the visible, the things that one sees, one becomes a subject (132136).

1 Blindness in Jos Revueltass Narrative at the Beginning of the Mexican Miracle (19401946)

1. Quotations from Revueltas Dormir en tierra are from the 2000 reprint of his complete works (Mxico, DF: Era); Dios en la tierra are from the 1996 reprint of his complete works (Mxico, DF: Era) and Los muros de agua from a 1961 reprint of the novel by Insurgentes Press (Mxico, DF). All translations are mine unless otherwise noted.

2. Essays in Cuestionamientos e intenciones are dated based on Jos Manuel Mateos archival work (8487).

3. For more information on prevailing views regarding the relation-ships between syphilis, blindness, and tuberculosis in the 1920s and 1930s, see Bramkamps and Beigelmans articles.

4. The SEP archives are not always chronologically organized; the boxs placement in the archives, its label, and its contents imply that this document came from the 1920s or 1930s.

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5. Critics also assert that this story takes place during the Cristero War. For more detail, see for example ngel Arias Entre la cruz y la sospecha (2005).

6. According to Mateo, Literatura y liberacin was published in 1972 based on two lectures given in 1968, and an earlier, partial, version of the essay was published in 1971 (87).

7. This eye comes to light again in Revueltass 1957 novel Los moti-vos de Can, which deals with a Mexican American army deserter.

8. This expression of his faith in art and literature contrasts with later parts of the same essay that hold that art literature reflect the interests, situation, and contradictions of the society and histori-cal moment in which they are produced (Cuestionamientos 186). The essay therefore expresses his view of what art and literature usually are and his faith in what they can be.

2 Pedro Pramos Bad Blood: Bare Life and Exclusion from the Mexican Miracle in Juan Rulfos Narrative (19461958)

1. Citations of the novel in Spanish come from Juan Rulfo, Pedro Pramo (1955, Mxico, DF: RM, 2005) and are indicated as such. English translations of quotations are from Margaret Sayers Pedens translation and are marked Peden. Citation from the short story collection are from Carlos Blanco Aguinagas edition of Rulfos El llano en llamas (Madrid: Ctedra, 1994) and are marked that way. The English quotations of the short story collection are from Ilan Stavanss translation with Harold Augenbraum, The Plain in Flames (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012) and are marked Stavans. Translations that have been modified from the originals are marked as such.

2. In a speech in the Autonomous University of Nuevo Len, Federico Campbell states that we are all children of Pedro Pramo and thus, the PRI Mexican state.

3. The term licenciado is commonly used to address bureaucrats in Mexico though, literally, it just means that one has a degree. It is also a shorthand term for the expanding Mexican bureaucracy.

4. Interest in Rulfos photography has increased in recent years. For instance, in 1994, the National Architecture Museum exhib-ited a series of photographs titled Arquitectura en Mxico [Architecture in Mexico] In 1996, the Diego Rivera Museum in Mexico City exhibited La Ciudad de Juan Rulfo [Juan Rulfos City]. In 2001, Mxico: Juan Rulfo, fotgrafo [Mexico: Juan Rulfo, Photographer] was exhibited in Europe, Mexico, and South America. In 2006, Brigham Young University pre-sented a small selection of Rulfos photographs (Gonzlez Boixo 255259).

NOT ES 175

5. Amit Thakkar has an excellent analysis of fatherhood in Rulfo and the patriarchy in his The Fiction of Juan Rulfo: Irony, Revolution and Postcolonialism (London: Tamesis, 2012).

6. Emily Hind explores these terms in her Femmenism and the Mexican Woman Intellectual, which analyzes women intellectuals in twentieth-century Mexico (6162).

7. Here I differ from Stavanss translation to observe that Esteban takes something out from under his jacket.

3 The Mexican State, Indigenismo, and Mestizaje: Rosario Castellanoss Oficio de Tinieblas and

Baln Cann (19571962)

1. All quotations from Oficio de tinieblas come from Rosario Castellanoss Oficio de tinieblas (1962, Mxico, DF: Joaqun Mortiz, 1966) and are referenced as Oficio. The quotations in English come from Rosario Castellanoss The Book of Lamentations, trans. Esther Allen (1996, New York: Penguin, 1998), and are ref-erenced as Book. Quotations from Baln Cann are from Rosario Castellanoss Baln Cann (1957, Mxico, DF: FCE, 2005). The English quotations come from Rosario Castellanoss The Nine Guardians, trans. Irene Nicholson (1959, Columbia, LA: Readers International, 1992) and are referenced as Nine.

