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ABOUT ABOUT ANOMALIES ANOMALIES

PHYSICS PHYSICS

Vladimir A. Vladimir A. PinchukPinchuk

Baltic Baltic State Technical State Technical UniversityUniversity

Saint-Petersburg, RussiaSaint-Petersburg, Russia

vap@vp7550.spb.edu

SOME REFERENCESSOME REFERENCES

• Pintchuk V.A. “The nature and energy sources of the Ball Lightning”// Proceedings of 24th International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC-95-233, Moscow, Russia, September 19-23, 1995. P. 1-11.

• Pinchuk V.A. “Physical basis of cold fusion and prospects of its application as engine power”// Proceedings of the 3rd International conference on new energy systems & conversions, Kazan. Russia. 1997. September 8-13. P. 189-192.

• Pinchuk V.A. “The phenomenon of Ball Lightning and Cold Nuclear Synthesis”// Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on energy, environment & economic, Vol. 2, Kazan, Russia, 1998. P. 199-213.

• Pinchuk V.A. “The phenomenon of Ball Lightning and Cold Synthesis”. News of Institutes of Higher Education (Power problems). 1999. № 3-4. P. 49-64 (only in Russian).

• Pinchuk V.A. “Reality and the nature of cold nuclear synthesis are justified by the ball lightning existence”// Proceedings of the 4th International conference on new energy systems & conversions, – Osaka. Japan. Osaka Univ., 1999. P. 361-368.

• Pinchuk V.A “The nature of cold nuclear synthesis and problems of ensuring its application prospects in space technology”// All-Russian electro-technical congress with international participation “On centuries boundary: results and trends” (WELC-99). Theses. Vol. 3. Moscow. Russia. 1999. P. 730-732.

• V.A. Pinchuk. “The common techniques features and prospects of cold nuclear synthesis assimilation to needs of power engineering”// Proceedings of the 5th International conference on new energy systems & conversions. Shanghai. P.R. China. 2001. P. 369-374.

• Pinchuk V.A. “The cold nuclear synthesis as energy source: the physical nature and practical assimilation ways” // The International Conference “Space challenge in 21st century” : Russia, Moscow-Kaluga. September 15-19, 2003: Extended abstracts – Moscow. Russia. 2003. P. 98-99 (only in Russian)

Common state of nuclear Common state of nuclear synthesis problemsynthesis problem

• As for now, no practical using methods of nuclear synthesis energy exist. Traditionally untwisted ways of searching for methods to solve this problem are oriented as a whole onto elaboration of technologies for production and following keeping (over time period enough for reaction completion) of material formations with temperatures T~108-109 K, that are both the most favourable for different plasma instabilities evolution and so difficult for realization. The pessimism in assessments of real possibilities to solve the nuclear synthesis problem by this way, being sensed at the last time, is best to characterize

• the one’s common prospects.

Cold nuclear Cold nuclear synthesis problemsynthesis problem

• The experimental realizations of cold The experimental realizations of cold nuclear synthesis are known. The nuclear synthesis are known. The ones are characterized however by ones are characterized however by too low (under practical power too low (under practical power viewpoint) densities of given out viewpoint) densities of given out energy. As it takes place, a possibility energy. As it takes place, a possibility to increase CNS power-output up to to increase CNS power-output up to now has not been elucidated yet, first now has not been elucidated yet, first of all because of both the principal of all because of both the principal troubles to interpret the nature of troubles to interpret the nature of CNS and to specify necessary CNS and to specify necessary conditions to realize the one (the conditions to realize the one (the satisfactory interpretation of CNS satisfactory interpretation of CNS observations within the generally observations within the generally accepted physical concepts is accepted physical concepts is presented impossible). presented impossible).

• The problem of CNS nature The problem of CNS nature substantiation is so especially substantiation is so especially significant.significant.

The Attack MethodThe Attack Method • Assessing prospects for views formulation of CNS

nature first of all the attention was paid to the presence in the reaction zone of uncompensated electric charge (excess).

• The hypothesis has been proposed that the observed CNS realizations could be substantiated ….

• …. by existing of traditionally not accounted (earlier unknown) peculiarity of internal energy equilibrium conditions - IEEC (between energy states of different nature) that manifests itself in medium formations with uncompensated electric charge and are responsible for CNS realization in that number[1]

•[1] Let’s point out that within of the traditional (and predominant up to present) views the inner energy equilibrium conditions don’t depend on whether uncompensated electric charge is kept or is not kept in the medium composition.

THE FIRST STEPSTHE FIRST STEPS

• The trustworthiness of the being formulated hypothesis was being estimated without respect to mechanism of AQN-formations origin (as being of one’s own scientific interest). The consideration was being done within the framework of thermodynamic method. When it was done the medium was considered as thermodynamically opened system with variable number of particles and corresponding to three-liquid plasma model.

