:t-'t'h~ A..im u.nn "t!lo l.ia thon

L~ _wri tint; C/tPI 1l'~4.L Mnrx HPt hi..-,;u~~x' tl!U ul:~i!tw.tio &.1m o:r J.uyi.t.t3 b1.tre< "'tho eonnor.1io ·ktt !J~ oo t:iOll o:r rtonorn coaiet;y" (..v .. i4). V..ia o.im in ~D :flir r$i!WV.!id :f?O!•.t t:-ho · IJ'"t.lbJttuli mu.t""tar u:r oluos1oul polit.i«:a.~ eeoncnr: t!:!.S -r;ho espou."lu.:t or '!"eVC~~'t1on- i.s :!'r-..:nt the t1C'1'!!r.ae of' the trtatn.s nuo. 1...--nl'Xifm .to \"lrOn£:lj Oono1rt.erod to be_ a new n_r;:ol.it.iaa~ CDOD.UiJ1Y. -. .Lli 1i:l 'Gl.'V..9 'Uld.t;e J.00SOJ..:1 U_9G~g, OVI)n iitt.rx:iU'tiK reter :1;0 Jit-.rxtA "'':U"'~'l'"Di.u 01: uu.p1 V~">...J.~u~ .,Pl'OU.1lC'"Gl.on _un "Mr.rx1.it.h po.l.i·t1cal eoon.­O':!",yn. Du.~i_ "U.a.rxi.:::n ,poll. t.letJ.T aaOllo!ny" is nov e. nett poll. tioo.l ac.on­<nl2f• Eru:t.:o cri.tiq_uo <>~ the veey :f0Ul'.1o..t1i.ions o:r pol-1t1.cu..:L nconomy,.. wh1.oh 1-s .,.h., bol.t.r-£CW1.o mono o.:r "'though~ o:i li-ho bou.:t-~oo:t.a mode or fJ:r"o-G.1J.Ott1.on. ·

.·u~.~.rx !ro,Dt.l"t~ea. OJ\_-...I'.i:AL.· "'" crit..1.qu-a ol: Poll.r.{~~c.:l." EooisOJrcy 11• ir-n~

~utJta or a.evo~upmsn1:o o:f uho D<ntr.g-troio. rnoc.e_-, or J,)ronu.oli1m couJ.u. De .­tirJet.l.:TZOG- .ru.J.J..y. __ nolO thro-ueh: ~, 1't1.x-cP.nnj.on" _01: _ po~i ~iat~.L a_o~omy,.wh.l.O:ll a.eu~n u·1 ~ eccnorili.C • ouc-h'-tUlj; COita_'lO_cl:l."t1<eS", ~b.((ii'I:J.•·· t:~O:rloy,

_pro1'1.1is _:s.u !.r thaY u-urtf!M-d_ ox e::x_;_o;..i.~Osoiong ,~o:~r;1;~~~nfir:. lu:~.tona:. It is· tl~ curis.inLU. 'tl.a .1.n o;.hin D e.%Cilr.lnge. ·t..hase 'J!:t1u._t:.10:tu:i k:l.r-o t1L"tl;uohc-Q. to- "Chilli,;C e.nu nu 10 ~oae 'Cltl.nSt! an~ia, in"'"'""" o:r 10bll1:C<Sa;;, 'l'.he 'tl.hQ ~~~.c.atu2Ceft-1;hc aoc:1u~ or o:lasn );'t;lu.liion.s-:f'r~ 'th~ uppoa:t"nn:c--lihri GXeh~-.se o1· oow!lotU 'tiJ.oe--requ.il.~Ga.'!'.:.o~- JWl."f)l:f_ -t-. xu!w pbll 't1cm~ voonr.mty DU."G u. ne\1 ocit!neo. ~i-U':Lt. lUJW_ m:d.l'uco, ~\ttt.l':d.mn, rnu~111:- 'lihe appll.cnti0%1 o:t: tt1.nl.·!!Otl.cu to :t:hc a.evaJ.o,Pn\Gn. 'tl:$L ~uws- o:: 'tho- 'bo-arr,:eo1n · oeonomio . eyn1::on. neroro t;iu1ec-;1oo, wh1.ch .t.."nl.:::eJ.o ue:f'inoo. b.IJ. "1il::e :soi"ono& .o:r --cho ~o.r.4eru.J. ~ua or ao't1ut-t Do-,;;ll or tbt:! fi-:xtornul wor~a.- tdHi. or h~n lih.augh."~>" ·(z..:.E·.-p.M) • ooul.c.t. b~.e so upp~ioa., .1. 'C lu::ttl. "tO be a"trJ.p))Otl o:C .1--ca mynt;.tcKl a.ilCll.- ~.ho rtl.'t;.ionr~1 .k:C.r:t:t.ul. ln He&u:U:hl.l c..l&l.G,Qtiius oou..1.CL ~~~vo bean :t'oun .. ·t only wi.l.h l;ho t.:J.o.. or 1Utrtor1.ct:..l. t::ou:t()r.ii!..l.iom..

In 1. ts rn-c.1onu.l ~CJ:l"1u, },.c.hr:x "Wro-ce, {_p. ~b) o1ul.lclilcu l'fl.!.a 11 1;he uomt,)relvlno.l.o:.'l or t.ho tt%£.l.n.'\b.,;J.vo rccocu1:tion ox· "'the, eziotil3g wLuta o:r tldnt;c, ul; th.o E~t1t1a 'ti:oo .u~ao,. <t;.'l.t~ tbcOgnit.ivn o:t tl:Q negatioi1 of ,;iui-'tt ,gt:~1io, o"i: 1-co 1.ncv1U.tb1oe b.re~.i.ng: up"!'" TO o.ltioern t.ho inevit.uLua bl.~uJta.own or uu__p! ¥:!.l..::..nm. ono na:~oo. view tll.J.o s(Hlc1:r1o monc or : '!'·•tt.uoli.iwi X: or whu'L i-,;. 1 e--u. hiv.'torio nT.nt;o .L'"'t ,;he o.evolopmer-~. t> ox ooo1tU proa:o.o­tlon.

• ll.istoo.rl.oa..L mu"torl.u.J..l.au --..nsaes ts. 1J~t;l.·orm1ve C.U'V·&~U.PJ:lanl. l.!1 lihe aourae ox htl!.n!m tJ.[100hU~oy rrorn. ~owar ~o h1t;hor B~tgae, l'fh10h huo u-Goart:ea. i "1;ael.f' 'tlU"'U[~h b.l.l. seem!l:1g ti.001Clan lOa u.na. ta;nporury satbu.o.ki::J. Tlus _ ~i.n.c roroo& or h1S'l';:fJr;( m.v-e .not cear ... t-:rot~."'C me:-t., bu-c srsn--c ml!i&Cfi& o"t .PGOpl.e. vho weX'(J oo't 1n not.1on by 'l'.ho 1nOOJ16ru.l. t.,y ce"Cwe&r• pro11.uo'ti va 1"o).otaoe «.l\0. priJc.u.otion rnl.u.:ti.onu. 1.e, o: lll~!t eQ:ltuS:O:n:ltifcl b~l;W!tt/1 'tb.e a.evol.,o~n1; o1:- 'ltho t:ttJ:t:eria..o,~ rtnt:t.ns of' ·pra::tUG't1on._ ,.net .the rf'Jl.uliiicn ox· p<ti.\fi~~ 1.n :pro<ll.I.Ol.io..Tl.. 'i1he o~anau ~l.Oo1'tf.toa. 1iha -ll..,.;~·-pt-oa.uoli1Ve xoroeo: X'et:t.o%'1-'u by 'the ou.1il..lYt3U xno·a.o or iJl'"OQ.'l.tot10::l o.rul "t-he o:r.io"t1nG proci.\io• 'Cion 1'el.u't1ons. urttu:usd.-.:.; "tcho ouna.i t1una ror " ntm mo"t.hoo. o:r pronu.o­t..ion •.d!d thlu:t ~u1o. t:.hQ tktt11D ~·,tJr :, nftw rioo1-tal orc~r. :-.io tlLLD el.:.J.voey bQO-n o.io.t.il~to~o. ·oy uort'uon, D'll'l*a.or.l Dy- ot.plT-h-ilrJJ':1, h.1-1C. uo 'i~1ll c~p1-r.­u.l.1sm b)" BtJOlu.liDne

!a!ha mul. "t1. -ruus or proa.to.G U1 vu .rorocs h.Vtt.l.lnnlo l.fl net.; ne1.enr.1nu t.i'l.V .nts.l;llr'G o:r t.hoir RO:oin'C"J• ;..:...n 1o t'naeJ\"tihJ.ly u. t.ool-~ot~Jri:tt~ atn1.~Jtl~ tllla. t.he Ijroc_o,,s or "ti:tu n~·ou.uoll1ou u£ 411'1 t;1"-'t~1·1u . .t 11:ra, ~ha prua~an or l,~·uo.:r, met1..rtu the prooonn oX' 'ttho ,grol't\Jl U£ tho v:::oa.uot.1va %'ot'(!co ttna. hlu c:oeur\u.:nn over 1111. t.urth "ll"~o(J,\Wtry ''. tlXs>l.U iluh.' J,:r.rx. ( f•rl Vh \..tt _•"t"O~'t..' r't~i l<lnG 0~CUti'UJi1RI:t) • "itt t.ho reul r-J.o'"Gorio rt~lUt.ion or ntt.t.\ll"tl, t\llU CotlB!l­q_U.etl't~!f (lr 'tho uO.l.f.HIOt!l o:r nut.u.ro, ~o n~." 'l'ho .l.llti\ult.'r1tt.l rovolutlou, i>ha pro.(:eat1 or nl\"tlL-~ uo!OllOU nnt1 -&ho :.:~n~r'h~ t-Do:U\G~~c1o~ .. av~oa huvo co l.•-o<;rolut.loni~t!O. "t-htt t•~oo.u a.t• proo.u.ol.1ol\ t;J-_:'-t. t.h-ex•o i.e rlL.t1ll.,y t.iUJ U!Au1.r& t•r truo 1"l:"(JUUoti1--J:r6f.\Ct:llil .&runt wunlo .... ua. :r~mu oxplo1.1.4.1'C.1on--. Evwav.ol'• u1u. ·1.1-o l!'1:1"8't !not.f:)\Oft"--uo ursrn,tiuot;ly l"lt\;U U.:,rx "toll'noopau 'th~ O'nT.il"ft h1n"tQl\;,, IJ.\" Oh~,t~~oliom--l;h.J.n h::.u t.t-•~;.on 't!Hl o~tl.l·Ml.iot.ury 1·orru c•X' l.u.tha'' r; o:u.ctlnvt)rncnt; 'to ou.p-1 'ta.J..

