Notes

Introduction The National Body in Mexican Literature

1. All translations of Vasconcelos’s La raza cósmica / The Cosmic Race are Dider T. Jaén’s and are marked Jaén.

2. All other translations are mine unless otherwise noted.3. Weiss’s intercorporeality is based on Merleau-Ponty’s pioneering

notion of écart [divergence] and his work on intersubjectivity in The Visible and the Invisible. For him and other philosophers in the phenomenological tradition, the individual becomes a subject through a relationship with the object. In other words, the subject depends on its sensual relationships with the objects that surround it to develop a sense of self, and becomes an individual subject through relationships with objects. Thus, for Merleau-Ponty, through the visible, the “things” that one sees, one becomes a subject (132–136).

1 Blindness in José Revueltas’s Narrative at the Beginning of the Mexican Miracle (1940–1946)

1. Quotations from Revueltas’ Dormir en tierra are from the 2000 reprint of his complete works (México, DF: Era); Dios en la tierra are from the 1996 reprint of his complete works (México, DF: Era) and Los muros de agua from a 1961 reprint of the novel by Insurgentes Press (México, DF). All translations are mine unless otherwise noted.

2. Essays in Cuestionamientos e intenciones are dated based on José Manuel Mateo’s archival work (84–87).

3. For more information on prevailing views regarding the relation-ships between syphilis, blindness, and tuberculosis in the 1920s and 1930s, see Bramkamp’s and Beigelman’s articles.

4. The SEP archives are not always chronologically organized; the box’s placement in the archives, its label, and its contents imply that this document came from the 1920s or 1930s.

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5. Critics also assert that this story takes place during the Cristero War. For more detail, see for example Ángel Arias’ Entre la cruz y la sospecha (2005).

6. According to Mateo, “Literatura y liberación” was published in 1972 based on two lectures given in 1968, and an earlier, partial, version of the essay was published in 1971 (87).

7. This eye comes to light again in Revueltas’s 1957 novel Los moti-vos de Caín, which deals with a Mexican American army deserter.

8. This expression of his faith in art and literature contrasts with later parts of the same essay that hold that art literature reflect the interests, situation, and contradictions of the society and histori-cal moment in which they are produced (Cuestionamientos 186). The essay therefore expresses his view of what art and literature usually are and his faith in what they can be.

2 Pedro Páramo’s Bad Blood: Bare Life and Exclusion from the Mexican Miracle in Juan Rulfo’s Narrative (1946–1958)

1. Citations of the novel in Spanish come from Juan Rulfo, Pedro Páramo (1955, México, DF: RM, 2005) and are indicated as such. English translations of quotations are from Margaret Sayers Peden’s translation and are marked Peden. Citation from the short story collection are from Carlos Blanco Aguinaga’s edition of Rulfo’s El llano en llamas (Madrid: Cátedra, 1994) and are marked that way. The English quotations of the short story collection are from Ilan Stavans’s translation with Harold Augenbraum, The Plain in Flames (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012) and are marked Stavans. Translations that have been modified from the originals are marked as such.

2. In a speech in the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Federico Campbell states that we are all children of Pedro Páramo and thus, the PRI Mexican state.

3. The term licenciado is commonly used to address bureaucrats in Mexico though, literally, it just means that one has a degree. It is also a shorthand term for the expanding Mexican bureaucracy.

4. Interest in Rulfo’s photography has increased in recent years. For instance, in 1994, the National Architecture Museum exhib-ited a series of photographs titled “Arquitectura en México” [“Architecture in Mexico”] In 1996, the Diego Rivera Museum in Mexico City exhibited “La Ciudad de Juan Rulfo” [“Juan Rulfo’s City”]. In 2001, “México: Juan Rulfo, fotógrafo” [“Mexico: Juan Rulfo, Photographer”] was exhibited in Europe, Mexico, and South America. In 2006, Brigham Young University pre-sented a small selection of Rulfo’s photographs (González Boixo 255–259).

