pae hindustan university...stability problems of thin walled structures – flexural, torsional and...
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1
PAE
HINDUSTAN UNIVERSITY
HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE
SCHOOL OF
AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES
M.Tech (AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING)
With
Composites specialization
CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS
2
HINDUSTAN UNIVERSITY HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
M.Tech. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
CURRICULUM 2014-15
SEMESTER I
Sl. No. Course
Code Course Title L T P C TCH
1 PMA101 Advanced Engineering
Mathematics 3 1 0 4 4
2 PAE 101 Aerodynamics – I 3 0 2 4 5
3 PAE 102 Aerospace Propulsion 3 1 0 4 4
4 PAE 103 Aircraft Structures 3 1 0 4 4
5 PAE 104 Experimental Stress Analysis 3 1 0 4 4
6 PAE 105 Theory of vibration 3 1 0 4 4
Total 24 25
SEMESTER II
Sl.
No.
Course
Code Course Title L T P Credit TCH
1 PAE 201 Aerodynamics II 3 1 0 4 4
2 PAE 202 Aircraft and Systems – An
Industry Perspective 3 1 0 4 4
3 PAE 203 CompositeMaterials and
Structures 3 1 0 4 4
4 PAE 204 Finite Element Methods 3 1 0 4 4
5 PAE 205 Rocketry and Space
Mechanics AND REPAIR 3 0 2 4 5
6 -- Elective-I 3 1 0 4 4
Practical
7 PAE 206 Aircraft Structures Lab 0 0 3 1 3
Total 25 27
3
SEMESTER III
Sl.
No.
Course
Code Course Title L T P Credit TCH
1 --- Elective -II 3 1 0 4 4
2 --- Elective - III 3 1 0 4 4
3 --- Elective-IV 3 1 0 4 4
Practical
4 PAE 301 Aircraft Systems Lab 0 0 3 1 3
5 PAE 302 Project Work-Phase I 0 0 12 6 12
Total 19 27
SEMESTER IV
Sl.
No.
Course
Code Course Title L T P Credit
TCH
1 PAE 401 Project Work-Phase II 0 0 24 12 24
Total 12 24
Total No. of Credit = 80
ELECTIVE COURSES
SEMESTER II
Sl.
No.
Course
Code Course Title L T P Credit TCH
1 PAC 701 Aircraft Composite Structures
and Repair 3 0 2 4 4
4
ELECTIVE COURSES
SEMESTER III
Sl.
No.
Course
Code Course Title L T P Credit
TCH
1 PAC 702
Ceramics Technology
3 1 0 4 4
2 PAC 703
Methods of Materials of
Characterization
3 1 0 4 4
3 PAC 704 NDT for Composites 3 1 0 3 4
5
UNIT I CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS 12
Concept of variation and its properties- Euler‟s Equation-Functional dependant on first and
higher order derivatives - Functional dependant on functions of several independent variables-
Isoperimetric problems – Direct methods-Ritz and Kantrovich methods
UNIT II TRANSFORM METHODS 12
Laplace transform methods for one dimensional wave equation – Displacements in a long string
– Longitudinal vibration of an elastic bar - Fourier Transform methods for one dimensional heat
conduction problems in infinite and semi-infinite rod
UNIT III ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS 12
Laplace equation – Properties of Harmonic functions – Solutions of Laplace equation by means
of Fourier transform in a half plane in an infinite strip and in a semi-infinite strip
UNIT IV NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 12 Solution of Laplace and Poisson equation on a rectangular region by Lieebmann‟s method –
Diffusion equation by the explicit and Crank Nicolson – Implicit methods – Solution of wave
equations by explicit scheme Cubic spline interpolation
UNIT V CONFORMAL MAPPING AND APPLICATIONS 12 The Schwarz – Christoffel transformation – Transformation of boundaries in parametric form –
Physical applications - Application to fluid and heat flow
TOTAL: 60
REFERENCES
1. Gupta, A.S, “Calculus of Variations with Applications”, Prentice Hall of India(P) Ltd.,
New Delhi, 6th
print, 2006
2. Sankar Rao, .K, “Introduction to Partial Differential Equations”,Prentice Hall of
India(P) Ltd., New Delhi, 5th
print, 2004.
