March | April 2013

Transforming aquaculture production using oxygenation systems

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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After the BSE crisis in the EUin late 2001, processed animalproteins (PAPs) were bannedfromutilisationinfeedsforaqua-

culture and livestock. Some products werere-introducedin2005(bloodproducts,milkproducts, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) astheydidnotposeanyriskoftransferringBSEtoconsumptionanimals.Meanwhilethebulkof processed animal proteins was used forotherapplicationsandexportedtomarketsoutsideEurope.

The ever-increasing cost of fishmeal hascausedimportantincreasesinfishfeedprices.It isthereforelogicalthatfishfeedproducerscontinuouslylookforalternatives,butallotherpotentialproteinsourcesarebecomingscarceand expensive. The re-introduction of PAPsintoEuropeanaquafeeds,effectiveonJune1,2013, would help the European aquacultureindustry to solve part of the raw materialproblem.

SustainabilityIt would also reduce considerably the

carbon footprint of aquafeeds, since theseprotein sources are locally available and willpartially substitute imported soybean mealfrom the Americas and fishmeal from PeruandChile.

The carbon footprint of PAPs is muchlower than the footprint of vegetablemeals(Figure1).Alsotheemissionsrelatedto landuseandlandusechange(LULUC)arehigherforvegetablemeals.Thecarbonfootprint of poultry meal originates fromtheproductionof theby-products (based

on a allocation according to economicvalueofmeatandby-products),plusener-gy for transporting the by-products anddryingofthematerial.

Aquaculture is often criticised for usingmore fish thanproducing fish (FIFO>1).There-introductionofPAPsprovidesachancetolowertheFIFOconsiderably.

Apartfromsustainability,alsonutritionally,PAPsarethefirstproteinssourcestobeusedtoreplacefishmeal,foranumberofreasons:

High protein and amino acid contentPAPs are rich in most essential amino

acids except methionine. They are particu-larlyhigh inarginineandotherwatersolubleamino acids (proline, glycine, and glutamic

acid),which act as attractant andpalatant inaquafeeds.

Digestible proteinsDigestibilityvariesa lotbetweendifferent

PAPsandisaffectedbyqualityofrawmateri-alsbeforedryinganddryingmethod.WecanobservethatgoodqualityPAPsshowdigest-ibility levelswhich are as high as thehighestqualityfishmeals.(Table2)

Partially soluble proteins BothfishmealandPAPscontainimportant

amounts of water soluble proteins, in theform of peptides or longer chains. Thesewater soluble proteins are highly digestible,but also will improve the attractibility and

Table 1: Table of composition of feather meal, poultry meal and meat and bone meal in comparison with the requirement of gilthead sea bream, rainbow trout and salmon

Feather meal Poultry meal Meat and

bone meal Salmonids Gilthead sea bream

Crude protein 85 63 50 35-45 38-46

amino acids (in % of CP)

arginine 7,0 6,7 6,9 3.3-5,1 5.0

Histidine 0,8 1,8 1,7 1,6-1,8

Isoleucine 4,9 3,5 2,8 2,0-2.3

leucine 8,2 6,3 5,3 3,6-4.0

Valine 7,4 4,9 3,7 2.9-5,3

lysine 2,4 5,7 5,0 4.0-5,0 5.0

Phenylalanine 4,9 3,6 3,3 4,1-5,3

Meth+Cyst 4,9 3,0 2,1 2,4-4,0 4.0

threonine 4,8 3,6 3,0 1,8-2,2

tryptophan 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,5-1.4 0.6

Nutritional benefits of using Processed Animal Proteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds

by Eric De Muylder1 and Geert van der Velden2

14 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013

FEATURE

March-April 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 15

Volume 16 / Issue 2 / March-April 2013 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2013 / All rights reserved

palatability of aquafeeds. Highly digestibleprotein sources are essential in formulatinglarval and starterdiets for fish. Palatabilityofdiets becomes increasingly important whendietsare formulatedtocontain less fishmeal,butmorevegetableproteins.