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5. Amit Thakkar has an excellent analysis of fatherhood in Rulfo and the patriarchy in his The Fiction of Juan Rulfo: Irony, Revolution and Postcolonialism (London: Tamesis, 2012).

6. Emily Hind explores these terms in her Femmenism and the Mexican Woman Intellectual, which analyzes women intellectuals in twentieth-century Mexico (61–62).

7. Here I differ from Stavans’s translation to observe that Esteban takes something out from under his jacket.

3 The Mexican State, Indigenismo, and Mestizaje: Rosario Castellanos’s Oficio de Tinieblas and

Balún Canán (1957–1962)

1. All quotations from Oficio de tinieblas come from Rosario Castellanos’s Oficio de tinieblas (1962, México, DF: Joaquín Mortiz, 1966) and are referenced as Oficio. The quotations in English come from Rosario Castellanos’s The Book of Lamentations, trans. Esther Allen (1996, New York: Penguin, 1998), and are ref-erenced as Book. Quotations from Balún Canán are from Rosario Castellanos’s Balún Canán (1957, México, DF: FCE, 2005). The English quotations come from Rosario Castellanos’s The Nine Guardians, trans. Irene Nicholson (1959, Columbia, LA: Readers International, 1992) and are referenced as Nine.

2. Oficio uses the Spanish word ladino to refer to members of upper-class society in Ciudad Real. In both novels, being ladino is associated with whiteness, f luency in the Spanish language, and upper social class origins. Critic Joanna O’Connell defines the term ladino in this way: “Ladino is the language of the Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain in 1492; the word was used in a pejora-tive sense to mean a shifty or marginal character. In the modern regional context of southern Mexico and Central America where it is used today, Ladino is not synonymous with White, although European ancestry and culture—and whiteness by association—operate as privileged terms” (51).

3. Other analyses of the novel, such Françoise Pérus’s “La trayec-toria literaria,” Catherine Caufield’s A Hermeneutical Approach, or Gastón García Cantú’s “El vínculo,” highlight the relation-ship between Oficio and the 1870s indigenous uprising and land reform in the 1930s.

4. For further criticism that relates Castellanos to feminist theory see, for example, Naomi Lindstrom’s “Rosario Castellanos: Representing Woman’s Voice,” or Kristen F. Nigro’s “Rosario Castellanos’ Debunking of the Eternal Feminine.”

5. The translation may be better rendered as “poor women” rather than “poor old thing.”

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6. Castellanos was part of the editorial board at the daily newspaper Excélsior, which, like most Mexican newspapers, was financially supported by the government. For more information see Cohn 158–59.

4 A Mexican Savior Can’t Work Miracles: Reflections on Post-1968 Mexico

1. Citations from the novel in Spanish come from Vicente Leñero’s El evangelio de Lucas Gavilán, (1979, México, DF: Joaquín Mortiz, 2007) and are indicated as Leñero. English translations of quotations come from Vicente Leñero’s The Gospel of Lucas Gavilán, trans. Robert G. Mowry, (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991) and are indicated as Mowry.

2. This chapter refers to Leñero’s character as Gómez or Jesucristo Gómez and the biblical figure as Christ or Jesus Christ to avoid confusion.

3. El evangelio does not exclusively advance liberation theology. Critic Catherine L. Caufield proposes that “Jesucristo Gómez does not engage in community-building and the maintenance of solidarity, important tasks from a liberation perspective” (126). Jesucristo Gómez does not work within an organized structure through which he would influence systematic change.

4. Critics have noted the importance of failure in Mexican narra-tive. See for example Price’s Cult of Defeat in Mexico’s Historical Fiction and Pedro Ángel Palou’s El fracaso del mestizo.

5. Kerstin F. Nigro compiled the collection Lecturas desde afuera: ensayos sobre la obra de Vicente Leñero in 1997. It translates a num-ber of articles, including Lipski’s, because so much of the criticism of Leñero’s work has been written in English.

