p0993 grimsby
TRANSCRIPT
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80000'To Hamilton
Mapping of the surficial geology of the Grimsby area was initiated and completed, except for its northwestern corner, during the summer of 1974 under the supervision of B. Feenstra with excellent assistance from P. Barnett, P. Fina more, and K. Girard. The study of the Quaternary sequence in this map-.area was also advanced by the results of exploratory drillings by the Geological Survey of Canada (Project 730029, Urban Geology of Hamilton).
Parts of the following regional munici palities are covered by the map-area:
1. Niagara in the east, including the towns of Grimsby and Smithville;
2. Hamilton-Wfntworth in the west as far as the town of Ancaster; and
3. Haldimand-Norfolk in the south, including the town of Caledonia.
Bedrock Geology:
Queenston Formation outcrops (map-unit 1) north of the Niagara Escarpment consist in many places of up to 4 feet (1.2 m) of very weathered bedrock (red clay) grading downward into typical brick-red shale. The Queenston shale and the overlying Cataract Group formations (map-unit 2; Whirlpool sandstone, Manitoulin dolostone (only in the west),*Cabot Head shale, and Grimsby sand stone and shale (its lower part)) are generally mantled by talus and relatively thick Halton Till (map-unit 7) along the lower part of the Niagara Escarpment. The upper part of the Grimsby Form ation and the everlying Clinton Group formations (map-unit 2; Thorold sandstone, Reynales dolo stone, Irondequoit limestone and dolostone, Rochester shale (intermittently), and DeCew dolo- J stone), capped by Lockport Formation dolostone, chert, and limestone (map-unit 3; Gasport and Goat Island Members), are generally exposed along the upper part of this escarpment. Bedrock out crops occur frequently in a 2-. to 6-mile (3 to 10 km) wide belt along the top of the Niagara Escarpment. They consist of dolostones of the Lockport Formation (map-unit 3; Goat Island and Eramosa Members), and Guelph Formation (map-unit 4) in the northwestern part of the map-area. The Vinemount Member shaly dolostone of the Lockport Formation is exposed at the Vinemount quarry of Armstrong Brothers Limited and at the quarry of A. Cope and Sons Limited south of Stoney Creek. The Eramosa and Guelph dolostones form sub sidiary scarps which are at least modified if not caused solely by glacial erosion. The northernmost Eramosa scarp possibly marks the westward continuation of the Vinemount Member from the Vinemount quarry. Dolostone and shale of the Salina Formation (map-unit 5) are exposed at several places along the Grand River near York and Caledonia, and along the McKenzie Creek west of York.
Quaternary Geology;
The oldest mappable Quaternary deposit of the map-area is the Late Wisconsinan Wentworth Till (map-unit 6d). It is a gravelly silt till exposed solely in the form of drumlins located south of the Welland River and Guelph-Salina bedrock contact (Sanford 1969). Some of them rest directly on the irregular Salina surface, and upwards they protrude through a cover of proglacial Lake Warren deposits (map-unit 8).
A few pits near Boston Creek west of York expose sand and gravel deposits which are capped by these Warren clays (map-unit 8), and similar buried deposits are present to the south in the Dunnville map-area (Feenstra 1974).
The Late Wisconsinan Halton Till (map-unit 7) is a clay to clayey silt till, overlies and is finer textured than the Wentworth Till al though they have not been observed in the same section in this map-area. The reference area for these tills south of the Niagara Escarpment in the peninsula is located along the newly con structed Welland Canal By-Pass in the Welland map-area (Feenstra I972b). The northernmost exposures of the Halton Till in this map-area occur along the Lake Ontario shore bluff; its southernmost exposures predominantly along the Welland River. It is exposed in the form of a till-plain from Lake Ontario southward to the Niagara Escarpment. It is relatively thick (up to 100 feet ; 30 m) near the lakeshore north east of Stoney Creek in the Redhill re-entrant in the escarpment)in the buried bedrock valley be tween Grimsby and Grimsby Beach,and along the escarpment where it is lodged against its lower section. Reference sections of the Halton Till for this part of the map-area are found along the shore bluff east and west of Grimsby where it overlies the Queenston red shale and is covered by proglacial Lake Iroquois clay, silt and sand (map-units 13 and 14). Its basal part is red, relatively coarser textured, and consists almost entirely of Queenston shale (local till).