2. Oficio uses the Spanish word ladino to refer to members of upper-class society in Ciudad Real. In both novels, being ladino is associated with whiteness, f luency in the Spanish language, and upper social class origins. Critic Joanna OConnell defines the term ladino in this way: Ladino is the language of the Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain in 1492; the word was used in a pejora-tive sense to mean a shifty or marginal character. In the modern regional context of southern Mexico and Central America where it is used today, Ladino is not synonymous with White, although European ancestry and cultureand whiteness by associationoperate as privileged terms (51).

3. Other analyses of the novel, such Franoise Pruss La trayec-toria literaria, Catherine Caufields A Hermeneutical Approach, or Gastn Garca Cants El vnculo, highlight the relation-ship between Oficio and the 1870s indigenous uprising and land reform in the 1930s.

4. For further criticism that relates Castellanos to feminist theory see, for example, Naomi Lindstroms Rosario Castellanos: Representing Womans Voice, or Kristen F. Nigros Rosario Castellanos Debunking of the Eternal Feminine.

5. The translation may be better rendered as poor women rather than poor old thing.

NOT ES176

6. Castellanos was part of the editorial board at the daily newspaper Exclsior, which, like most Mexican newspapers, was financially supported by the government. For more information see Cohn 15859.

4 A Mexican Savior Cant Work Miracles: Reflections on Post-1968 Mexico

1. Citations from the novel in Spanish come from Vicente Leeros El evangelio de Lucas Gaviln, (1979, Mxico, DF: Joaqun Mortiz, 2007) and are indicated as Leero. English translations of quotations come from Vicente Leeros The Gospel of Lucas Gaviln, trans. Robert G. Mowry, (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991) and are indicated as Mowry.

2. This chapter refers to Leeros character as Gmez or Jesucristo Gmez and the biblical figure as Christ or Jesus Christ to avoid confusion.

3. El evangelio does not exclusively advance liberation theology. Critic Catherine L. Caufield proposes that Jesucristo Gmez does not engage in community-building and the maintenance of solidarity, important tasks from a liberation perspective (126). Jesucristo Gmez does not work within an organized structure through which he would influence systematic change.

4. Critics have noted the importance of failure in Mexican narra-tive. See for example Prices Cult of Defeat in Mexicos Historical Fiction and Pedro ngel Palous El fracaso del mestizo.

5. Kerstin F. Nigro compiled the collection Lecturas desde afuera: ensayos sobre la obra de Vicente Leero in 1997. It translates a num-ber of articles, including Lipskis, because so much of the criticism of Leeros work has been written in English.

6. For further information on ieks reading of Lacan see his Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture.

7. El evangelio follows the synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke and mentions one Passover-type meal. The majority of its action after Jesus Christs childhood takes places in a single year. Much of the Christian tradition understands that Christs min-istry lasted for three years, because the Gospel of John mentions three Passovers.

8. The Second Vatican Council has a mixed legacy in Mexico. By encouraging participation in the Eucharist, it confronts Mexican Catholicisms focus on Saints and images, and the fact that Mexicans have historically been discouraged from taking part in the Eucharist unless they are in full compliance with the church

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(Hughes, 148149). In some sense, the council has become another way for an elite European group of Catholic men to modify the behavior of Mexican Catholics.

9. Leeros 1971 play Pueblo rechazado alludes to the role of psycho-analysis in Mexico.

10. In 2000, the Conference of Mexican Bishops commissioned Jean Meyer to write a book about this bishop, Samuel Ruiz en San Cristbal.

11. For more information on the Virgin of Guadalupe see Silvia Spittas Misplaced Objects: Migrating Collections and Recollections in Europe and the Americas or David Bradings Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition across Five Centuries.

12. This date is approximate, based on the common Christian belief that Christ began his ministry at age 30.

13. For more information see for example Antonio T. de Nicolss St. John of the Cross.

Conclusion Crowds on Mexico Citys Subway: The Ultimate Challenge

1. Naco is a term that distinguishes on the basis of class and race, primarily the idea of lowbrow. It could be similar to redneck or white trash. Monsivis explains that it is a term that began to appear toward the end of the 1950s and beginning of the 1960s and is a way to devalue indigenous Mexicans, regardless of their earnings. For Monsivis, it is ese gnero implacable, es nocin que forzosamente alude a un mundo sumergido, lejos incluso de la ptica de la filantropa, y es nocin que extiende y actualiza todo el desprecio cultural reservado a los indgenas [a ruthless description that forcibly alludes to a world that is so far removed from view that we could call it buried, even from a philanthropic perspective; it is a term that expands and updates cultural con-tempt for indigenous people] (No es que est feo).