6. For further information on Žižek’s reading of Lacan see his Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture.

7. El evangelio follows the synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke and mentions one Passover-type meal. The majority of its action after Jesus Christ’s childhood takes places in a single year. Much of the Christian tradition understands that Christ’s min-istry lasted for three years, because the Gospel of John mentions three Passovers.

8. The Second Vatican Council has a mixed legacy in Mexico. By encouraging participation in the Eucharist, it confronts Mexican Catholicism’s focus on Saints and images, and the fact that Mexicans have historically been discouraged from taking part in the Eucharist unless they are in full compliance with the church

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(Hughes, 148–149). In some sense, the council has become another way for an elite European group of Catholic men to modify the behavior of Mexican Catholics.

9. Leñero’s 1971 play Pueblo rechazado alludes to the role of psycho-analysis in Mexico.

10. In 2000, the Conference of Mexican Bishops commissioned Jean Meyer to write a book about this bishop, Samuel Ruiz en San Cristóbal.

11. For more information on the Virgin of Guadalupe see Silvia Spitta’s Misplaced Objects: Migrating Collections and Recollections in Europe and the Americas or David Brading’s Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe: Image and Tradition across Five Centuries.

12. This date is approximate, based on the common Christian belief that Christ began his ministry at age 30.

13. For more information see for example Antonio T. de Nicolás’s St. John of the Cross.

Conclusion Crowds on Mexico City’s Subway: The Ultimate Challenge

1. Naco is a term that distinguishes on the basis of class and race, primarily the idea of lowbrow. It could be similar to redneck or white trash. Monsiváis explains that it is a term that began to appear toward the end of the 1950s and beginning of the 1960s and is a way to devalue indigenous Mexicans, regardless of their earnings. For Monsiváis, it is “ese género implacable, es noción que forzosamente alude a un mundo sumergido, lejos incluso de la óptica de la filantropía, y es noción que extiende y actualiza todo el desprecio cultural reservado a los indígenas” [“a ruthless description that forcibly alludes to a world that is so far removed from view that we could call it buried, even from a philanthropic perspective; it is a term that expands and updates cultural con-tempt for indigenous people”] (“No es que esté feo”).

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adaptation, 125, 126, 128, 129adapted biblical characters, 136–9,

141, 143, 150–3, 155see also Jesucristo Gómez, Juan

Bautista, María DavidAgamben, Giorgio. See bare life,

homo saceragrarian reform, 65, 83, 87, 92, 96

ejidos, 62, 104, 129, 142, 144land, 88, 104, 175n3officials or bureaucracy, 56, 58, 62see also campesino, indigenismo,

Presidents: Cárdenas, LázaroAguilar Camín, Héctor, 19, 57,

104, 130Agustín, José, 104, 131, 135Ahern, Maureen, 92, 98Alemán, Miguel. See Presidentsaltar, 67–70, 74, 82, 109, 136

see also Catholic Church, popular religion

Althusser, Louis, 2, 3, 10, 19, 25see also ISA

Anderson, Danny J., 127Antebi, Susan, 8, 9, 11Ateneo de la Juventud [Athenaeum

of Youth], 4see also Vasconcelos, José

Ávila Camacho, Manuel. See Presidents

bare life, 2–4, 10–11, 110, 119, 126, 130–3

see also homo sacer

Bartra, Roger, 114, 115Bible, 4, 5, 113, 125, 126, 127, 128

Acts, 461 Corinthians, 157Ephesians, 67Exodus, 111Galatians, 12–13, 130Genesis, 45Isaiah, 113Luke (see chapter four)Malachi, 113Mark, 113, 176n7Matthew, 113, 122, 132, 169,

176n71 Peter, 157Proverbs, 107see also adapted biblical

characters, Jesus Christ, Jesucristo Gómez

biopolitics, 9, 13, 14, 90blindness, 6–7, 13, 153, 166

see also Chapter Oneblood, 106–7, 120–2, 125, 136–9,

156–7menstruation, 130, 133see also Chapter Two

body, 4, 7, 10, 17collective body, 4, 7, 8, 45, 56,

82–5, 170female, 46, 78, 111, 114intercorporeal, 11, 119–20, 157,

164–5male, 60, 80, 96, 153mind/body dualism, 89, 90, 94–6

Index

INDEX194

body—Continuedparts, 53–6, 62–7, 89, 105–7religious body, 71, 72, 132see also Eucharist, gender, patriarchy