Halton Till is also exposed south of the Niagara Escarpment and there predominantly in the form of the Vinemount Moraine located along its brow, and the paralleling Niagara Falls and Fort Erie Moraines farther southward. Between Vineland (Feenstra 1972a) and Vinemount, the Vinemount Moraine consists of: 1) a cap of 5- to 10-foot (1.5 to 3 m) thick silty till trun cating, 2) a l- to 9-foot (0.3 to 2.7 m) thick stratified sequence of sand silt and clay resting on, 3) 16- to 21-foot (4.9 to 6.4 m) thick lower silty clayey till overlying 4) 5-foot (1.5 m) thick laminated clay and silt which have also been incorporated in the lower till and rest on 5) Goat Island dolostone bedrock.
The Niagara Falls and Fort Erie Moraines are generally covered by proglacial Lake Warren deposits (map-units 8, 9 and 10); the Vinemount Moraine is covered by these deposits only in the Hamilton area (Clay, map-unit 8). The Lake Warren deposits obscure, in particular, the tract of the Fort Erie Moraine in the eastern part of the map-area, and bedrock topography, controlling the occurrence of small ridges of till north of Smithville, complicates the eastward tracing of the Niagara Falls Moraine.
Near Elfrida this moraine consists of 45 feet (13.7 m) of Halton Till over dolostone bed rock, and represents definitely, as does the Vinemount Moraine and possibly the Fort Erie Moraine in this map-area, a substantial increase (30 feet (9 m) or more) in thickness of the till- sheet south of the escarpment. Thin (4 to 8 feet; 1.2 to 2.4 m) silty clayey Halton Till is exposed predominantly along the distal slope of the Fort Erie Moraine in the Rerforth-Southcote area due to erosion of the overlying, relatively thin (3 to 8 feet; 0.9 to 2.4 m), glaciolacustrine cover (map-units 8, 9, and 10). The till overlies, here and 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west of South- cote, similar glaciolacustrine deposits which rest probably on Wentworth Till; south of the Fort Erie Moraine, between Glanford Station and the Welland River, it rests directly on bedrock and is covered by thicker (53 feet; 16 m) Warren clay and silt (map-unit 8).
The Wentworth Till records the penultimate advance of the Ontario glacial lobe across the map-area and the alignment of drumlins indicates that the direction of ice movement varied locally between southwest and slightly south of west. The Halton Till records the last advance of this lobe moving towards the southwest in the map- area. The margin of the main body of ice was located between the Grand and Welland River courses of today and bordered proglacial Lake Warren. The moraines mark grounded ice-marginal positions during north-northeastward general retreat of the glacial lobe. The sequence in the Vinemount Moraine between Vineland and Vine mount records one or two local re-advances of the lobe into Lake Warren.
Deposits of proglacial Lake Warren in this map-area form a vast lake-plain south of the Niagara Escarpment. These deposits consist pre dominantly of interstratified clay and silt (map-unit 8) which are overlain by silt (map- unit 9), and shallow-water glaciolacustrine- deltaic sand (map-unit 10), forming a deposi tional scarp, in the northwestern part of the map-area. The clay and silt unit thickens south ward to more than 70 feet (21 m); the silt unit is more than 10 feet (3m) thick in places, and the sand unit is about 20 feet (6 m) thick. Shoreline features of former proglacial lakes mapped in other parts of the peninsula south of the Niagara Escarpment (Feenstra I972a,b; 1974) are very scarce in this map-area. Glaciola custrine sand and gravel representing reworked Wentworth Till, but too small to be mapped on this scale, occur on drumlins at elevations of 700 feet (200 m) amsl and 640 to 650 feet (195 to 198 m) amsl, while interbedded sand silt, and some gravel (map-unit 11) at 630 to 650 feet (192 to 198 m) constitute a thin unit of re worked Halton Till along the distal slope of the Vinemount Moraine southwest of Grimsby.
43" 15
Burlington Sl/2 m To Burlington
\\35' 79030'
15'
ONTARIO
Grimsby Beach
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Ontario Division of Mines
HONOURABLE LEO BERNIER, Minister of Natural Resources DR. J. K. REYNOLDS, Deputy Minister of Natural Resources
G. A. Jewett, Executive Director, Division of Mines E. G. Pye, Director, Geological Branch
PRELIMINARY MAP P. 993 GEOLOGICAL SERIES
43W
80000'
Thin sheets of sand in the Redhill re-entrant in the Niagara Escarpment (map-unit 12), in the Twelve Mile Creek re-entrant and in the one near St. Davids (Bell Terrace) in the Niagara map-area (Feenstra I972a) to the east were probably de posited in a proglacial lake with a level about 120 feet (40 m) higher than that of Lake Iroquois north of the escarpment. Older alluvium along Twenty Mile Creek between Balls Falls and Jordan, also in the Niagara map-area (ibid, map-unit 4), was deposited during this lake stage and one at lower elevation.