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adaptation, 125, 126, 128, 129adapted biblical characters, 1369,

141, 143, 1503, 155see also Jesucristo Gmez, Juan

Bautista, Mara DavidAgamben, Giorgio. See bare life,

homo saceragrarian reform, 65, 83, 87, 92, 96

ejidos, 62, 104, 129, 142, 144land, 88, 104, 175n3officials or bureaucracy, 56, 58, 62see also campesino, indigenismo,

Presidents: Crdenas, LzaroAguilar Camn, Hctor, 19, 57,

104, 130Agustn, Jos, 104, 131, 135Ahern, Maureen, 92, 98Alemn, Miguel. See Presidentsaltar, 6770, 74, 82, 109, 136

see also Catholic Church, popular religion

Althusser, Louis, 2, 3, 10, 19, 25see also ISA

Anderson, Danny J., 127Antebi, Susan, 8, 9, 11Ateneo de la Juventud [Athenaeum

of Youth], 4see also Vasconcelos, Jos

vila Camacho, Manuel. See Presidents

bare life, 24, 1011, 110, 119, 126, 1303

see also homo sacer

Bartra, Roger, 114, 115Bible, 4, 5, 113, 125, 126, 127, 128

Acts, 461 Corinthians, 157Ephesians, 67Exodus, 111Galatians, 1213, 130Genesis, 45Isaiah, 113Luke (see chapter four)Malachi, 113Mark, 113, 176n7Matthew, 113, 122, 132, 169,

176n71 Peter, 157Proverbs, 107see also adapted biblical

characters, Jesus Christ, Jesucristo Gmez

biopolitics, 9, 13, 14, 90blindness, 67, 13, 153, 166

see also Chapter Oneblood, 1067, 1202, 125, 1369,

1567menstruation, 130, 133see also Chapter Two

body, 4, 7, 10, 17collective body, 4, 7, 8, 45, 56,

825, 170female, 46, 78, 111, 114intercorporeal, 11, 11920, 157,

1645male, 60, 80, 96, 153mind/body dualism, 89, 90, 946

Index

INDEX194

bodyContinuedparts, 536, 627, 89, 1057religious body, 71, 72, 132see also Eucharist, gender, patriarchy

Bosteels, Bruno, 18, 52burial. See death

campesino, 28, 357, 62Central Campesina Independiente

[Independent Peasant Organization], 104

CNC, Consejo Nacional Campesino [National Peasant Council], 58, 62, 104

Unin General de Obreros y Campesinos de Mxico, [General Union of Workers and Peasants in Mexico], 104

see also agrarian reform, stateCrdenas, Lzaro. See PresidentsCastellanos, Rosario, 142, 143Catholic Church, 1213, 517,

6874, 1058, 11013church building, 44, 50, 82,

122, 137, 1517see also Bible, adapted biblical

characters, popular religion, Virgin Mary

Central Campesina Independiente [Independent Peasant Organization]. See campesino

chingar, 8, 7581, 83, 85, 1401, 157see also feminism, gender, La

Malinchechingn. See chingarCixous, Hlne, 89, 99, 115

see also feminismCNC, Consejo Nacional Campesino

[National Peasant Council]. See campesino

collective body. See bodycommunion. See Eucharistcommunism, 46, 133, 143

Revueltas, Jos and, 13, 17, 18, 36, 38

see also Marxism

community, 13, 12, 130, 138, 152, 148

see also iek, Slavojcorporeality. See bodyCorpus Christi Massacre (1971),

1301see also Revueltas, Jos; Tlatelolco

Corts, Hernn, 90, 129, 140see also chingar and La Malinche

crowd, 104, 107, 120see also body

crucifixion, 88, 111, 1202, 153see also Catholic Church, Jesus

Christ, Jesucristo GmezCTM, Confederacin de

Trabajadores de Mxico [Confederation of Mexican Workers]. See unions

death, 16, 109, 171burial, 49, 64, 79death in Jos Revueltas, 40, 43, 46death in Juan Rulfo, 703, 823death in Rosario Castellanos,