90()8

.1 t. ia tll1.a cup! tul-mbor re~n):J.onahlp w!lioh ~rx no"tn OU"& to ar~o ~th t:~ ~aorot1c~~ too~ ~~3t n1RDoveroq by o~salcn~ pol1.'!i1.Ca.l. een!looy-the .l.ubor "t.!!O<"J17 or vn:t:ue .. 1~ ~bo_r is 'tho uourc~ u~ ';'U].ue. 1 t ia :-._.:. N-."1 tl!EJ q.,.-,,J.r•4·: YX sll.l:"p::.us-w·JJ.u.e. 'i'hi'o ~oe:;1on.J. a:On­O.l'Ua:i.un :trom 11;:iJ- D\io'ii t.,~m;vz7 ul.ai;iu.lun.l. !•~ll tic:,.~- occm.o~. cuu.l.i!. nat; o.eWUJa OOauusG. ~u.i.~ ihn.r.x:c. j,t aou.l.d not;. GO "to out. t"J:f· i.""to_ 11buurt;BCi1G Akin". It v!tn.,..aa th~ on!)1.'t~l-lMbor r.-la.:tion otr •~ 1nw e:r·natu-rt~ 1na"taatt. 0~. ~a ~ kUii 0.:' ~ ~A'tQr.i.o, .;040UQ O:t ~l.~i;;~C...W'"L~\.il. ~VX~.t W&li-VD a.;...r._~ t:~n :tt.o c&.p1 "ttl.J.ls-t. xae1.co :Ln: ~ooJ.'""Gd upon a.n ·the h.bt~o1l':-lio~y .fiDJt.J. form o.:t soo~l. produotion~ 1no1;~t:..c. '"'= u.c i:.. p:{;e..;:.i.:lt; ll:tsT01'.10"'-•, -,t'hvsc.-.G%' 11,;~ 6't'0).\1tij.oif., :Poll.,icu.J. ~o,t:m:~ r;mJ. romt:._~.n a. o~!$.;.eP.- Clll.~ B·a l.vr'-i_-;- ~" tho t'"..hua-~:"t~oJ..e .is J;L't,;ent.._ ov_ t<~...n.i.t&F.ttB 11iseJ_1.' ou~r .1n 1zco.l.::.T>eel ·ll.nQ. sporiuua -~li&n.o-m~." Tl\U. t p.er1nd. b~?-c.~ J.n 2'rtu. "W.ts :;oar o:r publl.ut~.-­t,iur~ or Aau.a. Sm1. 'T;h •n WCJJJ..'th .o:f l!~Uvxm ar.u. ~«'t'"n. w1 '\J1 "tih~ a.Ot:in.i U v~ &d1l.i1~ Ol.' P..ioc.:r\.o 'a ;..~.,!i~.:.c, ... 1 li:OCt~ ·J.n ~8AJ.. Po:L.i. "t.i~.:i .. !f:conomY ~a­dal ina.G,Pfm..llcn""t. ~ go no £u.riht'!.t.• nt'.;.U ~e.nt.. Ull :J:ur"t.t~i::r.

t!l.lih _. tloa -:ruU-- Ui.Till!Ufiliii"i: .v-;: ~pttll -x;;tut:~ ;;vwsr _ b,i; '":::t:: bc~~c.i:r:.: .:...~­the reYoluU.-~na. or l.~i:t:tO !tThr-t ol.u.na .m~..gl.e prttCllicnlly u.s well ~& "t;llttorG"'t:1cu:ty "tno.lt. on mor:t u.n.Q. t:tuZ.c 001. 'tiapnl:en ~a thrcu tcr.tJ.ng I'urm...~. It aound.e.n ,;~o nc:tt-."t.h-r..nflll or aaJ.0n1.:L'ti-o b!lo·t...o.-rGauio __ eoCJ.:or¢..V• l'C ~iJ "tftonc&rolrth no ~::,lll;a).- e5. t}Uention. 1"fho-r;lta~ th.ia T.heorsn or--_. th&"l; Wt~s 'tru.e, bq.r. -who\)i.lhor 1-li wv.u u_sa::u.l. t.o onp1 "'tul a:- h~:f:l!:'uJ.,. l!l pllaee or_ (11f.dnt-or­ef.!_t:ea. 0.:1Q.uiro::.•n ':ho1•a wa.t•o h.i.~r1a p.r!.zo-%1gh -:oJ.•a .. '' { p. 3.9 ) 1J.'llu . ~'"~rioc:.­:J.a:oo-;oo "'""J<:o 'lihe ol<;>no "r" 'the c~ur;o.iouJ. roO>: lol!. >ol'll1 1.n c tlU3!!io1<9r;t.SG"e<t t:r uurx t1D 1ihe ll.1a!.n."lfO:i;rtlt.!._on ;;J:( tl'-e R1.CUl."GitlLJ), GchOL)~. In ·the lU.'l\JO.D o.r 'tlu:s."t. a.1sln"Latp.•utlon-l.~.t.t.l.th:~.:ts, sen..1ur; Stt-y--u.ro "l:he gex-ma_ o% tho present. ~ri.,a:t;J.on or b<>~>~tteaim UGono"'ios as s:x:omplll:ieli oy t.h11 Wxrgin~l -lJUl~. W.f &.net &l.'rGtd .. iTe JJt'ilil-UnC. ,heoriee.

·:fha uo-!.trt.~.lf.il:.l.o r:uao~v-cr;- or po~1.T.J.oul. oooz:o.oc;;-:...lihc ,4i.tzor ~t.eur~ -o.r­...,,,J;u.c-coUl.~" 1> .. ou.~!l<1 oma. <t!\V""'~OJ)'>rt 'bO ;1.<,. ~gla"~ cona:Lu.E..i.on o\;J,y" 'i>;; A r&pr~o9nt.u."CJ.vo or th~.a..v oJ.v.ui..'· uu~T. had no1:h:tn.g tv .:;.us."!) .!ra:~. a.i.nc•:rn­iJ:lg tho lt4W o:t PlO"Cl.on o:r ct.._pi.-:t;tA.l.J,ot. .ftCOOJ.D}!:o)'• -'i!lt.ut; mtu -t.l'u: pl'-o-l.eut::o!t..~:v -nho ina,;·lnc-,;.1vcly stl.~iVG :for t:. new soo1ul orO.nr. t.~•.c.rxlf!.t:l 1.n t:.iHJ c01(J";t­"t..1.:C1c e.Apr4!tr>n1.c:n. o:r t!tl.s 1nrJT.1nc'ti\ .. ~ n-crtv.Lng by -r.ha pro1.31:1tl•1at ~or : tlOOit-:.'1-l.ar;l; l. "'[. 113 "tJ!r. (lf)l"\t:O!.•'tl.tS ~.Xp.! .. .SSnioH or "ChCt :uncon.¥':Cl.VU!I l!.l.e't.c.r1-<lul. prooeoB

_Ul soi&ntte, w.rvl:G i:-t!'o.!."X, 'tlOul.<l be mu.eoom::ur.> .i~ ''P"hilnOl:lO.Ctt -t1-IH1. ~aoo.a.oo ,...,re whol.J.y l.G..m1:t.icn.l. '' .. lr .. c.s-•motru.cwin.«; l:iH cc.illu."t;il'lo ~~.-~J.ysiu o-r MpiUUl1nt pl"oduo"ttion, 1.\uX?:. \A.th'!S "tf"~tt .uC~t.l .. GCt. c!.i.:t.:.La:cr~io etstitot.l. ii!c ~bs'"t~otiuns, lttrnettor, ~ :t'!.rm.ly tu .... ut~n. on -r.C;.e aoncro"!o_9 Jtietortcul C1<!1V$lO\)tl$J.r; t>1: uoo:S.o"t;y. ~h'WI X(lr fi!~pl.e • ""t.hC eieJ:l~n ~ vu..J.uo-:r.o1;::. oi" ::-e:::::;-ct!l~_,..(!!!."t• .. L5--:l~. "the ~!".LN..1T.1VR :C.UD'.t tm.de.r Yltd.Ch -. i)::'OC:.UO'; or l:l.&.bt>r ... p~;(ltt.:flCO. !tiS'U):rlnll.lly !.'.I! ~ exo.hf>..J~C Vhl.~Utt. :t'o..t"'t;D I .u.bd n of C:J\):'"l'fAt. nett.l. ·with 1\h«moro~~u.--'t..."l.n thly1t:b uno uo~l1nr,; o: co:r.macU.Ueu, iuo l"lu:Unr. t.ht' C!lt".fll('.l tU 't.~· lta. iJor-pow~.r. h"U l.'X 'th.«:n l Crt:.V~ n Ute eph.oro or. «Y.Ol~liT·i-~G t~r ·thn r:t.fl:rkct'C un.d -rc.r "'tiL.,~ ::l6X't: ::JU'J puunc-~u.-t.a III, IV t1fld Y-~h·~l:'fS!~U thO "004:J'~Ct: or (Ut~11."t.:O.l1~ t'I"Oi:rt;v-.... -t·hl'l P!"U(i."UO"t.;t(l;l tll~ llnr­r~lldl lft!.l"\A..tt. >:m"n we r~('ixt, ro·t·,-~,n;c, "C1.\ t .. i:$ ('hn.nt.J'».tlhfJH i)~ ~ ... ~t'-;~n--r~rt: Vl-­tt-9 ulrat~u,:· k!,:.:.-w; "t.l,6 n1a.uc.rl rtfl.&.1.1un. "'il.i"'t.f:l.tl.. thin irJ·u.t.lO:lnl r'Qrto or jlU.yt.lOn'C or ~t\Dt.~r Uhio.h 110onae~lo''-,;ha u.nroquil"OU. l.ttD~ll'" oi: tl".l) Tttt(:":if­

lubor!\r0o (tl~ :>~J.)

'.Ch.o eO{•ll.l.it.liG ~·•~il or c:.1r-1 'touJ.int proa.ua"t-lon J'cttol: tihm lr meoro~1oz.t.1. r..ruJ. 'tion '-n ~t VIl. J\oout:.l\U.!itlon oX' Cupi -u::~ u..:mJ.o wi 1;.h th~ hll'C~ t. rctn.'..l~a: :»: l:h~ Utq,Ji.t..u~iet. [~l'<~cono c..r .:.lr(,-IJhOt1ol. ~ t.:.liC\ 'tJor. :'.•Jr,lnt·~ n.nY€011.­:;tJ~e:::c 9~ "';f\e:~O t\11.""0.1· =tttr..J.J.ttt :h.tn t.h'3 (\911m·~:1 -U•\'1 u:t Ct~,p.l"to.lJrrn. Aaaw:.t~tl\·1;:.., ... ThJ.u llheornt1Cl 1lOVOJ..OJ 1 U.10!\::~'t nut. o:-1l:t nun::; ~~'"'~ uu:. U'":....,(UC~. Du.'t .ln ru:ll..;. rvul.i:ct.. i..:.:. -,..,.-.o O•J!~O;·nt.c O);~ll:"eou::Lcm or "\J:n "' iii:IOl'ut.e ~(U.a.Gl'U.~ ~t.&"\"f Clr or.pl ~ll1n t 2~CHlUO"t.1 nu '', or ·cha l~or:nr-\'<0 W:'l~' o:r kbv:r.

UQ inanpaoi ty. o:r on.!>i -clLI.ism -,;.o reproU.uoe 1 'ts own vu.lue-oreu ting auo­atu.noe • liiibor-powor in ~ho :ro::na o:r ~10 living lu.Dorer, sigualu 'tlle uoom or onp11;sl1am. :rnr:x: 11or1nes chis noom 1n thto r1nu.J. purt--Ptu-1i VIII whttre llo uau.lu WJ. \.ll chu t,;onuuiu ~u lihe lt~.w u1' collu.pno oi" au.pi "'•~ilf.m•

9069

-:o-- .

"The cu.pl "'tl:lllat i11Ddo o-r J!j•propriu t1_,nu • wri 'taB u::.rx., ( p • tJ'O't) "tho resul. "t or the cu. pi tnliot moua or !Jl~·oauct;ion • prod.uaeu on. pi "tul­iO't pr:tvat~ .r~operty,_ us :rouxv.1an on tho ~abor or the proprio'tor. Bu1< cap1 "t<•l.is-& pro<lue'!;ion bo~;etu, w1 1<11 wile 1noxorubil.1-.y or a J.uw or nu:ture • i 't.U m'tn noe;u:tion. :£"'& ia thO nat;~a.tion or the nogu:t.1on." - ·_.-·we 1'11U- aoe··· ,_.a.u.w---,al.a- s\.l:w-..g~ l1~~a.z., _H;nc~'tio:t_,o-~- ."th~.-.-n~~'t-lgnn z 1P on:t.-.:1_ 'the ph11cco-ph1.o ~:ror.,nRian for tl~~ Vf.H!-Y fE.milln.p ol.a.:;n :.'t:rU()~;..;~e th.ro··s'~--· \thicb. tl ... o .i~X:'-i~ub.l.;roiu"' ~b ... .L.LsL.Ys ·che c~,;,..lli~.l&l; muG.G o:f proo.,tc:t1C~n fo\luL c:roa:t:eu _._._"the oontU.'ticmS .ror u h.1shor aoc1ttl. orri!3r.