PMA 101 Advanced Engineering
Mathematics
L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To impart fundamental knowledge in various fields of
advanced engineering mathematics and its applications.
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To develop strong fundamentals of
calculus of variations
To enhance transform methods
To enable the students to properties of
Harmonic functions
To provide a strong foundation in the
understanding of Numerical solution of
partial equations
To enrich the knowledge of conformal
mapping and applications
The student will
Be able to understand the Functional dependent on
functions of independent variables
Have a fundamental knowledge of Laplace equations.
Fourier transformation methods.
Understand the concept Laplace equation and properties
of Harmonic functions
Know the explicit and implicit methods with examples.
Have an understanding of transformation and application
of fluid and heat flow
6
3. Jain.R.K,Iyengar.S.R.K, “ Advanced Engineering Mathematics”.Narosa publications
2nd Edition, 2006
4. Grewal, B.S, “ Numerical Methods in Science and Engineering ”., Kanna Publications,
`NewDelhi.
5. Kandasamy.P , Thilagavathy. K and Gunavathy. K, “Numerical Methods”., S Chand
andCo, Ltd., New Delhi, 5th
Edition, 2007
6. Spiegel , M. R ,“ Theory and problems of Complex Variables with an Introduction to
Conformal Mapping and Its applications ”, Schaum‟s outline series, McGraw Hill
Book Co, 1987.
7
UNIT I REVIEW OF BASIC FLUID MECHANICS 10
Continuity and Momentum equations, Point source and sink, Free and Forced Vortex, Uniform
parallel flow, combination of basic flows, Pressure and Velocity distributions On bodies with
and without circulation in ideal and real fluid flows, Magnus effect
Lab : 1. Calibration of wind tunnel
2. Pressure distribution on 3-D bodies
UNIT II AIRFOILS 12
Conformal Transformation, Kutta condition, Karman – Treffz profiles, Thin aerofoil Theory and
its applications.
Lab: 1. Pressure distribution over an aerofoil at different angles of attack.
UNIT III WING THEORY 12
Vortex line, Horse shoe vortex, Biot and savart law, lifting line theory, effects of aspect Ratio,
planform and taper ratio.
Lab : 1. Drag measurements in Wind Tunnels.
UNIT IV ELEMENTS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS 14
Isentropic flows – shock and expansion waves, compressibility effects on aerodynamic
Coefficients, method of characteristics – small perturbation theory.
Lab : 1. Calibration of supersonic wind tunnel.
UNIT V WIND TUNNELS 12
Types of wind tunnels – Flow visualization processes – Measurements in wind tunnels, 6-
component balance.
Lab : 1. Supersonic flow visualization with schlieren systems.
TOTAL: 60
PAE 101 Aerodynamics -I L T P C
3 0 2 4
Goal To understand the behavior of airflow over bodies with particular emphasis on airfoil
sections in the incompressible flow regime .
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To review of basic fluid mechanics
To enable the function of airfoils
To enable wing theory
To enrich the knowledge on
compressible flows
To give knowledge on wind tunnel
The student will
Be able to understand the continuity,source,sink,pressure,
velocity distributions with and without circulation with
experiments
Have a fundamental knowledge thin airfoil theory and its
applications with experiments
Understand the concept of lifting line theory, aspect ratio and
taper ratio with experiments
Know the flows. shock, expansion waves and small
perturbation theory with experiments
Have an understanding various types of wind tunnel and
measurement system with experiments
8
REFERENCES
1. J.D. Anderson, “Fundamental of Aerodynamics”, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
1985.
2. E.L. Houghton and N.B. Carruthers, “Aerodynamics for Engineering Students”, Edward
Arnold Publishers Ltd., London (First Indian Edition), 1988.
3. W.H. Rae and A. Pope, “Low speed Wind Tunnel Testing”, John Wiley Publications,
1984.
4. Shapiro, A.H., Dynamics & Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow, Ronald Press,
1982.
5. Zucrow, M.J., and Anderson, J.D., Elements of gas dynamics McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, 1989.