Bosteels, Bruno, 18, 52burial. See death

campesino, 28, 35–7, 62Central Campesina Independiente

[Independent Peasant Organization], 104

CNC, Consejo Nacional Campesino [National Peasant Council], 58, 62, 104

Unión General de Obreros y Campesinos de México, [General Union of Workers and Peasants in Mexico], 104

see also agrarian reform, stateCárdenas, Lázaro. See PresidentsCastellanos, Rosario, 142, 143Catholic Church, 12–13, 51–7,

68–74, 105–8, 110–13church building, 44, 50, 82,

122, 137, 151–7see also Bible, adapted biblical

characters, popular religion, Virgin Mary

Central Campesina Independiente [Independent Peasant Organization]. See campesino

chingar, 8, 75–81, 83, 85, 140–1, 157see also feminism, gender, La

Malinchechingón. See chingarCixous, Hélène, 89, 99, 115

see also feminismCNC, Consejo Nacional Campesino

[National Peasant Council]. See campesino

collective body. See bodycommunion. See Eucharistcommunism, 46, 133, 143

Revueltas, José and, 13, 17, 18, 36, 38

see also Marxism

community, 1–3, 12, 130, 138, 152, 148

see also Žižek, Slavojcorporeality. See bodyCorpus Christi Massacre (1971),

130–1see also Revueltas, José; Tlatelolco

Cortés, Hernán, 90, 129, 140see also chingar and La Malinche

crowd, 104, 107, 120see also body

crucifixion, 88, 111, 120–2, 153see also Catholic Church, Jesus

Christ, Jesucristo GómezCTM, Confederación de

Trabajadores de México [Confederation of Mexican Workers]. See unions

death, 16, 109, 171burial, 49, 64, 79death in José Revueltas, 40, 43, 46death in Juan Rulfo, 70–3, 82–3death in Rosario Castellanos,

118–26death in Vicente Leñero, 149–53,

156, 157see also crucifixion, Jesucristo

GómezDíaz Ordaz, Gustavo. See Presidentsdisability, 7–8, 10, 23, 56, 114, 119

see also Antebi, Susan; blindness; body; Mitchell, David T. and Sharon L. Snyder

Distrito Federal. See Mexico CityDove, Patrick, 55

see also sovereigntyDurán, Javier, 17

Echeverría, Luis. See Presidentseconomy, 13, 144, 145

economic development, 4see also social class

education, 6, 22, 23, 35, 37, 47public, 4, 6, 28, 38, 136religious, 136, 137

INDEX 195

schools, 21, 36, 47, 101, 102, 150SEP, Secretaría de Educación

Pública [Secretary of Public Education], 28, 35–7, 40, 102

see also campesino, state; Vasconcelos, José

ejido. See agrarian reformEl laberinto de la soledad [The

Labyrinth of Solitude]. See Paz, Octavio

El Universal, 129Eucharist, 14, 43, 65–7, 72, 74,

81, 107–11Jesucristo Gómez as, 129,

134, 156, 176n8Excélsior, 98, 101, 142, 176n6

facebook, 159–66, 171see also social media

failure, 38, 48, 66–8, 71, 144, 147, 150

divine, 12, 14, 126, 129, 130, 148

see also Price, Brian L.; Žižek, Slavoj

family, 39–41, 48, 51, 54, 83see also gender, patriarchy

feminism, 7–8, 87–9, 113, 115, 175n4

see also body, gender, patriarchy

finca [Large farm]. See latifundioFoucault, Michel, 8–10, 131Fuentes, Pamela, 26

see also prostitution

gender, 8, 66, 75, 81, 99feminine, 34, 76, 90, 98,

114, 148hypermasculine, 76, 78, 103hypersexualized women, 69,

110, 140, 153masculine, 34, 75, 77, 79, 100see also body, chingar, family,

feminism, ladino, patriarchyghost, 70, 79

Grosz, Elizabeth, 87, 89, 94–6, 110see also body, feminism; Lacan,

JacquesGuerra Cristera [Cristero War]