• The ionization degree

•

• and relative content of the uncompensated electronic component

•

• were used as the state parameters.

)0(

*

)0(

*

)0(

**

a

i

a

i

a

i

n

n

kTn

kTn

p

p

*

**

*

**

*

** )(

i

ie

i

ie

i

ie

n

nn

kTn

kTnn

p

pp

It was exposed so that the It was exposed so that the internal ionizing equilibrium internal ionizing equilibrium

conditions of AQN-formation are conditions of AQN-formation are determined by the equationdetermined by the equation

,exp

)()2(

3

2/52/3

kT

Ve

h

kTmgp

j

j

cj

jj

cj

j

ajif

ejif

ijif

c j,1

;),1(

;,1

,exp)()2(

)1(

3

2/52/3)1(**

kT

Ve

h

kTmg

g

g

p

pp ee

a

i

a

ei

kT

Ve

h

kTmg

g

g

n

nn ee

a

i

a

ei

exp)2(

)1(

3

2/3)1(**

that, with neglect of a negligibly small components, can be brought to anyone from

a

ig

g

P )1()1(**

)1()2*( 1

)1(1)1(

)1(

.exp)()2(

)1(

3

2/52/3

kT

Ve

h

kTmg ee

Here: Here: VV – ionization potential; – ionization potential; ΩΩ - - the potential of the space, the potential of the space, the value of which can be estimate as the value of which can be estimate as

the minimum work done by the the minimum work done by the external influence on charge injection external influence on charge injection

into the AQN-formation’s volume into the AQN-formation’s volume

General character of internal the energy equilibrium conditions

(IEEC)In an analogous way the general

character of the internal energy equilibrium conditions are revealed:

For the reaction of type A+B<=>AB

kT

eTKp act

j

c

jj

cj

jj

exp)(

.,,1

,,

,,1

BAjif

ejif

ABjif

c j

act activation energy of the association reaction

COMMON COMMON IEECIEEC PECULIARITIESPECULIARITIES

• The relationships correspond to the content of operating masses law and really display early unknown peculiarities, manifesting essentially by added term

in the exponent index

e

COMMON COMMON IEECIEEC PECULIARITIES……….PECULIARITIES……….

..

In context of the revealed IEEC it turns out that among other things the such a parameter as traditionally evaluated temperature T being applied to localized formations with uncompensated charge (“aquasi-neutral” or AQN – formations) directly determines the equilibrium populations only of mechanical energy states.

COMMON COMMON IEEC IEEC PECULIARITIES………..PECULIARITIES………..

If within the limits of traditional approaches

and with regard to IEEC - the excitation temperature of chemical bonds and electron energy states of level of AQN-medium, then its relationship with - the excitation temperature of mechanical (translational, oscillatory and rotational) energy states (below referred as translational) is determined by

Texc*

j

j

T

T Teexcj

j

*

COMMON COMMON IEEC IEEC PECULIARITIES……….PECULIARITIES……….

In other words, as it was supposed In other words, as it was supposed according IEEC the injection of according IEEC the injection of excess charge into the medium excess charge into the medium really causes deformation of the really causes deformation of the energy state population energy state population distribution function to the formdistribution function to the form

when when ( ) if

.

Or evenOr even

underunder .

kT

eN

jj

exp*

T Texc* Texc

*0 0e

TTexc *

0e

Significant Significant remark:remark:

An AQN-foundation is thermodynamically opened system that is characterized first of all with being essentially disturbed one’s equilibrium.

That is ….the That is ….the revealed IEECrevealed IEEC

• must be considered first of must be considered first of all no as postulate directly all no as postulate directly giving proof of AQN-giving proof of AQN-foundation characteristicsfoundation characteristics

• but, ratherbut, rather,, only as the only as the restrictions complex that restrictions complex that substantiates both a substantiates both a common character and common character and exciting necessity of exciting necessity of relaxation in AQN-relaxation in AQN-medium medium (right away since (right away since origin moment) origin moment) towards towards equilibrium taking into equilibrium taking into account of surplus account of surplus electric charge presence electric charge presence in the one’s compositionin the one’s composition..

IEEC as Basis to IEEC as Basis to substantiated CNSsubstantiated CNS

• As applied to the target As applied to the target directionality of the work, directionality of the work, the revealed peculiarities the revealed peculiarities (regularities) of equilibrium (regularities) of equilibrium conditions are so primarily conditions are so primarily interest as the restrictions interest as the restrictions complex onto both the complex onto both the compound and the compound and the specificity of relaxation specificity of relaxation processes of AQN-processes of AQN-formations being formed formations being formed by external actions. by external actions.