11826death in Vicente Leero, 14953,

156, 157see also crucifixion, Jesucristo

GmezDaz Ordaz, Gustavo. See Presidentsdisability, 78, 10, 23, 56, 114, 119

see also Antebi, Susan; blindness; body; Mitchell, David T. and Sharon L. Snyder

Distrito Federal. See Mexico CityDove, Patrick, 55

see also sovereigntyDurn, Javier, 17

Echeverra, Luis. See Presidentseconomy, 13, 144, 145

economic development, 4see also social class

education, 6, 22, 23, 35, 37, 47public, 4, 6, 28, 38, 136religious, 136, 137

INDEX 195

schools, 21, 36, 47, 101, 102, 150SEP, Secretara de Educacin

Pblica [Secretary of Public Education], 28, 357, 40, 102

see also campesino, state; Vasconcelos, Jos

ejido. See agrarian reformEl laberinto de la soledad [The

Labyrinth of Solitude]. See Paz, Octavio

El Universal, 129Eucharist, 14, 43, 657, 72, 74,

81, 10711Jesucristo Gmez as, 129,

134, 156, 176n8Exclsior, 98, 101, 142, 176n6

facebook, 15966, 171see also social media

failure, 38, 48, 668, 71, 144, 147, 150

divine, 12, 14, 126, 129, 130, 148

see also Price, Brian L.; iek, Slavoj

family, 3941, 48, 51, 54, 83see also gender, patriarchy

feminism, 78, 879, 113, 115, 175n4

see also body, gender, patriarchy

finca [Large farm]. See latifundioFoucault, Michel, 810, 131Fuentes, Pamela, 26

see also prostitution

gender, 8, 66, 75, 81, 99feminine, 34, 76, 90, 98,

114, 148hypermasculine, 76, 78, 103hypersexualized women, 69,

110, 140, 153masculine, 34, 75, 77, 79, 100see also body, chingar, family,

feminism, ladino, patriarchyghost, 70, 79

Grosz, Elizabeth, 87, 89, 946, 110see also body, feminism; Lacan,

JacquesGuerra Cristera [Cristero War]

(19261929), 36, 58, 65, 87, 174n5

see also Catholic Church

Hacienda. See latifundiohealth, 28, 48, 143

medicine, 304, 501Nuestra Seora de la Salud [Our

Lady of Health] (see Saints)programs, 28, 48SSP, Secretara de Salud Pblica

[Secretary of Public Health], 23, 30, 32

see also IMSS, ISSSTE, workerHind, Emily, 8, 81, 92, 11416,

175n6see also feminism, gender

homo sacer, 2, 10, 11, 53see also bare life

IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social [Mexican Social Security Institute], 136, 1445, 147

see also healthINBA, Instituto Nacional de Bellas

Artes [National Institute for Fine Arts], 102

indigenismo [Indianism], 14, 88, 92, 94, 105, 119

aesthetic, 90, 93, 968, 100, 103, 113

INI, Instituto Nacional Indigenista [Bureau of Indian Affairs], 14, 913, 100, 102

political, 90, 91, 113, 112religious, 109, 111see also indigenous

indigenous, 13, 14, 45, 135, 147, 175n3, 177n1

indigenous community, 66, 67, 113, 121

see also indigenismo

INDEX196

intellectual, 91, 1301women intellectuals, 8, 114, 175n6see also Ateneo de la Juventud;

communism; Revueltas, Jos; Hind, Emily

intercorporeal. See body; Weiss, GailIrigaray, Luce, 115

see also feminismirony, 89, 161, 164ISA, Ideological State Apparatus, 4,

6, 1012, 1920, 32, 52see also Althusser, Louis

ISSSTE, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado [Social Services and Security Institute for State Workers], 144, 145

see also health

jail. See prisonJesucristo Gmez, 1259, 141,

1467, 177n3see also Catholic Church,

crucifixionJesus Christ, 12, 45, 70, 126, 134

Jesus Christ and Immaculate Conception, 112

Jesus Christ and indigenous people, 1067

Jesus Christs death, 11921Jesus Christs miracles, 14952see also Bible, Eucharist

John the Baptist (Biblical character), 105, 112, 131

see also Bible, Catholic ChurchJuan Bautista (Fictional character),

1313, 143

Karam, Tanius, 160, 162Kristeva, Julia, 98, 115

see also feminism

La chingada. See chingar, La Malinche

La Malinche, 90, 114, 119, 140see also chingar; Corts, Hernn

Lacan, Jacques, 11517, 176n6see also Grosz, Elizabeth; iek,

Slavojladino, 967, 175n2

men, 88, 89, 945, 100, 105relationship with indigenous

people, 93, 120, 121religion, 89women, 94see also indigenous, indigenismo

land reform. See agrarian reformLarsen, Neil, 58latifundio [landownership system],