(1926–1929), 36, 58, 65, 87, 174n5

see also Catholic Church

Hacienda. See latifundiohealth, 28, 48, 143

medicine, 30–4, 50–1Nuestra Señora de la Salud [Our

Lady of Health] (see Saints)programs, 28, 48SSP, Secretaría de Salud Pública

[Secretary of Public Health], 23, 30, 32

see also IMSS, ISSSTE, workerHind, Emily, 8, 81, 92, 114–16,

175n6see also feminism, gender

homo sacer, 2, 10, 11, 53see also bare life

IMSS, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social [Mexican Social Security Institute], 136, 144–5, 147

see also healthINBA, Instituto Nacional de Bellas

Artes [National Institute for Fine Arts], 102

indigenismo [Indianism], 14, 88, 92, 94, 105, 119

aesthetic, 90, 93, 96–8, 100, 103, 113

INI, Instituto Nacional Indigenista [Bureau of Indian Affairs], 14, 91–3, 100, 102

political, 90, 91, 113, 112religious, 109, 111see also indigenous

indigenous, 13, 14, 45, 135, 147, 175n3, 177n1

indigenous community, 66, 67, 113, 121

see also indigenismo

INDEX196

intellectual, 91, 130–1women intellectuals, 8, 114, 175n6see also Ateneo de la Juventud;

communism; Revueltas, José; Hind, Emily

intercorporeal. See body; Weiss, GailIrigaray, Luce, 115

see also feminismirony, 89, 161, 164ISA, Ideological State Apparatus, 4,

6, 10–12, 19–20, 32, 52see also Althusser, Louis

ISSSTE, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado [Social Services and Security Institute for State Workers], 144, 145

see also health

jail. See prisonJesucristo Gómez, 125–9, 141,

146–7, 177n3see also Catholic Church,

crucifixionJesus Christ, 12, 45, 70, 126, 134

Jesus Christ and Immaculate Conception, 112

Jesus Christ and indigenous people, 106–7

Jesus Christ’s death, 119–21Jesus Christ’s miracles, 149–52see also Bible, Eucharist

John the Baptist (Biblical character), 105, 112, 131

see also Bible, Catholic ChurchJuan Bautista (Fictional character),

131–3, 143

Karam, Tanius, 160, 162Kristeva, Julia, 98, 115

see also feminism

La chingada. See chingar, La Malinche

La Malinche, 90, 114, 119, 140see also chingar; Cortés, Hernán

Lacan, Jacques, 115–17, 176n6see also Grosz, Elizabeth; Žižek,

Slavojladino, 96–7, 175n2

men, 88, 89, 94–5, 100, 105relationship with indigenous

people, 93, 120, 121religion, 89women, 94see also indigenous, indigenismo

land reform. See agrarian reformLarsen, Neil, 58latifundio [landownership system],

87, 93, 98–100, 104, 105, 121challenge to latifundio, 122, 123see also agrarian reform, ladino,

indigenous, indigenismoLavou Zoungbo, Victorien, 95Legrás, Horacio, 4Leñero, Vicente (as journalist), 143

see also Excélsiorliberation theology, 125, 134, 135,

176n3see also Bible, Catholic Church;

Ruiz, SamuelLombardo Toledano, Vicente, 24,

25see also communism, PPS, unions

López Mateos, Adolfo. See Presidents

López Portillo, José. See PresidentsLoveland, Frank, 17Luna Elizarrarás, Sara Elizabeth,

75, 77, 98see also family; morality;