The abandoned shoreline of proglacial Lake Iroquois, the most prominent of all such strand- lines in the peninsula, follows partly along the talus-covered base of the Niagara Escarpment, or consists of a bluff composed of Halton Till, or a thin and narrow bay-mouth bar (map-unit 15) along King Street across the Redhill re-entrant.
7Clanbrassil2llzm
The base of the bluff occurs generally at ele vations between 350 and 360 feet (106 to 109 m) while the top of the bay-mouth bar is at slightly higher elevation. A small spit (map-unit 15) was formed in this lake west of Winona. The lake terrace is mainly underlain by Queenston shale and Halton Till although a sheet of predominantly fine sand (map-unit 14) was deposited along the shoreline and is relatively thicker (up to 15 feet; 4.5 m) in Hamilton and in the vicinity of Grimsby. Finer material (clay and silt of map- unit 13) was deposited in basinal areas north of Stoney Creek and east of Grimsby, or in small areas along the escarpment which were protected by barriers from the open lake. The Grimsby alluvial fan deposit (map-unit 16) occurs at the mouth of the gorge cut into the Niagara Escarpment by Forty Mile Creek and just below the former level of proglacial Lake Iroquois. A remnant of a possible similar fan deposit, also
situated below this former lake level, occurs near Twenty Mile Creek between Jordan and Jordan Station in the Niagara map-area (Feenstra I972a; map-unit 5c). They were likely developed during lowering of the proglacial lake level.
Older alluvium (map-unit 17) consisting mainly of sand was deposited in the form of terraces, at elevations between 610 and 631 feet (185 and 192.3 m) along the Grand River. They developed when an ancestral Grand River entered a lake (± 600 feet; 180 m) in the Erie basin near Dunnville (Feenstra 1974) south of the map-area.
Mappable, Recent deposits consist of alluvium (map-unit 18), predominantly along the Grand River, Welland River, and Twenty Mile Creek, and Lake Ontario beach gravel and sand (map-unit 19) north of Stoney Creek.
Industrial Mineral Resources:
The Eramosa dolostone (Lockport Formation, map-unit 3) is quarried for road construction, asphaltic concrete, and concrete aggregate at the Vinemount quarry of Armstrong Brothers Company Ltd., I*E miles (2.5 km) southeast of Vinemount, and at the quarry of A. Cope and Sons Limited located south of Stoney Creek and the Niagara Escarpment, and west of Highway 20. Gypsum (Salina Formation, map-unit 5) is mined at Cale donia by Domtar Construction Materials Limited for the production of various types of board.
Sand and gravel are extracted from glacio- lacustrine-deltaic deposits (map-unit 10) near Ancaster, and from ice-contact (t) deposits, capped by Warren clay and silt (map-unit 8), south of Caledonia. These resources are quite limited in the map-area and are mainly used locally in road and sewer construction.
SELECTED REFERENCES
BEDROCK GEOLOGY:
^ X 40' Adjoins Dunnville Area, R 981Canboro
Sanford, B.V.1969: Geology, Toronto-Windsor Area, Ontario;
SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Scale: 1:50,000 1.25 inches to l mile approximately
O 1 Mile
1000
NTS Reference: 30 M/4
1000 Metres
ODM 1975
Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Ontario Division of Mines and the material is properly referenced.
LEGEND
CENOZOICQUATERNARY
RECENT
Cultural Features: gypsum plant
Lake Ontario beach gravel and sand
Stream deposits: predominantly clay and silt, some sand and gravel
PLEISTOCENELATE WISCONSINAN
11
10
6d
Stream terrace sand, some gravel
Alluvial fan gravel
Lake Iroquois Deposits
Glaciolacustrine beach sand and gravel
Glaciolacustrine sand
Glaciolacustrine clay and silt
Glaciolacustrine sand
Lake Warren Deposits
Glaciolacustrine silt and sand
Glaciolacustrine sand
Glaciolacustrine silt
Glaciolacustrine clay and silt
Halton Till: clayey silt-clay till
Wentworth Till: gravelly silt till (in drurnlins)
Unconformity
PALEOZOIC SILURIAN
Salina Formation: dolostone (shale, gypsum)
Guelph Formation: dolostone
Lockport Formation: dolostone (limestone, chert, and shale)
Clinton and Cataract Groups: sand stone, shale, limestone, and dolo stone
ORDOVICIAN
Queenston Formation: shale
Note: Generally that part of a mappable unit with thickness equal to or greater than 3 feet (0.9 m) is outlined.
SYMBOLS
Bedrock Outcrop (small)
Geological boundary (actual or approximate)
Geological boundary (assumed)
Glacial striae on bedrock (direction of ice movement known)
Gypsum mine
Moraine crest
Rock quarry
Scarp
Sand and gravel pit
Shoreline, abandoned
Rock drumlin
Coleman, A. P.1936: Lake Iroquois; Ontario Dept. Mines, Vol.45,
Bolton, T.E.1957: Silurian Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of
the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 289, 145p. Accompanied by plates and charts.