87, 93, 98100, 104, 105, 121challenge to latifundio, 122, 123see also agrarian reform, ladino,

indigenous, indigenismoLavou Zoungbo, Victorien, 95Legrs, Horacio, 4Leero, Vicente (as journalist), 143

see also Exclsiorliberation theology, 125, 134, 135,

176n3see also Bible, Catholic Church;

Ruiz, SamuelLombardo Toledano, Vicente, 24,

25see also communism, PPS, unions

Lpez Mateos, Adolfo. See Presidents

Lpez Portillo, Jos. See PresidentsLoveland, Frank, 17Luna Elizarrars, Sara Elizabeth,

75, 77, 98see also family; morality;

Presidents: Alemn, Miguel

Mara David, 13942, 1457see also Virgin Mary

marxism, 17, 18, 25, 46, 126see also Althusser, Louis;

communism; Revueltas, JosMateo, Jos Manuel, 173n3, 174n6maternity, 33, 3840, 77, 85, 98, 115

adoptive, 88, 109, 114, 117, 120, 123

INDEX 197

Catalina (in Oficio de Tinieblas), 89, 111, 112

distorted, 41, 48godmother, 69, 70, 83health, education and, 28, 31, 501mother-in-law, 412, 146prosthetic, 113see also family, gender, La

Malinche, patriarchymedicine. See healthmenstruation. See bloodmestizo, 88, 89, 912

future, 104, 113mestizaje, 5, 88, 901state, 91, 100, 102teacher, 87, 103see also body, indigenous,

indigenismo; Vasconcelos, Josmetro, 162, 163Mexican Miracle (19401968), 4,

13, 15, 52, 53, 77Post-Miracle (Post-1968), 126,

130, 133see also economy

Mxico, DF. See Mexico CityMexico City, 6, 23, 26, 133

see also Jesucristo Gmez, MetroMeyer, Lorenzo. See Aguilar

Camn, HctorMilagro Mexicano. See Mexican

Miraclemind/body dualism. See bodymiracles, 1257, 129, 143, 1502

healing, 112, 139, 1478see also Jesucristo Gmez, health

Mitchell, David T and Sharon L Snyder, 15, 23, 26, 55, 89, 114

see also prosthesisMonsivis, Carlos, 43, 63, 15972morality, 41, 745

family, 39immorality, 23, 27, 61religious, 43women and, 13, 43, 98, 146see also family, gender, patriarchy;

Presidents: Alemn, Miguel

Moraa, Mabel, 9mother. See maternitymystic, 151

see also Vasconcelos, Jos

navy, 30sailors, 27, 41see also prostitution

Nuestra Seora de la Salud [Our Lady of Health]. See health

Palou, Pedro ngel, 46see also mestizo

patriarchy, 38, 40, 57, 74, 116religion and, 84, 136, 148,

149, 151see also family, feminism, gender

Paz, Octavio, 77, 80, 81peasant. See campesinopilgrims, 55, 65, 65, 79, 84

see also oopular religion, Virgin Mary

police, 9, 201brutality, 126, 153, 155transit and, 160, 163, 164see also prison, state

Pope John Paul II, 135popular religion, 66, 111

see also pilgrims, saints, Virgin Mary

poverty, 61, 83, 125Party of the Poor, 132see also social class

PPS, Partido Popular Socialista [Popular Socialist Party], 24

see also Lombardo Toledano, Vicente

PresidentsAlemn, Miguel (19461952),

19, 40, 57, 62, 757, 102vila Camacho, Manuel

(19401946), 19, 25, 29, 403, 102, 103

Crdenas, Lzaro (19341940), 25, 40, 87, 88, 92, 98, 104, 105

INDEX198

PresidentsContinuedDaz Ordaz, Gustavo

(19641970), 133Echeverra, Luis (19701976),

130, 131, 141, 144Lpez Mateos, Adolfo

(19581964), 104, 133Lpez Portillo, Jos

(19761982), 130, 131Ruiz Cortines, Adolfo

(19521958), 75, 77, 106see also PRI; PRM

PRI, Partido Revolucionario Institucional [Institutional Revolutionary Party], 9, 19, 132, 133, 174n2