Presidents: Alemán, Miguel

María David, 139–42, 145–7see also Virgin Mary

marxism, 17, 18, 25, 46, 126see also Althusser, Louis;

communism; Revueltas, JoséMateo, José Manuel, 173n3, 174n6maternity, 33, 38–40, 77, 85, 98, 115

adoptive, 88, 109, 114, 117, 120, 123

INDEX 197

Catalina (in Oficio de Tinieblas), 89, 111, 112

distorted, 41, 48godmother, 69, 70, 83health, education and, 28, 31, 50–1mother-in-law, 41–2, 146prosthetic, 113see also family, gender, La

Malinche, patriarchymedicine. See healthmenstruation. See bloodmestizo, 88, 89, 91–2

future, 104, 113mestizaje, 5, 88, 90–1state, 91, 100, 102teacher, 87, 103see also body, indigenous,

indigenismo; Vasconcelos, Josémetro, 162, 163Mexican Miracle (1940–1968), 4,

13, 15, 52, 53, 77Post-Miracle (Post-1968), 126,

130, 133see also economy

México, DF. See Mexico CityMexico City, 6, 23, 26, 133

see also Jesucristo Gómez, MetroMeyer, Lorenzo. See Aguilar

Camín, HéctorMilagro Mexicano. See Mexican

Miraclemind/body dualism. See bodymiracles, 125–7, 129, 143, 150–2

healing, 112, 139, 147–8see also Jesucristo Gómez, health

Mitchell, David T and Sharon L Snyder, 15, 23, 26, 55, 89, 114

see also prosthesisMonsiváis, Carlos, 43, 63, 159–72morality, 41, 74–5

family, 39immorality, 23, 27, 61religious, 43women and, 13, 43, 98, 146see also family, gender, patriarchy;

Presidents: Alemán, Miguel

Moraña, Mabel, 9mother. See maternitymystic, 151

see also Vasconcelos, José

navy, 30sailors, 27, 41see also prostitution

Nuestra Señora de la Salud [Our Lady of Health]. See health

Palou, Pedro Ángel, 4–6see also mestizo

patriarchy, 38, 40, 57, 74, 116religion and, 84, 136, 148,

149, 151see also family, feminism, gender

Paz, Octavio, 77, 80, 81peasant. See campesinopilgrims, 55, 65, 65, 79, 84

see also oopular religion, Virgin Mary

police, 9, 20–1brutality, 126, 153, 155transit and, 160, 163, 164see also prison, state

Pope John Paul II, 135popular religion, 66, 111

see also pilgrims, saints, Virgin Mary

poverty, 61, 83, 125Party of the Poor, 132see also social class

PPS, Partido Popular Socialista [Popular Socialist Party], 24

see also Lombardo Toledano, Vicente

PresidentsAlemán, Miguel (1946–1952),

19, 40, 57, 62, 75–7, 102Ávila Camacho, Manuel

(1940–1946), 19, 25, 29, 40–3, 102, 103

Cárdenas, Lázaro (1934–1940), 25, 40, 87, 88, 92, 98, 104, 105

INDEX198

Presidents—ContinuedDíaz Ordaz, Gustavo

(1964–1970), 133Echeverría, Luis (1970–1976),

130, 131, 141, 144López Mateos, Adolfo

(1958–1964), 104, 133López Portillo, José

(1976–1982), 130, 131Ruiz Cortines, Adolfo

(1952–1958), 75, 77, 106see also PRI; PRM

PRI, Partido Revolucionario Institucional [Institutional Revolutionary Party], 9, 19, 132, 133, 174n2

see also PresidentsPrice, Brian L., 7, 126, 176n4

see also failure; Žižek, Slavojprison, 20, 21, 22, 153, 155

jail, 21, 24, 48, 155political prisoners, 47, 49, 52,

153–4see also police

PRM, Partido Revolucionario Mexicano [Mexican Revolutionary Party], 19

see also Presidentsprosthesis, 16, 23, 89, 113–14

see also maternity; Mitchell, David T. and Sharon L. Snyder

prostitution, 27, 30, 146, 157redemption of, 41, 48unions and, 25, 26, 48see also Fuentes, Pamela;