…………………………• The revealed peculiarities The revealed peculiarities

(regularities), in this (regularities), in this connection, are evidence connection, are evidence above all for the existence of above all for the existence of traditionally not be taken into traditionally not be taken into account earlier (unknown) account earlier (unknown) channelchannel of of control control over over material media states material media states wherein electric charge plays wherein electric charge plays the role of controlling actions the role of controlling actions factor upon the medium factor upon the medium (charge-up control channel).(charge-up control channel).

We should particularly We should particularly concentrate our attention on concentrate our attention on the fact that approaching of the fact that approaching of AQN-systems towards the AQN-systems towards the internal energy equilibrium internal energy equilibrium conditions according to IEEC conditions according to IEEC is realizing is realizing

in “up to down” direction.in “up to down” direction.

Importance of the noted Importance of the noted becomes more apparent when becomes more apparent when

it is taken into accountit is taken into account,,

that the realization probability of one or another reaction type (including the CNS reaction itself) in every particular moment of time at the stage of the system relaxation to the new quasi-stationary state (due to the changes of internal equilibrium conditions caused by the injection of excess electric charge by external factors) may be estimated according to the equation

i.e. as the difference between the excitation temperature of the corresponding to the relaxation reaction energy level and the translational temperature related to the excitation temperature itself.

,0,1

;0,/)()(

*

***

exc

excexcexc

Tif

TifTTTtp

j

In other words, In other words, if the AQN-formations is realized in the if the AQN-formations is realized in the medium with low temperatures then medium with low temperatures then

initial levels of initial levels of

necessary stretch over negative region necessary stretch over negative region and then, in the course of relaxation, and then, in the course of relaxation, undergo discontinuity of theundergo discontinuity of the type type

( ). ( ). ,

If electronic shell and nuclear in totality to consider as united, being energetically balanced system, that the last can be interpreted as an indirect indication onto development possibility under the relaxation an instability of the AQN-medium’s atom-molecular structure the CNS-realization conditions in that number.

T Teexcj

j

*

It is important to note that control actions It is important to note that control actions onto medium by the charge factor in onto medium by the charge factor in

common are realized under conditions of common are realized under conditions of charge instabilities, being excited, for charge instabilities, being excited, for

example, by acoustic or electrical example, by acoustic or electrical influences upon medium.influences upon medium.

Call attention to the fact that in these conditions not only positive but and negative activation energy correction factors ( ) are being formed.

Under this conditions the population of electron energy states corresponding to standard distribution becomes re-exciting one.

Being sprang up so misbalance over the populations distribution must be suppressed by energy (electrons) flow from out shell of medium. The one substantiates the phenomenon of k - or e - capture (corresponding to arising of neutrons and within framework of the common dynamic circle AQN-systems formation).

So it is substantiated at the present that phenomenon of k- or e-capture is needed step of conditions forming for cold nuclear synthesis realization1).

1) S. V. Tsivinski. “About principally new possibility to realize nuclear synthesis of deuterium, tritium and helium from hydrogen atoms”. Vestnik of Russian Academia of Natural Sciences. Physics. N3. 2002. P. 43-45. (only in Russian).

0e

So…..So…..The revealed conditions of internal

energy equilibrium substantiate an existence of traditionally not accounted (earlier unknown) control channel over material media states

(charge-up control channel) where the electric charge plays a role

of controlling influences factor.

Of the one, which testifies to real prospects of searching for ways of

CNS assimilation [1].

However common peculiarities of the channel using (and as applied to assimilation CNS problem in that number) up to now is not cleared yet.

• [1] The marked bears essentially witness to the possibilities of charge-up channel using for exiting of wide reactions spectrum with high levels of potential activation barrier (the nuclear synthesis reactions in that number) in media with differences of both compound and phase state.

Introduce clarity into Introduce clarity into conditions of charge-up conditions of charge-up control channel using..control channel using..

• To give a more precise definition about needed conditions for effective using of charge-up control channel, the plasma’s quasi-equilibrium parameters (in both quasi- and aquai-neutral states, all others things being equal) were being estimated.

• The estimation was being done as applied to conditions in channel of Hall’s MGD Generator

The results were being The results were being analyzed under assumption analyzed under assumption

thatthat

• Hall MGDG SCHEME

• the high performance of charge-up channel using can be principally ensured only in the temperatures range where, depending on there is or there isn’t uncompensated charge in the media composition, differences between estimations of media’s quasi-equilibrium ionization characteristics are revealed.

It is determinedIt is determined in in this connectionthis connection

• that significant that significant differences of differences of quasi-quasi-equilibrium equilibrium ionization ionization parameters of parameters of AQN AQN formations formations relative to its relative to its analogues but analogues but of quasi-of quasi-neutral neutral medium medium are are principally principally revealed only revealed only in field of in field of relative lowrelative low temperatures.temperatures.