-W1~l!iu tihc :rrt.u:\rawork c,X JJ.ar:x' o or;n · d.eacriptlon oi: the n1m. o.r his wor.l!:, _tho dit>l..,otio mat.ho<l b.:f whioh he hopeo to uceolllpl.ish hie nim. ana. 'the a_trutlt\~o -ln1;o whi.ch hs Jno1d.n hi~ ensl.yaie of'.- "'the ~pi -,;n~iat llOC.e oi" p:rott:uc:'tion, un~ "the ao.nt1i "tiona ·o:r !,)roduoti an li.l\.<1 a:r.:chn.ng:e· .con~apol.t.dJ.ng to ~t Cl.Oo.en. i"t; 'Bltou.l<l. be en~ "&o' re-. vi~w 1<4<1 eonten-.: o;: OJW'ITi•L.

*:CO**

II::;-The Phonomona o:r Ch.pi tbl.is_m-~Duy1ng t\l":.U Se.lli!J.p;, or -.ho Market

·cap! 't1.l.lio1: weul'tih, m·i "C~D }lLtrx, b.ppats.r:; -cu bo 1'a-.tn 1r..menae u.oc'U!!l­ul.a'tion o~ oommcd.i tieR, 1 ts uni "& b~ing u s'ingle ao1!Uilod.1 ty''·a Hie·- WJU~­l"G1~ 01" OUpiv.&.l.iBli Wtn.t~"Ch beg-infl· W1th l1.n 0%2int1nu1i1.0li or !\. OCIIU!lOd.i~Y•

It_ io --evla.ont 1i-lt~-'-1i whut mu.kes ull sorts or oom.mOa.:L"Cieu,. rrom. ateo~ to .upp1eat oommerHm.rab'Se ure no~ 'tiheir vu.rious usa-"t'u~ues. bu.t t.he BOMO"Chl..ng "thU-"C is covl!Jlon 'tO them a.ll--t~a llDIIlOCOne.oun h'Wll.ur .. l.abor embodioa 1n 'thtRil. fAO.l.-::.t wr.aevs. -che -'t\70-:tol.c:l oL.nr..totor or ~- ooillril.olli.li)"..;-:1 liS use-va.~ue .u.nd ve.l.u.G;._to "'thG "&Wo-ro~n natu.ro -o~ o:t 'tbe ~abor eaboni&d.

_-l.n it&-_--cono-l.'.i=ta- l.ubor •:.i-cuioi'\f'O of" uno-~Va.l.u.e2 _t:"..U<i. -"bnt.xoi .. o~ ~o.bor _ cl:-Guti.ve or Vtl~uo. It~ is tll:ic~;du'al. ·ah~-u.a"l;eJ.~-:o:.' l.u.bor ·thH"t·-lt.~rx---tC~~a­UD_ 'ia 11 't"he p1vot. on which a o~e.u.r oc;anprO_honoion o:r. poll Li1aa.l. oco_nOr.l:f uurnn'f. (p. 48) .Al.l. urtdarttt•n.ndi.n~. Wl.Q nc.rx 11..."1.detr1ineo all, -dllpE'nd:c. upun tho ccmp:r-ehon.gi:m_ or th.ia _dno.~ cl~c.ructor of' lauor.-we con,.rr:c.­o.ic't.1ot). be"tnam -the aono ..... otn ~a. ubrit:rr..ot ~ts.bor io 1•a.r~eo'taa. ·in lilio oontrrulic"t1.ori biii"t.W(us.u. l..'llJ.tGriu.1 wot=.~t.h und. uu.pi ta.~i.a't neu.l:th: nJ.n 1l'!!OJ"#JqRe S.n "'tlH" 11unnt1 ty 1!)-r nee-,~P-luea is an ino.,..etu:m in mator1~1 weu.J.:th~· ~1 tll.. two co~.:t2 'two Iii en c.:n::.. be c~olihoa.. wi~h OLi-o co:;.~ '-i;ul.;{ one. mun. hovor"'thel.esa. an 1nortlunao. 'lwmt.iliY o::r -material ';'fEinl:th mu.y correspond to " s1mul. 1;tlnoous :r .. l.l. in ;;he mt.cni tuna- ot' its vul.u.e. This Wl"W-g<>ni>ltio moveoem; lw.s ito_ orit;in in -.:uo two-fol.<l ohu:~~t<o-.or- o:C J.ubor" • ( p. o!1i)

To a'tiW!lp an obJect or utiJ..11;J' MB s. '1'u.1uea oon'tinu.eB ltnrX. 1't 1o _ "-" muoh n oooial. proo.uot llliJ·:~ l.~!:"• Whence, 1no.eoo., "r1ocs the

en ism"' tiD><~ Clu<X>ictcr o:e proctu.oto _o:r l.tl bor so soon as tnuy iiBuuma tt ... Xo_rm Ol" OOtrJnOG.i liitJ:B? 11C~ea.rly • " W'1SVi8rs .}.'i.u.rx, '11"rom thin roHft- 1 f;eeU • ~ It is 1;.l11s_form which nw..l<<m .,,. de:t:ini-.e sooiul. r<Jl..,tion be,;wosn .men •• aawzno ''~'ttls'tio ~orm o:r 1.! rel~1i1an batwet'Ul "Lhinna. n (p. a:o) I't in t;W.s which in tohe :roUshil'llll of oommodiwiaa. "V"-1.uo C.oen no-. :Jtul.r.: b~c:r~i~- r:!'th u. l:::.'bcJ.. n::t:crib1::g wh.n-t itt iU lf is vuJ.ue, _rn't.h&r, thti.t ounvorto ovor:~ product in;;o ,. oooiul. !>1 Clg~l>.io." (1'• fill) The o,.too­GOriea o1" bcur-t,;Ooili ooonoJny OOl;ul-lD't- o:r suoh like :f'orm.th ~b.O:f l\rG rol."'lls a1· 'thoush t o..-.preesu•g wi 1>11 oooiul. va~Ini ty the oun<li-.:icns un<l t•eltl tiona or !;1. d.o1:'1J:J.i"te, hit.l'torionlly UO"terwined. motte c:r proU.ua'tiou., vi&. • the proo.uction or oommodit1ea. ·~he \lhOJ.e ~~n""Cery bl: oow-aotl1't1eo. al.l thn mns:io und niJ:OromtlnUy 'tl1.a~ OUl'"rO\i.xuls 'tho l)roo.uota ot l.abo1· t.i.il long an the,y tnko 'tho rorm ut• OOlrJ'IU)di t10ii 1 vnniuh thoretoro, no ooon ua v:e ooma T.o o~1er rorr.Ja o:r prootl.uot1on. 11 ( p. U'l)

In othor %'arms '-1J:' _vruu:u.otJ.on the rol.ti.~iounhiJ,J uf' -rJ,o \"it"r.k.er 'to Ilia own proll\lo1< nr lubor olcu.rly :rcvonJ.au tho rol.uto:l.onship bct\lalln mon. For oxo.mple, ti!o uorr kno'' not oril.y v:hnt tiuya h.a t;,o.va to tho lorn, bu1< whnt h1a rel.u.'tlon to 1<ho l.ord wue; the ooo1ul. relt<'l>iona, whn,;avGr 'liD mny think or th=, wo1•o no't dioguiBc:><l .••unuer 'the ol>npo or ooo1a1 rol.nt:l.ono botw&en pro duo to or l.nbor" • lln<ler on pi tttl1 !lei, however, 'ti"Jl't <lio~loo is so oor3plotd, "Clm.t 'thll ltLbo>·orn own oupuo1 t;y 1:0 l.«bor

appet~.r;; _ i.JJ 'tlt.5 ohu.pc o:r r.. oomnod.l ~y uc l.:! ou'Cr.:l-a.e t.he' l.iving ~ti-bor­or ol.nli in<lilo<l. rorr.u t:hs b~B1s of' "t;ho :l.lluu:l.onn o:r llber5y Off not oruy "tho Ct<pi'tt<l.:I.<J't bn1; 'tll.n l«bo~W. ll.lJnsolr. ~1; in iiO beoauGe 1n tl'..e- :u.r.A:et t-~e _ ......... ~~ o:r l.t:.=ar-pCWer- ::te~'t~ _,.lihe o\t'!ier PX- none~ "&UUL a.eo..J. w1 th eu.ch u1;her en ,;lui lli<sis or """":!. r.tt;h ts • 1'11'Cl1 'tltl.a a.u::rer­eno:e U.o~"•- iihtt"'& u:n.e is_ bcy~r, 1i:hf3: otl•or a awllerrr. Et!'1u.l..it7 e::is,;s­in tt:t~J Rt'i·.k.Cv. ·-Dw--u~_ v.L 'lul.u.OB .1.« U.i.l.~U~l:l'-N, cr.:.,MJ ... O.'t ta __ u~_.QL._';,.;a Dy ..:n.y ak!nge 1n '!:ht>i:."' <liuor.lbu'tion. yet '1<0 .kneW "t;hao j,.';r. ·UO!ltryba.<;;s 111\m:'t. au't (Jt' mcne:; .J:l~ke more t!'tOll.e:f ·be:roro he can bttcans 11 rul.l.­:tleagea.,cr.o.p11ittl.~n·t.·ltow noen: hn U.o 1~?' __ Tho on~y itl&tiuotJ,.cn buUa:Bn the vu~ious ootto."'ltHli.'tiins wu.s: ·their uno--"'Vtll'li.l!t;s ll<tnoc "t.htt- u:~:c-va.lu4! or one ol: thie n:uJ.·ti tlu.a.e o:t UCJD.U!t~tJ.i tie a rru:.s~ be ttl.!! U!!'tt--ol!!' -e:r _ wenl:t.h ... llu~ ·'than .i.o uo ·l.o:w 1iG oompol one "to U.:::'> 'tlt" lll'Jillt-'<>0.1.ty bcue..l"·1< 1n .rn.J.l. vl.aw_ of' tAll men. ~h' ;toocs. you L"Ough.~ :.tu·· 'the mt-tr.keti yOu. C(\li:r..ane A.t. b.cm.s. _l!lw ~en•;~«l,-w(_or ·J.nbt_l_~ .. -~ow~r,. _t:oc~ if', OOJ't.'-P.r.t:.Ga. uo-'t- !:.n .'t.b.c uu.z­Jr..st,;• _J:u."'f t.JJ.uro 't:rlutre .11: ~!::tll ~·i:ra"& lJO l>U"ti 'tc lt.De~in "the rau'tor~. -H~aG·f beroro- wo cun :toro .. ~ tlta aeo.rel'< or pro:i'i u m~k.i.n.e;., w-e muo1i l.ouvo wlu-i.t_ lJb.r.X ~o~d.• "10i_L_u ll_ui:ty st.~hc:re o:r exchhn~eu.

"Ol:l lonv.ing. thi" SJ)~ero Ol" Dim.pl.e Ci!'Oul.t<"&ion or or exiw...,ge or CotaD041~1-GB onhia'h :fllrn.:tnhe~ the rp~..;:retlc:r V~-:tir1s' "JQ. tb. hie '11-&v;e e.ntl. 10.0><11 and '11. ol• oh., n-r.unll?.::on. by uhl.oh he J\til;;"e "- coc1o'ty b«I.\CC. on C'l.J>1U\l und wue;oB", w:oo1 'to a !1-..rl!:l>, "tts 'think we· O(•n P~'~'Cio:l.ve .,. o~o in .. tho phyo1ognomy o.S: ou:r <lr>Wl"''t:!.!l parsonba, R~, who bafor~ ~s _J:J mo., tty 01tnar l!t!'it\ttt: 3'.!1 rren10 s.s o~~i ~r.;.11.n't;: t::h-a !JOS!Z05SOl" or_ -~u.boN-puwa.r i'¥ll;,fnH ll..:i aiu l.L1.U,.:,.:eu.t·· ~ ono wl.~il. Ull e:&.ir ().J: ..L.l.a,pu.rt;o..ua9, s;n:l.rJdl:;g, 1ntaz1,; on bun!nea:•l tho other, ti~<i, u.ntl. ilol.ding buck, l.i.lte one who io briq;1>>(1 his o= hide Lo m«.t'l<O'Il ltl'Ul. hna no"tlltne 1;o u:q>e>O't ba't---. hill.iJ--<r•" (p. l',!D)

IU-Thts. ;±!&Dmt.\;llta. of cu.p::.~ut· ~rt.UC'tion;- t.ho Ct,p1."tb.l.­ifl'5. Dtbo:l"' }'rooon.a. or. the l'roti:u.cort-.ion t:>i: .SlU•.,P2uu V~~ul3-?it.rtu ll:t~~ ~IV • -V.