maternity, navy, syphilis

Quijano, Aníbal, 89–90, 94, 96, 105

see also indigenous, race

race, 66, 89–90, 94, 141see also indigenous, ladino,

mestizo; Vasconcelos, Josérape, 70–1, 78, 99

see also chingar

Red Bishop. See Ruiz, SamuelRevueltas, José, 154

see also communism; intellectual; Lombardo Toledano, Vicente; prisons

Ruiz, Samuel (Bishop), 135, 177n10see also Catholic Church,

liberation theologyRuiz Cortines, Adolfo. See

PresidentsRulfo, Juan. See Chapter Two

Saints, 77San Judas Taddeo [Saint Jude

Thaddeus], 168, 170Statues of, 67–8, 107, 111see also Catholic Church, Jesus

Christ, popular religion, Virgin Mary

Sánchez Prado, Ignacio M., 5, 9, 18, 22

school. See educationSecond Vatican Council, 108,

133–2, 155, 176n8see also Catholic Church

Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 34SEP, Secretaría de Educación

Pública [Secretary of Public Education]. See education

sex, 32, 85see also chingar, maternity,

patriarchy, rapesex work. See prostitutionsocial change, 7, 49, 52

see also communism; Revueltas, José

social class, 114lower, 5, 17, 72middle, 131, 133upper, 88, 141–2, 145, 175n2see also poverty

social media, 159–61sovereignty

bare life and, 53–4Pedro Páramo and, 55–6,

59, 63, 80

INDEX 199

theories of, 8–11see also Agamben, Giorgio;

Althusser, Louis; Dove, Patrick; Foucault, Michel; Williams, Gareth

SSP, Secretaría de Salud Pública [Secretary of Public Health]. See health

statecampesinos and, 62–5, 91, 104education and, 61health and, 28, 146police, 126, 154religion and, 43, 66, 133, 139, 170theories of, 2–13women and, 40workers and, 24, 57see also campesino, education,

health, maternity, police, prisons, unions

sterility, 150see also maternity, prosthesis

subway. See metrosurrogacy. See maternity, prosthesissyphilis, 26, 29–31, 40–50, 173n3

Tuberculosis and, 26, 28, 33, 49

Tlatelolco (1968), 131, 133, 154see also Corpus Christi;

Presidents: Díaz Ordaz, Gustavo; prisons; Revueltas, José

trade union. See unionstransformation, 10–11

educational, 35religious, 4, 82, 84see also social change; Žižek,

Slavojtuberculosis. See syphilis

UNAM, Universidad Autónoma Nacional de México [National Autonomous University of Mexico], 102, 131

Unión General de Obreros y Campesinos de México [General

Union of Workers and Peasants in Mexico]. See campesino

unions, 3, 24, 48, 142–3, 147CTM, Confederación de

Trabajadores de México [Confederation of Mexican Workers], 24–6, 142–3

Ministry of Labor, 40see also Presidents: Cárdenas,

Lázaro; state, worker

Vasconcelos, José, 4, 6, 13, 30, 91cosmic race, 7, 11, 12, 41, 54see also Ateneo de la Juventud,

indigenous, mestizo, raceVatican II. See Second Vatican

CouncilVaughan, Mary Kay, 28, 35, 102, 136

see also campesino, educationVirgin Mary, 106

challenge to, 48, 112, 140Nuestra Señora de la Salud [Our

Lady of Health], 106, 107statues of, 29Virgin of Guadalupe, 114–15,

135, 139, 141Virgin of Talpa, 55, 59, 73, 84see also Bible, Catholic Church,

María David, popular religion

Weiss, Gail, 2, 11, 89, 110see also body

Williams, Gareth, 5, 8–9, 91, 132see also police, sovereignty, state

women. See feminism, gender, patriarchy, sex

worker, 24, 28, 41, 146Workers’ Compensation, 1, 4see also state, unions

Žižek, Slavojcommunity, 130, 138, 158failure, 12, 14, 126, 129, 156remainder, 3, 136see also failure; Lacan, Jacques;

Price, Brian L.