In other wordsIn other words

• the possibilities to use the charge-up channel for efficient controlling over material media states are realized only inside the range of relatively low temperatures.

• Being revealed so limitations carry a principal character and, in the framework of the developed views, can be considered as one of the significant peculiarities of ways searching of cold nuclear assimilation as a whole.

In addition the real perspectives In addition the real perspectives to make more exact, to make more exact, on basis of on basis of

the revealed regularitythe revealed regularity, the views , the views of some different key, but up to of some different key, but up to

now not solved yet, physics now not solved yet, physics problems were being estimated.problems were being estimated.

• The Ball Lightning;

• Some aspects of Burning theory;

• Energy feeding mechanism Substantiation of high frequency instability (HFI) in chambers of heat engines

• were being examinedwere being examined

• in that number

As for As for

Ball Lightning, Ball Lightning, • In common:

• BL’s sphericity; • Radiation capacity;• Energy feeding source;• BL’s accumulation channels

and resources of energy;• Multi-facing problem

• are substantiatedare substantiated

• in this fashion

The needed numerical The needed numerical estimations estimations

to substantiate

BL’s sphericity

• had been received

BL’s radiation BL’s radiation capacitycapacity

was confirmed was confirmed

It was It was substantiated so substantiated so

thatthat

the environmentthe environment

is is

BL’sBL’s energy energy feeding source feeding source

Accumulation Accumulation channelschannels

and and

resources resources

of BL’s energy of BL’s energy are revealed soare revealed so

It was substantiated that It was substantiated that BL’s energy resources is BL’s energy resources is

worthwhile to carry out each worthwhile to carry out each among components:among components:

- radiation flow;

- energy, accumulated by BL as capasitor;

- the energy, accumulated by the BL-medium due to the distribution function deformation of chemical bonds and electron energy states populatons.

Energy feding Energy feding mechanisms:mechanisms:

• Convection heat exchange;• Mass exchange mechanism.

•Multi- facing problemMulti- facing problem

• It would be prudent to wait that the quasi-stationary characteristics of BL will be different depending of whether one or other from the constituents is predominant in energy transfer mechanism from environment to the BL

Bl’s energy resours Bl’s energy resours &&

multi-facing multi-facingConvection heat exchangeConvection heat exchange

Mass exchange mechanismMass exchange mechanism

In the framework of In the framework of burning mechanismburning mechanism

• It is substantiated that account of revealed account of revealed inner energy inner energy equilibrium conditions equilibrium conditions opensopens really new possibilities for ideas deepening about both about both exothermic reactions exothermic reactions excitation mechanism excitation mechanism on burning and on burning and ensuring conditions of ensuring conditions of burning process burning process steadinesssteadiness as a whole.as a whole.

High frequency instability High frequency instability (HFI) in chambers of heat (HFI) in chambers of heat engine up to now has not engine up to now has not

received needed received needed comprehension yet (energy comprehension yet (energy

feeding mechanism feeding mechanism especially)especially)

• Attention was drawn to he fact that HFI is accompanied with progress of instabilities in charge distribution over volume displaying first of all by forming in burning product medium of macroscopic formations with surplus electric charge•

• • Pinchuk V.A. “Low-Temperature Plasma to External Acoustic Distturbances” Journal of Engineering Physics Thermodynamics (JEPTER). Vol. 67. N. 1-2. 1994. P. 781-784

It is felt that relaxation in It is felt that relaxation in connection connection withwith natural reduction natural reduction

of reactions’ activation barrier of reactions’ activation barrier will be accompanied by will be accompanied by

intensification in the AQN-intensification in the AQN-formations medium of wide formations medium of wide spectrum of endothermic spectrum of endothermic

reactions and, first of all, of reactions and, first of all, of dissociation reactions (for dissociation reactions (for

example H2O<—>HO+H and/or example H2O<—>HO+H and/or CO2 <—>co+O)CO2 <—>co+O)

Natural increase of local levels of both molar concentrations and

medium’s pressure will ensure, in that case, steady forming of

positive reverse connection being directed onto intensification of

initial inner-chamber instabilities.

 

 

Energy feeding Energy feeding Scheme of inner Scheme of inner chamber’s HFIchamber’s HFI

   

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION• Traditionally not accounted

regularity (IEEC) establishing dependence of inner energy equilibrium conditions (between energy states with different physical nature) on presence or absence in media composition of surplus electric charge has has been confirmedbeen confirmed

• The role of IEEC as a physics The role of IEEC as a physics basis of anomalies row of basis of anomalies row of natural and/or artificial origin natural and/or artificial origin has been substantiated has been substantiated

• The fundamental character of The fundamental character of IEEC and expediency to take IEEC and expediency to take into account the one into account the one when solving of wide row of sciences and applied problems has been has been displayeddisplayed