'l:he c.e~!:D't*.ll!!"t. l~bor p-T''JL.\ODt.t 'Wilt?ril tho wo~.k.er ·cotu '&he hid.lntt · ho expoot.a, exh.ibita 'TZWO ahur.tOtl)ri.etJ.c·, ph.auo:neu&.-.. whl.oh d_lutint:r.U.nh it :fr;;m th" l.<•bor prt>Oees in ~;ol).<n<ul;

!!Jiirst. "the ~Dorer w<:trJto uncs.cr _'tih('l con tro~ o:r: t-ho OtJ pi. t;uli:a-t ~c.wl""..uJ:l hes ~t..i.bOr 'ftel.011£11•• •• ·

- "Seooua.ly '$ tho protf.Uct iu the .Prc.lyor~y o:r the aupit,c.11s r. bXlfl. no"\i. ~'" o:t 1:,}10 l.t~.borllr. i'ts 1mao«11Kte proC.\J.oar .... (the ~cc.Do:r ,p:rocouu is mao .. p%'00<1!0<<1- be,;..e"n \h:I.De;e t.lu•"t 10t.e <>«r1 t'-l~i;:'t ht<ll purchuueo, lfhillSO 'tlu.t,-; i~vo Dc()uJIItt -hi.o PrG.iH8l""ty. n

!thUG -ki.O'- o~ ·t11e IQ.Su.na ot: proo.uo't.il)f! bu.t U!.ti.;J J.abur-pcl.~$r c.J•" th.e·· pr.,·viir't"",i ·~J"£-. 't-he ou,Vi'T.,&.Ll.j,~;~'t ...u.tt D:1&'-l.oo lubor-povn:u• in u.ae .1a eoT.-WU. lttbor, 'l:h~ Oc;.itttl.161l :W.bor .. :>rOOil:!il :!.IJ ton "'l.iOn l.~<llor j)l:'I>Cd!:>o--not ~ly ia ~a proll.uot. tn« JL<bor:Jr c~ontas nll<iUtU'totl :rrom h .. 1m, but ao it; W.o very O''J>UCJ.cy 't<l Jv.lio:t>. '.CI"'t :I.e wl;u.'t l.'C..:U.y 1nO.ucA<t: Ohe OtlP1~iot 'ta \n.cy "tl-.s IS.Pft01:"ic:- ot:lllmod.j.T.:_t, l.u.bor-power, whic.t~,n~ 'tl1::~r. wa r.ro 1n. tlu~ :!":·-.e:tmry • wa c.tn Btta 1o "tht.: onl-:.f_~oo o:r ':'Dl.l;.C. Ili not on\;y _prob.uao:c 1 t.s owl niJu.rtn o .. ": aubtaiD'll$l:t.O~"t- prki!l.lt;;!'HI u. r.urpl.t1ll :ro1• "Gho: oupit.&llut; 1"t ll()V ~ proa.ucos u. rrurpluu :t'02." 'tbfti Ot..l)ito.l.iot, it. prt~onrvon tho v"l.uo e>:t: .niu ""'ahJ.r.~., hy tl.'t>n1U'0rr1l1S 'tlwir value 'l:o 1ilw r•r: tty tnf;5itft !l'rOflucst. T!-1,. tn -tJ_o,.. nut r:.f oloth ~t2.tte N e.'t'IIIJfto thu~ !'rt'l­acrv.U.-a \J~oe V~;.,JJ ..,1 to\U J."'AW w.t:t.l.u.rJ.uJ..• ou.t-1.>\H:l• l!i:.tl ut..Allo:.u. \t.Lu,u v:L "u" B""inS l!IJ>,ClL\no o1• •u~::n11 ,,:r Pl'O e.uc't1 <>n, ul!a. 1'1."\l.l.ll;y "t;he r.ew J.a uor by • .. · . ;, wttiah u. (irnu. 'tc::- vt.:.l.u.c u&n Ul.'G"" ~ert 'thhl-, 'the OOllU'tol. tuftn't n:Lf'men '\<tJ or t-he t:U'aau • .Hu.t t.hia nn\1 lnbor. b.el.on.t.;i.r.t; 'ttt 'the OotlC.L"t-'tc lnborcr. t.he tt~~.llor. Jt.ow <U6. itt booom.~ ~llo't.l"(.i.\.:b .l.flll-oor'f ~heru 1D no au.oi-1 thil'5 uu t\.U obu.t.l,lOt. lc.tJu1'\-,r---you. :.riJ fti'thor t\ 't"-ilor., ... ~nJ.ncl'• b aT.oettl ';VO't'lter, e1:0e

1 --h~t tr.on o.ooK ti.:.~re )U4JXPf!n to ba n-ot~t:rc.a t.- lubo\"' whioh .iu t.h&

ouly 'tl:.ltlt; 1-tldch orr..et'l.(lt'l Vl•-~UO'l \lh,a:..'t, h..,n ltU.iJ,PCl\Od. in 'tlll! l1 bur pruooaa wh14h erunoct. t~ .. o u?~o~<.rirloi 'ty or 'th..~· 1no.iv-1nu~l wort<tr 1c l~".o.tJor?

9071

:rn '!:he .:W. bor proceao in .:;ene:r-"1 'l:ho ll: borer uses 10.he moans ot v:roauo;;ion .in ortb>r to ;t.._elli.on an t<:~t.tiole or utill ty. In the J.J>.bor procea" o~ cmp1'1:a3.. it is not •h!l wori:ar who uocs '!:he IUCtme o:r l''I.'O­d.uotion, bU'C """ me...,., o:r . .Pr<lduoti<>n the W<>rl<er. Uniler oapi "tal 'II ;;lviii11"1.~·tion. ·the ~bbU::i.'" -pruous.a ha.a btusoms a. mu~oe Jticcc.lls ro? -nJte GEG&."ii..Oii ot "'l><l.ues. However, even as llvins; ln.llor c= nmcticn onl.y ao:tording to i"te spec1:1:1o skill, so tt<JO'!lllllllb.tet!. labor oan re..:Uce l:t.,.,U' as v"-l.ue big w1 th "t'filue lly ~,euns ox its 1.nho:rent twe-vnlue;, !i!bat io ;jiQ ea.:~. Just ~a yarn ounnoE become cotton,·wood a or.ai:r, etoel a traotor.with-. OU1; uni'1:1ng 1\'1.tll :U.Ving :\h.llo:r 0 liWG. JUllrti ns <l.a<>.d. J.ubor·or ""'Vhin"B 0&.!1 . pre~~erv., i 1:eol:r unl!. bsooma u. ~u'Cer value onl.y lly ebaorb1J:Ig· li'l'll%6 l.abor, so ae<iU:!Iul.htoil. l>lbor GWl :rurto,..,_on.onl.y ~<Oooraing "Go its uae­vul.us. !ale use~'\'1:1.1ue o:r cono~n:t. capi.:ta~ i.o ~"te sanner U whiob: ths mouns or proo.uo,;:l.on ,.i>norb ll vine lAbor as ~the reman t neaes-.ry io ~he:l.r own l.L~a procoua, uno. ~e ~i:ro prooo3s ox oapi'tal .oonais~s on~,• conc1ua.en k"a:OX. •.*i.n 11i:s r.tUV(;!;:tont t.~.a ynl.ue .oo.nstun""t:l.y· ox._pa.na.~11g_;J oon-- .. -· o:t""'l;ly rml.Uply:L'l8 11:sal.r"• (p. Dl>~)

~.n<rx•s ubatruot do:r!nition or V'\Llno is rootetl. <1eep 1n 'thh~":n~fijj~~~ histor;r o:r: <tevol.OPinB oap3.1all.1=• l\!a= 'trncoa in ne-cull. 'tlle c the working ii!'y and -ch_A h!11"t:ory. o:r ;1 ts ~iW.:tn.tions; how at th~ bngin­

tul.ism ooul.ci. ox1:,..U'lt. mu•pl.us 11al.ue :r:rozn 1:he worJ<er only throu­or. thrz l::OJ:>!d.ng <la:f• f:t..Ud 'thO atnto int~:?!Yert.tl!!d. in -be­

OU.J,J1Uil.l.l¢D. ~ha-c ·wc.a the 1'roctu.ct1cn o~ absclu'ta .TI1e eot,ll11Bhment of a norm<il 'I'IO:t'king 6"Y• Rays frtii'X, of centurion or ntruecla between oupital1a1: an<1 l.~borer.

J!,t\r.E 11esoribea in o..n;a.U 1;M <tevel.opmfln t o:r: ooopO:rE•'1:1on, "'~'"" tm :t'int•ll.y maahinore.otu:re wwn 1ihrou.gh 1:0lolutolog:i.call revolut1 ons ~

a.1Je O&l>it&l.1.1!tt oonl.ci. ext:raot a groa-...r amo=t Cti! mll.'pl'Wl wi'thin the su. """'o wc~JI&· Thcueh !l" new worka eight hau:ra l.n«tsa.a: iii: .. eleysn hours, ~Wo""ox the"" e1t;ht a.r0 uuossea.ry w .P>:'<X<uue tb!l mei!I!.a o:I: wbaiatiinooi of ~he laborer, e>c ~ .. t 'tho o .. p1.1:1t..l.:!.et. S<'ts :t'll.l.J..\1. · nix !lours t»: <mJ>ai.ll labor, "htore "'" rorme>.'l.y in. un .<'!.oven hour ns;y, . he oou:LO. ex1:.;rQ.ot onl.7. nt~.y., :tivo unps.i.d. hours of labor. The o~tra.oti.On o,f ~9!.at1.vo aurp~'tlB va~'\.!%1' l!;n.l."X ot.t.lle ·r.,."l.e ·cpeo1f'ionJ~y oupitU.:U.Gt mothca o~ ez""traeti:ns ir.:.:".P:ilUi va'Iuc 'M'l'"cOl'Oby '1ilii; liivereion oz. deud to llving -:U.bor "&oq111:1'<1a tooluLic..:U;r ~d palpkbl.e :reu.~1.-cy. lly "'"'"lfl o:! :1..10" oon­verllion 1n'&O an ti.utorn&.t.on • 'the Untrumen t oonrrontc u~ laborur during· the :tabor process, 1J1 1:lll> alulpe o:r capita<l, or ~-<•tu'l l"bor ,;M-; do:ni.n!:f~ea, pumpo lJ..r3 :ti.,in6 l.£c.bor11 •

OnlY in oaJ>il;tl.list sooioL-, do eli" nocun·.<J.n'tcci._ J.r.llol' d.on•in','te ll.v1ns l.Ubor,. T!tOr8 WOlJ d.OUc.i ~l:J.tJOr• OJ:- %118.0 iJ16B, ·or ttl; ~3~Rli 'tOOJ.JJ -ll .(>rO-Ot.Lpi. 'tullnt DOOiO'tY, bW't thOY di(.\ rlO"C do:ninO.:te ll:':''in_r. kbor. IJ.1hs DU.Vu.ga l":&.SI comp~cn:e mu.ote.,r o:r hie bow u.na. nrro't<la Tue ocrt' tm.G wl tll.out u 'trna-:.­or una h::.d to usa a wooden hoe. 't·u.:t tb'l't- o.n..d.o .:!.nctrU::!e:::t"t d.!!l nn"t· !"l.t\"4~ u vn.lua 1ihu. ~ uooarta 1 -co in<l.oyeiJG.o:rwe 1.n 'the l'ruoasn or proa.uo't:ton· rs.~ ,. nJ.ivl!t monster -chu. t 1<1 :rru.1 t:rul iilll1 mul.1i1pl.1aa", (p • .lal'l), so thUt olio oners:y of the l.J.vi:~ laboral· 1a u. mera monr.a ror i.t;s er.ptU",sion. Totlfly, howovor:~~ w.h.on un l:'..J.~ atiO<·~ 1!.\.i.tOI:lobilo borty • d<nGpits the hf!)uvy· aolf;ta ror atenl una. :~ow cqui-~m.cn t, cr:n bo tiu.rnoCl. O\.a..t o:t & ooa't- or ~ d.ol~a.rs -losa pel"' u.n1 't, 'tho ''U'tG workor m-ust· bonG. 3dn one:rgion to 'tli.a tuna of thia expnnaion 01" vtQ'U.tl, und ract't \.memDioym~ll't bt.""Cl.aoa.