see also PresidentsPrice, Brian L., 7, 126, 176n4

see also failure; iek, Slavojprison, 20, 21, 22, 153, 155

jail, 21, 24, 48, 155political prisoners, 47, 49, 52,

1534see also police

PRM, Partido Revolucionario Mexicano [Mexican Revolutionary Party], 19

see also Presidentsprosthesis, 16, 23, 89, 11314

see also maternity; Mitchell, David T. and Sharon L. Snyder

prostitution, 27, 30, 146, 157redemption of, 41, 48unions and, 25, 26, 48see also Fuentes, Pamela;

maternity, navy, syphilis

Quijano, Anbal, 8990, 94, 96, 105

see also indigenous, race

race, 66, 8990, 94, 141see also indigenous, ladino,

mestizo; Vasconcelos, Josrape, 701, 78, 99

see also chingar

Red Bishop. See Ruiz, SamuelRevueltas, Jos, 154

see also communism; intellectual; Lombardo Toledano, Vicente; prisons

Ruiz, Samuel (Bishop), 135, 177n10see also Catholic Church,

liberation theologyRuiz Cortines, Adolfo. See

PresidentsRulfo, Juan. See Chapter Two

Saints, 77San Judas Taddeo [Saint Jude

Thaddeus], 168, 170Statues of, 678, 107, 111see also Catholic Church, Jesus

Christ, popular religion, Virgin Mary

Snchez Prado, Ignacio M., 5, 9, 18, 22

school. See educationSecond Vatican Council, 108,

1332, 155, 176n8see also Catholic Church

Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 34SEP, Secretara de Educacin

Pblica [Secretary of Public Education]. See education

sex, 32, 85see also chingar, maternity,

patriarchy, rapesex work. See prostitutionsocial change, 7, 49, 52

see also communism; Revueltas, Jos

social class, 114lower, 5, 17, 72middle, 131, 133upper, 88, 1412, 145, 175n2see also poverty

social media, 15961sovereignty

bare life and, 534Pedro Pramo and, 556,

59, 63, 80

INDEX 199

theories of, 811see also Agamben, Giorgio;

Althusser, Louis; Dove, Patrick; Foucault, Michel; Williams, Gareth

SSP, Secretara de Salud Pblica [Secretary of Public Health]. See health

statecampesinos and, 625, 91, 104education and, 61health and, 28, 146police, 126, 154religion and, 43, 66, 133, 139, 170theories of, 213women and, 40workers and, 24, 57see also campesino, education,

health, maternity, police, prisons, unions

sterility, 150see also maternity, prosthesis

subway. See metrosurrogacy. See maternity, prosthesissyphilis, 26, 2931, 4050, 173n3

Tuberculosis and, 26, 28, 33, 49

Tlatelolco (1968), 131, 133, 154see also Corpus Christi;

Presidents: Daz Ordaz, Gustavo; prisons; Revueltas, Jos

trade union. See unionstransformation, 1011

educational, 35religious, 4, 82, 84see also social change; iek,

Slavojtuberculosis. See syphilis

UNAM, Universidad Autnoma Nacional de Mxico [National Autonomous University of Mexico], 102, 131

Unin General de Obreros y Campesinos de Mxico [General

Union of Workers and Peasants in Mexico]. See campesino

unions, 3, 24, 48, 1423, 147CTM, Confederacin de

Trabajadores de Mxico [Confederation of Mexican Workers], 246, 1423

Ministry of Labor, 40see also Presidents: Crdenas,

Lzaro; state, worker

Vasconcelos, Jos, 4, 6, 13, 30, 91cosmic race, 7, 11, 12, 41, 54see also Ateneo de la Juventud,

indigenous, mestizo, raceVatican II. See Second Vatican

CouncilVaughan, Mary Kay, 28, 35, 102, 136

see also campesino, educationVirgin Mary, 106

challenge to, 48, 112, 140Nuestra Seora de la Salud [Our

Lady of Health], 106, 107statues of, 29Virgin of Guadalupe, 11415,

135, 139, 141Virgin of Talpa, 55, 59, 73, 84see also Bible, Catholic Church,

Mara David, popular religion

Weiss, Gail, 2, 11, 89, 110see also body

Williams, Gareth, 5, 89, 91, 132see also police, sovereignty, state

women. See feminism, gender, patriarchy, sex

worker, 24, 28, 41, 146Workers Compensation, 1, 4see also state, unions

iek, Slavojcommunity, 130, 138, 158failure, 12, 14, 126, 129, 156remainder, 3, 136see also failure; Lacan, Jacques;

Price, Brian L.