Caley, J.F.1940: Palaeozoic Geology of the Toronto-Hamilton
area, Ontario; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 224, 284p. (reprinted 1961). Accompanied by Map 584A scale l inch to 4 miles or 1:253,440 and Map 585A scale l inch to 2 miles or 1:126,720.
Hewitt, D.F.1971: The Niagara Escarpment; Ontario Dept. Mines
and Northern Affairs, IMR35, 71p.
Geol. Surv. Canada, Map 1263A, scale l inch to 3.95 miles or 1:250,000.
Sanford, J.T.1972: Niagaran-Alexandrian (Silurian) Strati
graphy and Tectonics; p.2-18 in Niagaran Stratigraphy: Hamilton, Ont., edited by R. Thomas Segall and Pobert A. Dunn, Michigan Basin Geological Society, Annual Field Excursion, 89p.
QUATERNARY GEOLOGY, PEDOLOGY, AND PHYSIOGRAPHY:
Chapman, L.T., and Putnam, D.F.1966: The Physiography of Southern Ontario;
University of Toronto Press, 2nd ed., 386p. Accompanied by 5 maps.
pt. 7, p. 1-36 (published 1937). Accompanied by Map 45f, scale l inch to 5 miles or 1:316,800.
Cowan, W. R.1972: Pleistocene Geology of the Brantford Area,
Southern Ontario; Ontario Dept. Mines and Northern Affairs, IMR37, 66p. Accompanied by l chart and 2 maps .
Feenstra, B. H.I972a: Quaternary Geology of the Niagara Area,
Southern Ontario; Ontario Div. Mines, Prelim. Map P. 764, Geol. Ser. , scale 1:50,000. Geology 1969, 1970, 1971.
1972b: Quaternary Geology of the Welland Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Div. Mines, Prelim. Map P. 796, Geol. Ser., scale 1:50,000. Geology 1972.
1974: Quaternary Geology of the Dunnville Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Division Mines, Prelim. Map P.981, Geol. Ser., Scale 1:50,000. Geology 1973.
Karrow, P.F.1963: Pleistocene Geology of the Hamilton-Gait
Area; Ontario Dept. Mines, GR16, 68p. Accompanied by 4 maps, scale l inch to l mile or 1:63,360.
Ontario Agricultural College1935: Soil Survey Map of County of Haldimand,
Province of Ontario; Rept. No. 4 of the Soil Survey, Guelph, scale k inch to l mile or 1:31,680.
Fresant, E.W., Wicklund, R.E., and Matthews, B.C.1965: The Soils of Wentworth County; Ontario
Soil Surv. Rept. No. 32, Guelph, Ontario, 72p. Accompanied by map scale l inch to l mile or 1:63,360.
Wicklund, R.E., and Matthews, B.C.1963: The Soil Survey of Lincoln County; Ontario
Soil Surv. Rept. No. 34, Guelph, Ontario, 48p. Accompanied by l map, scale l inch to l mile or 1:63,360.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Geology by B.H. Feenstra and assistants, 1974.
Topography from Map 30 K/4E, and 30 M/4W of the National Topographic Series.
Aerial Photography: Ontario Division of Lands.
Issued 1975
Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Ontario Division of Mines. It is recommended that reference to this map be made in the following form:
Feenstra, B.H.1975: Quaternary Geology of the Grimsby
Area, Southern Ontario; Ontario Div. Mines, Prelim. Map P.993, Geol. Ser., scale 1:50,000. Geology 1974.
79030'
INDUSTRIAL MINERAL RESOURCES:
Guillet, G.R.1964: Gypsum in Ontario; Ontario Dept. Mines,
IMR18, 126p.
1967: The Clay Products Industry of Ontario;Ontario Dept. Mines, IMR22, 206p. Accom panied by Maps 2130, 2131, scale l inch to 16 miles or 1:1,013,760.
Hewitt, D.F.I960: The Limestone Industries of Ontario;
Ontario Dept. Mines, IMC5, 177p. Accom panied by Map No. , scale l inch to 20 miles or 1:267,200 and Map No. I960d, scale l inch to l mile or 1:63,360.
1964: The Limestone Industries of Ontario Dept. Mines, IMR13, 77p. Accompanied by Map 2059, scale l inch to 16 miles or 1:1,013,760.
Vos, M.A. 1969: Stone Resources of the Niagara Escarpment;
Ont. Dept. Mines, IMR31, 68p. Accompanied by 5 maps and l chart. Reprinted 1972, with some specifications revised.