t.i:ol'O nna. !!lore J'l\f'.ohi;:\ou 11eea. ~OHn u:r.u1 .lon'; lu.bor • uud muro u:ta. t!10ra porl"aot CUJ.Ohi.J'&ou nno<1 l.t'ou u.ntl leaz.J u:it1.ll in t.l~-e G:Dner~-l. rnt:J.tr.u o~ hW'1lth li~bor. Th~ ... t .Lu to oc...y why the Ot:!.pitiuliot., 'tho U.{;ent. o"£ Vb1ue. curtta n01ught; 1\bcut th" O'pooir1a1ty or 'th" lnllivi<lunl luboror•o lllbor. Wbetha:r he 1a u. aho~-n\t\ker, oh1.pj'1J.l'C. '.n>rJc.Cl· or n.uun:~1bJ.y wo.rko:r "th.a uuvitnliut aoon 'tlm.t he WlOD u.p onl.y tt.ll c:u.oh t.~u i;! o !~ oooin.lly nooenoury in tone prod.uotlon ur oourno t\1 t1oa •. 'l•.hc 1noosua.nt-l:' oha~.usihl; Q.U'lltt1. t.t.. t1 ve QO"Gor­Qinnti\Jn o~ e.xohCJtlJO v~u.Qe--u huu:ro htU.'O oou:L~ ).-.,Joccmnn ror t . .ho produ.otl.u.u 11r h oom.mod.iliy; uu.l;,t b huuro 1;\l'O ncoouon.n 'to®y, una. o;;a:; "i\ r .. ouro will. bo HCO<'JHct:.ry tornarrow---l.a the l.t.Lw lfhioh oornpola the aup-1T.nl.1ali 'to uao one .i"::totor o:r Pl'"Oduu't1on. u.ocumu.l.MtoCl ~u.bor, &.1.6u.1not IU10't0hor ruc;tor <>1" !'l'0<1UC1oiotl, l.iV1ng lto.Uor. ll:f 1!\0LUJ.Il D:t' hiD :I."<IO'COr:f . <>look bo blurlgsn "t~a \'rork.,r, Tlhll'Chcl• 11" bo n m:i.nar, "' tu1l.or, nn(l not ·,:'1 un"l\bl!tl'"ol<" lnburlll' 'to proc.\UG<> no mnuy ptaoou or goods wh!lhin 11 givon· ; t;.l•o«~ uu tho neAt pe1•uon ol.' 1111 I\J.1:.,1.:otlle~· r.i:C:CONlnt ul:J.ll. ~ho soo:l.nl.l.y Jiooanu:>.ry l~<bor 1:1n'" iL> thi.l oul.vcnli whioh rn- 9072

_.,_ dUC6r! uha UGsrt:J&ate or concrete l~bor in:W u ger.el.~ tn&.ao o:r .ta.'ns'tru.c'& ~abor. :Marx c.U.~s -&his tll.e ~ au.t>orc.ina"Ci.on oi: .U..bor w oo.piu..~.

(Japi. t:tU. hu.s not _.inv~Jntea. survl.UIJ l.l:t.Dor; 1.n, &.ll olu.s.a oooie-,;iou B1n"Jll.l.UJ .lu bor ~s a..""rtruotea. l:l."om tha 'ifQ·r.kor :rox- 'U1e mM.tt'tor o~u.oe .. Wha:t, ho~ ev•n~. · <.U.o'l:in~llhOH one. economy ::!ro01 u.nothe:- in the rn10m1er in- \Ohioh t.hi11 •r.n>J>~US labor :l.a :fu .,,..,h oa.ae OX'I:l'O\Otcct. We hu.ve seen precisel-y how :l.t :1.11 -Clo!19 ·under·- cap1. "G&.llf'U!J.. '.fne <taoisna:,;ion- or 'a.-uo-u.Ui.'ul..o.-tuu lio.l:;.a-r._.~ti 'the·----~ll-:e::· __ .:.·; _ . mc>~"""r 'l:b,.1: in rrn:l.t:t-ul. U.."'ld l!IUl."<>ipJ.iaa" is not .._ Jnfll.'., rhe1>or1c ·plu'use 0· lmt 1.u. rootea. deep :1n. vul.'le proiluo't:I.O':J. -~cl is &n '""''""" d.esarip. "Ci'JtL or hew,vaJ:.. ~·. :fxoott bf)1ng tt. ouborttlllnte -a~emen"ti• '!1ui.ol"L,. ..ill er:tbryo, GX:S.svsa- in other-suoi ... -:·--.-t~oa·bocnmes Uhe cli!:\.l~O"t~riatiu, or CEtpitul.J.av sociot.:/. nThe_. <';>: awne o1o:ae~ o:r .. ~rtX!-1 po1xn;. o:t v.1.ew · Vi: the lu. bur p.:r.-ooez;ax.- P1'f'Jooo:' scm:t 'tiheme:aJ..-yoa t\8 ,the obJoo'GiV.e 2o:.r..c.t. subJ.ouliive :o:takorz•-·aa · m~ann · c:t proan.ct::Lm u.n.o.. l.uuo~ pot·;or6 (lresen-c ·c.l'ltSmae~ veo norrt t;he point. of v;taw ot: 1>hs process o:r or;>U.'I::I.ll8 su.rpl.us v"~ua, "". eonet>u:>.t omn vtU'i .. ltla ; eo.p11:U.l..~ (p. 2;;2) · ··

C;;ns~~· :..:na. --:~i.u.!l.!.e =1'J.i't~ ~:::-e :no1; -!!!.m!_):.cy_-t~i.!.. t'\t."t-6)~ _1',1l)V'lr~ng,. __ :tg:r._ u.:ri. o~a. reJ.a 'eionsh1P; i ~ is 't.ho hmur~iiooti eaoen.oe o:t thfJ oupi 'tl:l.~:i.st !!lot\8 -_or proe:aat!on revouU:r.g th" t sooie'l:y in >tha-1: 1\ll.l'% culled 1 ta ".11"-l.'"t!.OultJ.r o.ia­'I::Uic:"&ntJa .. ", lih-$ :l.nvs.rsi.on ot: """""' 1;o :Uv:J.n<; J..to.hor. The buE:Lo. """"t!<>tUE!!II .bo­"''oen l.U!IB vul'le B>l!l vu:lu'l reo1<ie in th" aonmLo<l:i "<>Y .U..ilo:r po.....,r, wh1oh, U>. the·· proaaaa of_ prnduotion. ana. no,; ~n 'tho mArke-c, c:reutfJa· e. groo.:~e:r _val.ue "'thu.n. 1.t.l'tc;eJX . .:ta. rt.[t is avar-..1 bi-t uu 1r.iportWlt11' wr1uoa l!.\l.J:"Xs H:for.a OOl."reC'ti u:n.uerot!Ula.i.ng or_. au.rp:O..us vd.l.~:W, uo- oonoa.:.:v-3 :1.~ e..n e m~re eone;e~~tion of am•_p~us l.u.tlor 1i1::1o_ v..· pro;lcr oomPrahension o:(' Vtt1uo 6 :to ow~.anlvs i-;;- a;s a Oona:alA'tion or no mr.:Jl~l hop.rs o:t l.!t.bor. tU& no'th:ing bu't>-r.::ts:teriA.il.ir.:ed- ·laborn •

. (p~ 24.J..). . . :!he l.tt.w of su.rp~uB vu~ue sat:ms 'to a'on'til.~'-a.i.O'&, ~t:s.ys 2!ar:.c, tl.l.l.

p'h.,nom11na bkP."!d on experianeo, .-z,~ eTl!-ry one: Jtnowa thut the bake!" Vtho uses .m.o:ce llvi.o.c;· ,lti..Uu.t•u..ra l:"c..i.~t.l.Vc wo_ meu.na u:r ,vroau.o1ii0ll: o.oau n.ulio geli more p:ro~i~ tllfJ.ll 'the :;tnel. JnnmtrH.aturcr who uaen l."el.H."Glve1y ~eon -V'arinbl.e H.S com-· par&tl 1;0 oontJ·cn.n'C ou._pitt"..l.. l-l"vor~hel.ou!S, t.he ~tJ.Yt :r1o"C on~y .1G 't.:ruo, but. com­pe-"C1."C1.m:i:-'!il'rhi.cb·-acoo:J to. l:o U-,l!l!;\.\f~eX' (or '\'11.l.:!.t ~:D- :1n ·ro"'-l.1.'l;y onJ.~ .one or thG hwa or co. pi ttU.ist proa.u.o !iion. n!I!h-a rNT..O o-r .Pro:r-1 ~u, ~rna Z:ia.rJC. "is no myst.ery 1- ao 'soan a a· we knov1 \.h~ 1u·'"~ o1: S\\l'"l)lu.a 'V':•~ue. 1-: _ wo- ·.rovarso tho orooaas, wet oo.n.~u'li com~ralu,nd e:i_the:t• the one_ or the othor.u (.P• (!~9 rtn) ~hut- io so beott.~s tlte gono:rtl.~ ·can-cru.«U.ot1W o:t ~pi""tal.ima-·ot~.n be overocm9 only by the u.col..1 tiom o1" "tho ""Pi.t:all.,. mono or ~o.bor t.n<l no1: 1>hrougb. acme nwn1pul.u-.;1ona. outo1d8 of the ""1'~1; ... 1.1s"& proocau or proa.uo1>1on.

3\l.rp~ue_ va~ue is rl· si 'Ven r:tnc.-ni "tu.<1o, the m.J.Lt tot;b1 o:r W\p&.1d hours of l.ta.bor.":rhe brefi-Killg-up o~ lf!.Ll."plua val.ue 1n'(.O :t'rn.gmen'.:sn, wrl:tes l:.~rx.

nnai tber· Ul. torrs 11ia :utr.t.urc nor 'Cle oond.i 'l;ionu ·Wlu.or which 1 t bouoll'\eo &:1 elel:l­.en,; cr u.aawll.u.lR'tion.u ll'ltu.u 1tJ• 1'1i Q.o.eH :no't mt\t-'tel." whethor the intluat.rial. ou.pi~iat mua-.: p«rt Wl. 'l:lt r.<>nft or 'l:ho EUr.P~UB v~>,~ue by pu.yiog t.he &.>onCi.l.or.a. rent • or tlle lilid.ill.a tlun a oomt1aaion. Th.0 :l"t\l.C or u.ooumul.uU1ou doe a not. G.e­p<md upor. e.ither hia ao!lawjl!)ti=. or hie consoious wUl.; :ruther 110 1u ~he·one thu"& datermincc bo'l:h "Ch'l L!mrke'l: oo.no. 10110 10.ets.s th~ a~< pi "tH.J.1st lJ.&s -.bout it • .r.oournu~u 1>1on, dopmtd.in& "'" 1 t <loco on tll<> ron!Pl-1 "tUde u:r e11rp~un v&.l.ue, the Gogres or oxploi tation, ""'" 1:he pro<tu.a.ti vi cy o:l: l. ... bor, 1a :t:und:omentull7 0 "

&1xnp1e _p:rocoru1. B\;\t th1o proonus o.r produoU.on ta.tla. l'Gprolluut1.v.a. is ubaourvd by "the airo-ulu. tio.r..' prooe:n~·s. That !.n \il~' .. ~rau ,;1-~a v~1·~· lJoi;.t:Jtlr,c;, .u .. hie proruooe., :.lU.:A u\.u.llutJ. 't.hn.t t~.s wua n:;'C 1llt.srec"Cott in uubJoot.ivo mot.1vu.t:Lono but ODJ.y .1.n onjootlve ooncti t;ionn: ".i.naivi«J.uu.l.a t!.r"' tlAt~1i._ with only inao:ra.r u.a "tllPy c.re thfl PBl'OOUi.riGt:.'t;lOllU or tH.HlUO~io Qtl."tttt:Ol"iO£'•', e:nbUO.iJU('Illt:U 0~ '"'"l'wioulur ol.uaiL•-ral<«l.UllO ••:111 c:U.nuoo. li'J nt:u.nd-;!Oint, :fro"' whiah tho -~m%8 avclut1an c:r •.uos ccvno.Ua :l:o1•.ou. ticn o:r nouia,;y 1 u vi owe a. us " lllMIO'!!Bil o:r ,.. tw."'-l his "Cory, cun ln au "&hnn u.ny othtlr mN;" 'l:ltfl ind.i Vl<l\O>•l r<Jcr>ona1bl.Q