Presence of digestible P and Ca Phosphorus digestibility is a major prob-

lem in aquafeed formulation. The phospho-rus present in vegetable proteins is mostlytrappedinphytineandisnotavailableforthefish. Utilisation of phytase can be a solution

to increase the availability of phosphorus.The phosphorus present in meat and bonemeal and poultry meal has a higher avail-ability. As a consequence, the faeces of fishcontaining more animal proteins will containless phosphorus which will find its way intothe environment. This excreted phosphoruscancauseeutrophication.Thisisparticularlyaproblemforcagefarming,andtroutfarminginflowthroughponds.

Low fibre contentMost commercial fish species, cultured in

Europe forhumanconsumptionarecarnivo-rous species. Their ability to digest fibers islimited.Vegetableproteinsourcearegenerallyhigh in fiber content, while animal proteinscontainverylittleamountsoffibers.

Lipid content as energy source, but not as source of essential fatty acids

One disadvantage of PAPs could be thepresence of lipids with saturated fatty acidscomparedtounsaturatedfattyacidsinfishmeal.Lipids in fishnutritionhave a role forprovid-

Figure 1: Carbon footprint of poultry meal and three vegetable meals per tonne of products (Ponsioen &

Blonk, 2010)

14 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013 March-April 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 15

FEATURE

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24 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013

ingessentialunsaturated fattyacids(linolenic,EPAandDHAfor salmonids and EPA andDHA for marine fishes) andasenergysource.

For fish species that cantolerate higher amounts oflipidsintheirdiet,likesalmo-nids,seabreamandseabass,acombinationofanimal,veg-etableand fishoilcansatisfyboth requirements, withoutalteringthefattyacidcontentofthefishflesh.

Presence of some nutrients which still need to be investigated

Due to the ever-increas-

ingpricesandscarcityoffishmeal,researchiscontinuouslysearchingforalternatives.Thisisoftenpossibleuptoacertain level,buttotalreplacementoftenresultsingrowthloss,eventhoughdietswereformulatedtocontainthesameamountsofessentialnutrientsforwhichtherequirementsareknown.

Replacing fishmeal by PAPs gener-ally results in better results than replacingfishmeal by vegetable proteins. There areprobably some unknown nutrients still tobe discovered, which are present in ani-mal proteins but not in vegetable proteins.Hydroxyproline,taurineandnucleicacidsaresome nutrients that has attracted attentionrecently by researchers, but their require-ments still need further investigation. Thereare probably more nutrients to be discov-eredinthenearfuture.

ConclusionPAPs are high quality protein sources.

Their re-introduction into European aqua-feeds will facilitate the formulation of highproteins fish feeds, since their availabilityis better than fishmeal.This will also helpthe strive towards more sustainable aqua-culture. PAPs contain a lot of interestingnutrients and are a better alternative toreplace fishmeal than vegetable proteinsources. ■

Diets contained 17 % Fish oil, 12 % fish oil + 5 % poultry oil or porc bone oil. In

treatment Poultry oil/Fish oil, the fish receive first the diet with poultry oil and than the

diet with only fish oil

Table 2: Overview of Apparent Digestibility Coefficients (ADC) and Apparent Digestibility of Proteins (ADP) observed for Rainbow trout and Gilthead seabream compared to other protein sources

rainbow trout Gilthead sea bream

aDC aDP aDC aDP

lt fish meal 72,6 90,5 71,8 87,5

Danish fish meal 95,8

Hydrolyzed feather meal 65,7-84 % 71,6-87 48,8 51,6-57,7

Meat and bone meal 55,9-72 83-89 35-79

Poultry meal 59,8-77 83-91 80-89,9

Soybean meal 29,5-75,3 95,9 86-90,9

Soy protein concentrate 53,2 90,4

Corn gluten 80-95 74,5-89,5 90

"PAPs are high quality protein sources.

Their re-introduction into European

aquafeeds will facilitate the formulation

of high proteins fish feeds, since their

availability is better than fishmeal"

More InforMatIon:Website: www.sonac.biz1CreveTec, eric@crevetec.be2Sonac BV, geertvandervelden@sonac.biz

16 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013

FEATURE

16 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013

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Transforming aquaculture production using

oxygenation systems

Nutritional benefits of processed animal proteins

– in European aquafeeds

Towards aquafeeds with increased food security

Bioenergetics – application in aquaculture nutrition

Volume 16 I s sue 2 2 013 - mARCH | APR I l

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