. ror 1•elt1.1;1uns who me uron t\\rG .h.o !IUOinl.l;f l"ft'..o!t..lllu. 11 ( p. lb ~ ua.rx tl-uJrerortt unulyrJen tl\Q cu.yi tnl.1.a-; ru.Hla ur prtJO.u.ot1on l."rut:l pu1l'\.t (.11" v:Lt1W or ·tho lu.we ot proo.uc tiort "=::t•king w1 tl.l. i.run ntJaeuui t:a." "Ctmard.e ina vi 'tlt.ble rntJ\ll1;H." ( P• ~-)

~Uu 1-uuv J. 1.\i. .. .i..O .l'auu.l.1.U h.l:-'8 O.et~-.l \o wl. \.1.1. ..ln ·tu.o 'theur..:. ;J.oh.,l ol11nu.x -;o. J!ll4l"X'R \torJt. AOCUJ.1U..lJ.tti.lOU Q:r Cu.pi'Cl1.~ 1 t-lldo}t, '10 Ui"!t.~J. Qnnnidor \U'I.lltll" the l•o~<C.ins o:rs

-~ . • l\'llillllli

9073

•

9071 IV- 'MIS :tAU ox;• U~V~lUli o:r~ V.A?~TALlS!i.' . :il£lt1Zl--Pts.zo'ta Vll &nd Vlii

l. ~he .l!tesul.lia u.t "the l1 .rooauu of l?rciLuotiun

In ~!Jpro~ohin.g a rovi.e'fil o:f ?urt vn, l•t \\a: bP.ar in mind tl-_ai; Y..n.rx U9llS.l.U.6J.'&Q. Qa c~ea !.u~ .u.a,.row..c.ceu. in"!-" wua pa.r't ~ liolla l-'renUA eu..t"G1'-' "pcouesBEID u. aairut,;i:fic v"'lua inilepanol&<1i o:r 1ilm origiwo.l Wld. Oihoul.d b4> oon­IJUl.l:GCl even Dy :reuttura o:i: the Gort:.an" (D.~. 842). ~ '""' ~nos;; mporl>eAt c'f · 't!l<!:::::- .e!:::r..;;-==---==c c~-} :;:;.;.. s.:.c~ ;;~•~v -:~ o;..;~au· --Ctu., ~Uilf·u:r--·lilia·~---Vi·ts.riBiPC.rirr­;::s:t:s.on o.f: ·tho J.u.wa cJ: pro9er"ty lnW tJ.1.e ~ws o:r o:tpi tu~iDt '"PPr:oPri"'Uon, tJ.11d (2) PP• t.a7.,.ll which e>:pla:l.nu how 1ihe JAw oA omnrnliv.""l.on work ti.Ll "Cluo .· axneau; l.1mi1i ic :r<lt1uhun in an;y giv<m tsOOi&ty whi!W. "the imt>ira IODCi .. l.'#ayite.L ·wou.l.ol bo Ultil:~tt <d.1;her in th" h!.nda of one singl"' uup1tallat, or 1>1 12>o11e o:l: one aingl.s aor.por.,,.lon. n ( Jl• ull8). No1 thar or tllus6 olullrl8es, hOYIC!Ver-, in a:l7 O.l.te:i!ed 'GhiJ nabuol:u.tft 61ttlor"l J.e.w" O:f ""l':l.t..llat t<OO'Umul.atiun--tt.e :<"<IServe .. nny cr lb.\J<>li wuion ill 6b'l.t.» tua <too~ c:t Ct'-p1Wl.1S01. ){t<r:o: io "" ~>;;eci:rioi>J.l;f. his'Gcrio 1n hl.o ~W,.l.ys:l.s o:t: the deY<>l.opment o:t: lih ... economic l.&W£ ar oapi.,...:L­ist p_roauotion .into· th.iu uDaol.ulia ctin~r.t~.~ ~w" t2.a hu ~c pravicu:al.y l"i:1 ~h- the

· d.evolopment; o:r u. coi'lmtuni t;Y • _~:mo. _,.h~ o;: . .IJi-~l.itf"G J.<'\bQr: prooesn. · . : - . '" . - ·- :- - ' - - .: _-- :: ;_ - -,~---

From' the -very :t.':Lro~ pu.ge ot: CiL'?I2!t\!. we l.ee:rned· o~ .'the in ~rd.e{Jttnd.":"' tinea o.t uue-vlil.u.e !:AZI.\l. Vh-J.uo. Va.lua, wrote lbtl:'X•_ roay Uo l.ndi.:!x"t!renli tG :t;lw -_-. -­un-Yu~u.e Qy_ wb.ioh J.t :J.e bor,.ntt. bu.u i.ti mW:Jt be DO:rnt!l oy_·aom~ unu~v.&J.ue.- !t'lU.S a.seumeD. a.lld.eci C1t;l'J.1J:J.c:&.nor: ·1n 'L..l:le .que:rtior.. _o:t t\Ct."Ul!nl.l..ttt.1...:.1Jl or cxpuncle:_d repro­Uu.o'tiion £or~. wri 't:es l..ru:r::::., nau.rpJ.us val. no :la (mnvert~JJl.e. !..llto on pi tu.~ · uol.s:Ly :tocu.usa the au.r_p"luu p~ouuo'\i whoae Vt::!.lue 2 t io. a.1raaciy cOI!lpri.sas _.lma lil&tor­ia.~.eJ..ts:nuulia u.:t _new: cu.p1th.J. .. u (p .. _tiDb} ~n onQ wo:rf.1_• in _or~er, t.o a;_tarlo_pr .... _~~ n:U.o-r.iWl. o.u c...n -a.x,£ifAJ'J.<iea. ac&J.u w~ n-..u.su ~i1C ·thu ~~a o.z ;.rc~c"ti1on, u.nd ._hu:t i,. Juts~ tho ,...li&ri&.~ :t:orm u:t W.e ~>urJ,l~Uf3 pronuot. :JSw nutm"Ul. ol.eJ:tent o:r tlus

. other rbcuor of production 16.L~bor power. In ~uo~, ~he aino qua non or OOP-1-ta.l.iot p:rodu.o1i1Gn is -.;.be: _porpetut:.1i1on o.:£: 'tho wrr.sa-~ttho.t.~or:-so- ett\phc..tiu 1a l!arz on the l,lo1nt that tlle V"'G<>-laborcr 1u a :i:hC'COJ! or s>rod.uotion that he say.u it 1~ no·~ -the J.t:r.Uo.r:Jr ·tht. t b-u.;,•u i.ihu I:ltsC:t..""'la _o:t' }"""mnr:z.ld:ml: oonounVt1on bu't mcw.no ox' OOJ1UUW.!.H>11)n tht1 J.uborOl."• 11 Thn #1-ut, w.r.i tee }Jurx, "lihu;t: tho J..~boru:r aonuumua his mebJtu t?'~ Kt:.bHinteuc•J :for lU.u own _plll•pou!!:! ,:;,.llQ: no"C -:;o !l~et!OS -__ the ut~.pittUi.s't b..&.u nu b1'!~1llt: ou l.hti Ill~\,'lfe:t'• !CilO UOl'!.ttwnption -c:t :tooa. by &. be!*-e:t­or trurdon is ·nouo 'the lose· u nvceuutS:J"'J' i"acuou 1n the- pro~et:s of' prottu.ol:ii·on, b1>oaue" the .h'>ant ""joy~ what it aBts.·• \!'• 61i:7) . - · ·

The cruoi"i _point r..u~·u i~ ther.t '&hS CJ:ia1i~ce OJ:.' ~he ws:;c.,-l.b.·oor1r..g ol.u.tu.'! 1tt the rei:Ju.l.t 11 not rr.tu•cl..;." the 111~1;ori.u Ue1;1!".:nin1-; 1 o_f'. ou..v:S.tu.liot .Produo­t1o.n~ In other worea • trV:!."l i£ wu u;n:~-..unu: u.e: ~{H.r::: uoet:t, ·tJ:J..b. "t th.o or-.l.giltb-l. -moxu.1,y ld til 11hiuh the c:upi Ui.l1 ot e thrl:all <r.ti. uo bu;y the 1:11eto:rs of pNduct1c.u and -to ;Jrodu.oo gon6.a vre.u att1:f e&.i.nttli, t.ik-'t' BUii\ 1 - dopona..tnt;- u;;.:m 1 t.G r.::.~11 ""&ude 1 w~ul.c:\ aoon bt! oonewneb. in the trJttr~ uon't1U".t1 ty o::t' pronuotion ~'l- T.ht\ ca.O'n of llvin,.~. I:r 1\u e~itrtl!nco i.e nev~rtii'lel.e~o otoriUt~j.zoU., no't u a:t:cg:J.G- u:toJn. c:t­i'ts being owaa ita ex.is':.eaoe ti) :i.lt}' oth.m.• uo\trce nu.t; the 1utpt.t.in h.ou.rs ·o£ luDo.r~ Hone.~ ·.:Marx onnollJ.C.Loo, i:r. t1G u.osum.c th'-'.t 6Vttn tl"tc righ~:J ot: px·opel'ty Tt13l.'e btuuu1 on ma,n' a ov.!l1. lts bor. .1,; is not 1J1e pro,;Jert;y :ritrh"&~- !JU't'- t::he -l2r:ltl.uo­t1cn rel.&. tinna which procl.uoe eavi t><J. is"t; .,.,&.J.tiht "Ce.pl ,.,J.1:Jt !•ror.tu>·uon, \harw xore• u.'"laar l._'~a u.uvoct o:t a OOll'CinU.o"U.u· oonnea'tfatl ,rrooesa. ot u. procouc or recroc.,.ln'tiun. pronu.oeo·:-..nd re11roUu.oeu 'tlte uu..-it.a.l.i~ti rul.u1don; ou 'the one sia.e th~ c~:.p1u.J.1Ji:J1r 1 "n~l.i.tt otltar lilte W~c-l.•borcr~" (P• 6~)" 11 Ti'--t.o tiVtu• re-

. peu tutt purahuue t<lld B,.l..., o.t l.&.bo1'-l1UWflr it! now tho mer<~ .t<>lltt; trhut 'r'~ally ~Us pl4~oe is this--i±.e utJpita1!n't· li.£i21in htlU. n.t;<.t.l.r .. "'-Dl;roprJ.u,t.on ni t.ohuut. eq_u.i Vl.len1..• & rwr,;ion o:t' t.r..fl n.-..t":.·l~).:!.Z\?'U .Lu bor ~i: c'tt:e.r e, f!.l~U ~ ... t'ht"'..l!G'!'H 1 t :tQr h. o·oulier 'J.~W.Uiiil;.y Ol.' ~iVih(:; .lU.DOT'. 11 ()U.j,:l"t.a.lin't- propt')%"'t:f 'th:U.O ;'lt.Ul:'llU OUt. "to be the r16h1' O)l tho pt-~r~ ol: 'tho OUJ.li'tu.J.J.n't_ t.o ''.l> wropr1ht:tt the tUl!"t.l.ld. lu.bo.r or oth~ra or 1 t.o Jl!.'onuo 1: :>no. to 011 the 1"'J>or:c1 lll~11;y, Qll i.l:G ., ..... ~ ol: the 1.:-.Dul.'e.rt Ctf. K.ppro_pr:l.r .. :tAnt; .h1u nml p:ooC..uot.. 'l:fia aopura.a:tion ot prot;.i"::oliy- ~rom ~l\-bl)r ~a bOOOiue tha neooeour:.r aonuoq,\U'll1Cl(l o.r :lt:".w t.ht~ t t~..p,..ul'Ui-1 tl.y orJ.e1:w:toei .l.r1 tJ\Oil• iC:.OI.&.lli li,Y • 11 ( PJ'l• O.liJ-'"t.O J

i;6A pinG ~hill U ..!11:=~ 1ll m!na, WCJ O!Ul t1ra'C cn>.ep ~l•o si t>ld:t'lounoa of ·tho ~a.G.iti\Au by l;:h.r;x wh.ioh ut:t~oaonu 'thli\t• 'tho\.I.Gh CQ.lltLl:t,;y roiE,.;ncc. in aVttJW &.ot nr E>XOh""B"• aev•u•~uol..:~oc toho rn:::ul.'to o:r onr.itul.lat; proO.u.o!llon t.ra (l.) 'Ch"'" 'thto J>roa.uot. bnl~" to i<ho uapitu.llot, not 'thu wo:r~:~>rs, (I>) 'Glul'l; ~e vulue o:r toh1>J proe1uuo: novtl,lrlsGfl h vr.lua "bovt• ohe oonati'litumta o:C vuluo !>t tho •<~lvunoeo. o"p1.'Cttl, nncl. (Ol} th"'1i tho J.u.boror ru..n :ropro4uoea.l'..ill labor powox• ft.ll<l onn soll 11: onoo uga1r• 1:1: hG m•n :rind "' bu;yo::-. ••so ~ong," aonal.udoa ~a~. ~Au the lawR or ~~sn hrs obnervsd in eva~ not of •ych$~go, 1nd1Td­uall;r uonsia.oret.1, "t-hlf £11\JO.e or ... 1f{1rOJ;J:t.'i• c.lun ll"t&)/ oe uu.u.pJ..o \.OJ.y .ruYo.l.u'tll.Unl.&:"a.

wi.thout .1n "the ~~""'" ...:rx .. otmg tho prorerty rt<:hl> bestow<la l>y the prot1uct1on of _oommoctiti.eo." (p. t.~)

Yoreover, 1 t doe" noio .. ~,.,,. """"teriB un.y .1:! simple raprot1~wtion J.s repl~<eat1 D)' reproduction l)tl an snl.argett so&~e. No gra~<ter error, S97B l{ar.z: 0 ann be oamm;:ttau than to t.'ti:n.it thut the conil1 tiOllB or ax_panued re,prodUDti.on

_ &.~e ~~JlS~(l s1m!-'1Y:~~~~:ntue~ _-ntrher ~r.u.J_ar I'UJAtl ;tg_ ~ie.!i?fif!.saa. ~ "&..~e =~"t, ·= 10he ana hbnO., a1! tlur ma.se o:t gooO.a that u:t'e o'torc.d up ror the gradw.~ oon­SltlliPti.on by "the r1oh, and on the other _ll>uld0 oy the :l:c,_tiun o:f .renrYe l'!100Cklil" (p. 646). O:t.o.alJJ.o><~ pal.J.,:I.on~ aconumy ::rea~l.l<Cid that ,.aaumu:l.Ation .,._

- sa.ltllltl not :t'rout !!>:=man of uanaumption. r.u10 :t:r= oxpan111cn o:l: product.iQJ\o :Novlll'thelean •. 110 u:o.awF.<re were thaaa eoonom_iots of 1lh" ro:lo or oonattmt aap- · . .it..l .1n proC.uoll1on that; they,"by a :funlill!nent&~ly ~erl:e<l an;.~yD1e, Etrrived .at the .. bsurll. cona~us1nn t.ha"• sven thouail .,,.ch 1nliivia;.u.l -Pite.J. ill CU.V1.d.o ;ui .1nllO ocnstant l'.nii ~ri.ab~e. 1Jte ""Piti<J. of society reDolvae itseU 1n1io mU;y Yl!lri,.I>J.e oapi tfiJ.. i ~". • 1.s ~tu.il ou.io exolue1.vOtly in pa~ent or -gee." .(p. 64.1) .Thor expoiJIU'e o:S: ihJ.s e1-ror forma 1:hu o<mt<U' of v.>t-:x'Jl'n theor;y o:l:- · . e>:oanllet'l. _reprod.uo"l:1.on 1n Vo~=s n: o:e CAPITAL. For tJtoee 'lllho »re 1nu·.a.,:ient · to'.eeli to.VO~UI!Ie II .. J.el: me aesurG you 1;b.•t ,hili esaenoo lles in tha- YOlllllle· .,. ,.re reit.iovling-VJ.owne I· !l!llall iB nhy XU>.'X was ao insi.Rl:fDlt upon till.& i'Ua'll so ac>on ,.s ue .tnaw the-J.o>ws of 111\U'p~us v...J.ue, ?.llltth =~ tme.~Y""d in Vo~UIIl'J. I na11ihft. tb.., H.te or .t)ror1."to, nor the ~u.eaUon o:tlf_1"9ttlizr--t:1onn-. or- sa~o o'f. ®itl­modit.iee produced, o>:rere &ny dLt:S:i~Llty. Fo~ow onra:fu~ly the ~lysis o:J: the general. ~ ..... of osp1~1st uooU!IIlll.at1on 0 wllersi.n aansta.nt a~<pl.tal 111 ahow<l not only to CU.aoly" J.nto w<tges, but to be tl:oe Yltt'Y "in .. tZ'U!ll<mWl.l.ty by "hioh th;: :.al)1 "t:.l!ct ~z;;c::t:: !~ic nt!.::"t:er.r eva:. "Cll.o ll ~L~g le.bcrer • e::.i~- you. ~vi~:t ~(."'t't

.tho a.nswar.

Whb" ~e ~he gsuerh~ ~~w of cup1t~1ell aao~1:1any or ~oal.aivo u1gn:L:t10&1lce i.n th<>o th<> ~ot; or "ilr! worltl.Jlg olaua l.s ..... int.,g:rfiJ."'parll ox th:la ~- as is thu orga:n1G oompon1t1on or oap1 t~. Th1a is ::o"t"mal"<l" &g1tall1on, but- ann be exp:raasad .Qn 'Chu mt.•s ~ .L)rouiue 'tealmioe.J. torrna .. !l!he orgo-JJ1..1c o::m.po-81 't1.0D. 01: oa.p1'WU. is 1. 'te :i'nliarral.o. t10lll:llli.P be 'two an i.tc vul.ue. oomposi. don• oz the p~ropo~tj.on b~l#wee:...~ e.c-nst~!;t.u:t !::i:.U.a. vb.ri.tJ.b~e uupi. ta1. and 1.tu tsolm:!.c.ui.l. OO!!!.­POB.it1on, or. tile dl.v1,.1on tl~oliWcen "'cans ox proa.u.o;;1in' &.nil. llvhl8 J.ll,bo:t: puwo1!'. !rile· absolute J.aw of prod\Uition lUting tho J>rou·uctl.on o~. surplus va~u.o, the pr1th:1_ o:f! ].a\IQ»" 'll'ou.l.d rie:e oul~· 1.nso::r~r =-= l.l:::t: ria:· doas not. izlta~ara-·_wttl: the progress of e.ao'llll!Ul& "~:ion, xor if 1 t Iii Cl 1nter1'<or" with a.acwnuJ.ation • tlte st1mul.us o:r sa1n woul.O. bs b~untod NJd the rata a:!: &.oawn\lJ.btion m>ul.d·Ql.loolaon un~il ~he p~1oe.ox l&bor_wol\lld f~ll ·;;o the ~ev~l oorreopon~ ~o ~hu noeau o:r the a&J.:f-o:pan£1.on of capJ.tal: "To put !.t •ae.thor.tal:ical.ly," writes ~!urx, "tho rn1:e o2: aoou.mul.utJ.on l.o tho 1n<l.epouuont, not •lle deperHlout ve.rio.bJ.s 1 tile rato o:f wugee, th" dep001uant, not t!lo .1naopondon1l vurie.ble.• (P.• 6'/9)

.AoountUMtl.ou or ""Pi ""~• 1t is 1;rue, :ooona CIXP!lllllion ox proc>.uotion and h""ae clllml!nd :for J.ll,borura and thus tho Bl'ow\ih o:i: the wurlan6 popul.htion. Howevor, thA domasttl oomeB not fl!Dm ohpilih~ '"' -. wholo, lmt onl.y :tr<>m its Vbriabla o0111pononll, wh1oh .to 1-e~utiv0ly mn£1J.l.o~· oomp.,ro;a. l;u 1 ~s C<Jnownt o.nd ~u: te 'tot:;;:!. cap.!.ul. ... J.tcrcover. ·'C-.. ;;:; ";":,U.u; cc~npoDition a.oec :soti :tul~ re:n.eat thl! almnga !.n the oompos1tior< o:e 11:a m .. 1:er1w.J. oouu;;J.,u.onto. ·:o, oro.er 1:o hir<ii mora worl:era, "there io noecta<t no,. on~ " ~;~re~<tur waga-t"l:lulbut grDtt.ter ir.ve11i;.. ro.snt 11':1 :ru.o'torian. 1l.1. mcnnu of prctt'o.J.ot1on u-uU. ru.w ~t,ari~Al.a. :t\'/hure•a :ro:rme~ ly au J.nor"""e or C!b.p1 tal by Eo % wau.J.n have sur:rJ.ood to r&i"e the o.emlioJld :eo.r abor by £0"• now thin lut"tor rlns re•J.Uiro tl trip~mt1g or th.e ortginc..~ ou..p1wl ( V• GUo)

The~ dt:uD.tmd :tor l.i. vi.ng l.t:&.bttl." i.a ~·urt.her .lcuwonod boot.&UDe the sroa'th ot u.co\U!lu.lt&t1.on .ru.eb.ntt 110u uonocntru. t-1on tlllc1 1nUZ"fH\B1ng oanelen1.~ uon ct' the DlObn" o:r p:rocluc"t1on tte~Uts inoreua.l.n~ o~lllli...Ud ovor lb.bor. This 1a llliill rurth­or ~;:~.ggravu.ttu1 by ~ho 1\.i.o~ lill.a't; t.l,.a oonaAAlil"U.t.ioll ox Ot.:.p1 'tt·~J.. 1~ .uooompunied. ll;v "he J.».w o:t "ho oonl:rll.ll!&<Ll:>.<m ox au pi "tll.l.• "C<n>"t>..,.lizn.111on "'"" -w.ke P~""" b;y t1. mere quw1ti'tu.'t!Vt1 ti.rrtu!Oaruent. or liloo OOIQ),)ouwu;a or auoJ.&...L uKpi'ti.o.l.. Otlp­i -.;&.1 uu.y !.n 1:hb1: e~ttee uoouaulu"e 1.n one 11!'lul in l.b.r;;a -'"""" by w1tbar ... w!J16 1·t :frolll cu..ny in0.1 v1nu~<l hWl<IG. aon"tral1zu;;iun 111 " Mr"tnin ~1.ne or .l.ndusuy would It""" r•mohea 1 tN .. x-...· ..... o l1Ul1 t. 1.%: ... ~ 1n111 vi<tu.o.l t:t\Pl. too.~ a 1.uv.,•toil. 1.J1 11: woul.d lu.voa oeen UJuo.lg,.mn"tell into ou" u.l.n!lle oo.p1-..J.." !11h1a is 1:rU&tir.l.o"­t1on. "!rhta ~1mit 'Ciou.L11 u.:.-.; ~G ra .. ulloO. 1XI••ny pur,i<m~ .. ,. aoaie('\f un:ou ths entire IICOit\l ""P1 tu.l unu.lt1 be UJti 'tad, D1 1ihe1' in l:ho hnn<ls o:t one aiJisls oe.pil:alie,;, or ill thoso or one Dingle oornol'tlliiOXl•" (J.ll'• 61:1'1-8) ~" hiHI einoiJ becor.tn moro> ::.'nm1l1ur un<lar 'the plll.'Un!l or "o't"U:!:l.on,1on o:f J,Jronuollion."

. 9075

-i-

~s rosttl.tos or 'this aoto, oon'l:illllOB Ltu.rz: in 1lh1 s 01E1101t<l. fd.daJ. 'l:ian '1:0 "t.'le FrMoh toext or Cupi tul., (hils sino!! be,_ in<ll.uaed in ...:1.1. eaJ. tions), llll.o the sume resulto whether auoompani&~ by "ths vi2snt m~e.o~ &nn~~i~". or ".the lll!loo'l:her rond or :fol'llliilg s"lioo): O<nJ.l'llli&s". The reli'.ll:t is of a 'l.lU.l.i~'l:-1-ve ohl>.:ractor; 'l:ha-;; is, it I>) r..vol.u"li1oni&es tihe. t$Ohnioal. oanposition oil! oapi t;.;.l. -:hat :!. t :!.nerene~a t ~r! coD~amt u_'t 1!he expeno_e o1" 1 'ts · "t'~r1a_ne oanut1.-1i'.lents "'rhe BP<la1:r1oally oe.r1i "tali_ a• · moo.o or pro0.U.o1l1on, . 1ilu• i1eYOAO,p:nlll1i; ox tho ·prcduo1liVe power r>r lJI.bor oorrasponaJ.ng ;;o it, IIUO. -.he oh""'60 then re­aul:U.ng in tho orgal11o oompns1-t1an of oa.pi..,.l., d<l not rullrel.y ke«~p paoo wi'5h the advanae ·of. aooun:nll.,."Gion; ur \i'11iit "liite grow"liit or· aon1,.l; weal.-&b. !~!hay dovol.­op 1io e. .muoh quicker ra1;e ••••• :0: .it -~~. a:!.'igint>J.J.;:r aay l.:l., it ;ta now boo0111.-

.eo S"WiceaoiYI!I~ 2:.1. 0 . <>•1.• -6;1., 1>;:1., 7:1., ew •••• ~e l.&lloring popul.a"tian tho:re .ron'·proclu.oea O.l.Qng wl.'th. 'tho II.Oo=J.Utiol1 or O&.p1.t;a.l. prodUCDii b;l it. tha .. means b;.r whioh 1 t 1 't~eJ.t. io. l!l'l<ie rela "ti.Ve:l.y &Upe>:'f.l.uou.t!, is turn ell. into a .rel.&tive. surpl.us popul.a1l1on •• • .~a. i!J ,. l."'" o:f popul.ntion peoul.io.:z> to th" · oap1 tal1B1; mode o-r produot:l:on." (pp• 690,&92) "The .e:ree:t""' -the .,.,.,_ia'l weal "tho'

. tha :tnna_ti.an1ng o:f on pi tal., tl1s e:ltto:mt "'"'- 11nsrsy oi' :!.to growth, and there-' f'ora :1ih.e tt.tnullu~• ·zn&::,:ae· ~~ "ns _prolelil:t.ri.t:..t.·-.t:l.l't<i ·.:;ru~v.~'ti_vcnc::= ~~-le:.~o~,r:·1;.~_ . graater.1s the inO.uooria:J. resel'VB army. Tho euma ca.u.oes wru.oh ilavel.op ·the expu.no1vs p~wer of oup:l.t&J., d.eve~op al.oo. the la.Oo.r-gower'o.t l.:'Ge cU.apoaal..-••• ::mt. 1<he gretl.1lflr this rrsnarve "'Dl:l' !.r1 rol.at1on to the aotoive l.b.bo1• ,.,r-_..-y, the gr.m•ter 1s 1lho ,.... .. ., 011 u oonaol.ina1;af.\ lil\Xl'pl.ua popul.aiiion, , •• ann 1;he ere&ter 111 or!io1al. puuperium. Tbie is .n~ ~bsolu1;a law of oapitul1st acoumul.~tion.~

: -"·Th~.a._abao~u"toe ·Bene~ J.a.w U.om1tlt:~.'tas· ovor prod.,lOt.ion, "tllUSto even 'When it has reJa.ohed :t'ta ul.Wit\S.'tB developtnen1i through B~liifieu.~:i.on.;; Thi;;.u.b= eol.u•e SQOr&l. .llrw o:r ""Pi -w.l.:!.nto · o.ou\U:IUJ.~<1:1on mllu.ns no-.: olll.-y the po~u.r1""-ti.cn ot wea1~h. 1lho a1.1ena-.:ion or tba pro~uo1ls or labor from the ~~borer, but "'S we· saw at tho Tory besinnLne of thu ~osor1pt1on of 'l;his'al.1en x~bor prooesa, an &l.ienation of hio very oapao1tY. 1:0 lubor·wherain tto.ll. me6ns for the ~aveJ.-, opment of produoToion trunsform thome~l.vos 1n-.:o moans of dom:~.n~-.:1on over ann expl.ol tut1on ·of 1;ho p:!.'ottuosrs, tol\e mu1;1J.a te tile l.aboror into a :l'rl0:6tlen-.: of "' L"\&n• qdegr&.do h1m tc the ~ove:L o%: t:r..n i:l.PPGnl14.16e o~ a m»ohi.na. ~ou"truy avery r •wt;; remnts.nt. or ohCt.rm in hi.u wor!C una. turn i.t 1.nto -u. :h..l2.toa. ton; t;he::r es~ro.ns" :&:rom him liha in;;eU<>o>w:.J.' putontoi .. l.1,.1ee &t:. .lOll" l. ... l>or pro'"'"' a 1n tbol

owne proport1.on. b.S JS01once is 1tlcu~porG-1iad l.n :1. t au en 1ndapena.ent powors · flhey diA>ort the oonn1t1ons ;;m\<JJ' wlll.oh. ho T<Drktl, sullJ&Oto h1m <iur;tns the lta.bor procusa -&o ct. ci.espotisr.:J. 1ih& t:'!Or.a hl:~:tei"ul. ror i'te mets.rmeB~;tJ "tOhey 'tr&.ns-­form h11> l.ife-timo into workine 1:itaea t~.Uii tirug h.is wi:tol =~ oh1l.U bana~<'th bllo JIIBD:!: wheelo ot the .Tuc;t.;$rnsut o:i:' co. pi tal.. llu1> al.l ""HhoiUi :ror - pro­U.u.G1i1on oX gurpluu vu.l.uueu.re t:.~.'t 'tlle a~tt "tiimu uut.h.oU.o o~ 6-coum.uht.:&.ion; and aver:~ exl0em1l1on oi' ttcowml.a U tot baoomeo bguin u mauns :tor the <lev.,l.opment of _thoua methoa.u. Ili fi..lllowu thtJl'ctt'ore thb."t- 1l'l pro1•ort1on o.s OKp.1tul. ta.ocumul.a-10ao, the l.ot a:r ~he laborer, ne hio P"o;,tuen1; high or low, mua"li srow worse. The l.tt..,, r1lltl.lly, "'""" ..;i.".Vu.:f" O<lu!.l.ibrntoa tho rel.a.>1V6 surpl.ue popul. .. t:l.an, or indua"triu.l. rot10rvo hrmy, to the e::1:<wt =u B.Tlorgy of aooumul.tLtion, 1>h1a

.l.«w r1v1 ts the ].aborur to on pi ,..1. more :X:i=l.y ~h!on >he wenges of Vul.O&:I. CU.d. rro:ue"liitous 1:0 -.:ho rook. I"~; ee,..ol1uheu = &.aoumul.t.1;1on or m.1Rery, corraspon­<11ng w1 "&h un "-coumu.lb.tion o:t on pi thl.o Aoou,ml.«tinn or weal"th a.t one pol.e, · 1e thcrv~cre, ~t tho oane t1ma acol~ulat1on o~ mion~. agony. toll, alaver,t.­J.eu.urwloo, uru_~ti.J.J.to)', Illon~l. a.we;ra.Utlo tr:t.on, u'ti t.he uppuui 'te pol.e • OJl. the s1de u:t the olueu th .. t pro>auaon ito" u\'lll prcd.ttc1: 121 tho :ror:n gf oap11;B.l·" (p.'tos.:.'.)) .. ,,

Thin polH.ris:n"ti.t:~n o1' '-:t)u:'..,-ch n't ono .u.nd. t-..oouiTtU.ln,.i~o1ll or J:tisory ut tho ot,;ha1• oomo u.bout., oven 1:hc~~h -r1a auU..IHt tht:.1.1 'the OUJ'itu.llnt stH-r't1n{$ to proc:s.uoo w i tb uolf-eta.rnoa. tr1ouey. rn b. hit.r~or1u11l. ak.o-,;;oh o:t' the retll. gene a1s ol oup1tO,l1sti 1Jl'Ortuo't1.>n,J;;1o..rx'now uhowe us thc1i; in not.u.u.~lt.y ~ht! btlaio o£ au. pi '&nliot ~1ronuot1on T:t.-.D the exprop:riu.tion o:r tho l}nnounli :from ~llo ~ands "Tho ato,.rUnll QOinli or tho t\evol.ormanl. thh1l gnve riue to Ulo wag.~-luborer ~~~ 'Rtlll. 1:1u tho c.mpit.ul.iot wn.o the ao:rvi'tulle o:f Uha lb.Oorer. 11. (D._ 7tJr/) thn."C "the 1Gl'l.llo Pl'OOCB uin£;B Ol" "!;he oh1e1' r.lOIJlCrl~ or priM11:i VO UOOUI!:ulbt1on tt wfu.•e "'l'he 0.1ooove1•y ot co~o. t\lHl silvor 1n .Amorioo., 1<ho e.x'ttorpu.'tion enul.b.ve­'""n1l unn ~ntumouon t 1Il m121aD of t;ho IOAorlt;ln~>l. popul.>L 1;1•111, -c;ha beginning O:C tt,e UDftQ\J.8U~ a.nd, loot;ing oi t.h\~ ,t:no't !U0.1ftfl 1 ~110 liU.trn.i.ng or Ji.%:'X"10Jl. 1n'tO R war:re~n tor i.he owtnoro1ul hunt.iug o~ ol.ua.t.-akins" 1 10hn ... t"url.iltar. t~.ll. 'tilt~ae m~'thuna uepono..,o. ''on br\J.litttoroe • e.g. 'tho uoloni~ Byulium. But they u1~ employ the po\~tol• ot tho u'tu. t.c, tJut at>noon\Oru. tGa. W!O. orgt&Jll~Can 1·oroa o:r ouo1e'ty to ht\ttt~n .• 1n ho10hou.uo tuuhiol&• the t,runatormu.tJ.~ OX' 'the :rouG.QJ.. mode oi' uronuo-c;i!ln into ,;~,., oapi tuliGt mollo, "Ill!. to shorten tlut 'truno1tian.

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· Force 1.i:l :the Plidw!:te o:r. •n•er'Y It is :l.tllel:t. an eocni~o- l )o\lrer

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.. ... . . ·. !l!h11s. we eee tba. t . tho bs.uie o.inoept. ·of J.tUrx' e most abstr..:C,. .-theoriea.waa the ol,.SD =~ 1tll.el.:!:, t.bat,rm int&81"'l ~ o:r .l\18 theo17 of aoouora:tet1on ·1e- the_ mobilt.,..ttc>n of'_ the !'l't>l.etari"t. to·,revol;t. _ or.tiO.illsli- liha 91'0Cl®t.l.o ... .rctl.li\Uwuo' wW.oh hlom,iler · iib.e XUJ..l. •

. iil!yalo~cmt. or ·the 'proll'W>Uve f'orol!lllinto a "h1ghar :ro:>:m o:f society, ataoo1etjr•0 wi'ate lt~U">;0 (p. I.Kll) "in l!bioh '&hG. ::eu:u tl.ll.d rree 49nl.o.P­iuolni':'~ evar;r 1nd1v1iiW>ol. :roms tho 2!tlllng prmoi)l.O.n It ia beoa'IU<"•

. \lflaiiz& him•el:t: ou 'ilia .. inc:'t:!. tabil.1 ty of eoo1&l.1SII 'thlla't . hq: ooUla: d1s.-.. CIJ:m. the law oif motion o:r-oap;t.taJ.im. ·tho :l.nev1t...b1:U'I;y o:I: .. J.ts

·. ·oollap11e. I,. :"""n tlli.s ~t ;;:ave -c;he :fol.'Cle, direot1<'m.' arid 'pro:f-.md1-t;y to; :h-i if ernb]Soia_Lof c;..'P:t'T.AL~ ·-· - · · ··

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