6. Rathakrishnan.E., Gas Dynamics, Prentice Hall of India, 1995.
9
UNIT I ELEMENTS OF AIRCRAFT PROPULSION 12
Classification of power plants based on methods of aircraft propulsion – jet and rocket
propulsion – Differences between jet propulsion engines and rocket propulsion engines – Types
and areas of applications – fundamental of aircraft piston engines.
UNIT II INTRODUCTION TO GAS TURBINE ENGINES 12
Classification of air breathing engines – Principle of turbojet, turbo-prop, turbo-jet with reheat,
by-pass and turbo fan concepts – Thrust augmentation in jet engines and its application to
aircraft.
UNIT III THERMODYNAMICS OF JET ENGINES 12
Thermodynamic analysis of jet engine – components of a jet engine – Compressor, combustion
chamber, turbine and jet nozzle – their efficiencies – Introduction to ramjet, pulse jet and their
application – Introduction to combustion and chemical kinetics.
UNIT IV ROCKET PROPULSION 12
Introduction to rocket propulsion – Reaction principle – Thrust equation – Classification of
rockets based on propellants used – solid, liquid and hybrid – Comparison of these engines with
special reference to rocket performance.
UNIT V RAMJET AND SCRAMJET PROPULSION 12
Ram jet -Operating principle – Sub critical, critical and supercritical operation – Combustion in
ramjet engine – Ramjet performance - Fundamentals of hypersonic air birthing vehicles,
PAE102 AEROSPACE PROPULSION L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To understand the principles of operation and design of aircraft and spacecraft power
plants .
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To review of aircraft propulsion
To enable the function gas turbines
To enable knowledge on
thermodynamics of jet engines
To enrich the knowledge on Rocket
propulsion
To give knowledge on ramjet and
scramjet propulsion
The student will
Be able to understand the classification of power plants
and differences jet engine and rocket engine
Have a fundamental knowledge turbojet,turbo prop and
turbo fan engines
Understand the concept thermodynamic analysis
components of jet engine. Ram jet and pulse jet
application
Know the reaction principle, thrust equation, propellants
and rocket performance
Have an understanding various types of supersonic
combustors, Requirements for supersonic combustors,
Performance estimation of supersonic combustors
10
Preliminary concepts in engine airframe integration, Various types of supersonic combustors,
Requirements for supersonic combustors, Performance estimation of supersonic combustors.
TOTAL: 60
REFERENCES
1. G.C. Oates, “Aerothermodynamics of Aircraft Engine Components”, AIAA Education
Series, Published by AIAA, New York, 1985.
2. G.C. Oates, “Aircraft Propulsion system technology & design”, AIAA Education Series,
1989.
3. G.P.Sutton, “Rocket Propulsion Elements”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 5th
Edition, 1986.
4. H.Cohen, G.F.C.Rogers & H.I.H.Saravana muttoo, “Gas turbine theory”, Longman Co.,
ELBS Ed., 1982.
5. W.P.Gill, H.J.Smith & J.E. Ziurys, “Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engines as
applied to Reciprocating, Gas turbine & Jet Propulsion Power Plants”, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co., 1980.
11
UNIT I UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING 12
Stresses in beams of unsymmetrical sections, box beams.
Lab : 1. Use of Double Dial gauge to find the deformations of the given Material.
2. Finding the flexibility coefficients of the given cantilever beam and verification of
Maxwell‟s reciprocal theorem and principle of superposition.
3. Unsymmetrical Bending of cantilever beam.
UNIT II AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE MONOCOQUE AND SEMI MONOCOQUE 12
Analysis of tubular, monocoque and semi-monocoque structures – Torsion and flexure of thin
walled boxes – shear centre – Flexural axis and axis of twist.
Lab: 1. Combined bending of hollow circular shaft.
2. Finding the shear center of the given C-section.
UNIT III ANALYSIS OF STIFFENED STRUCTURES 12
Idealisation and analysis of stiffened tubular structures – Study of open tubes – Analysis of multi
cell tubes. Analysis of rings and frames – Applications to aircraft structures.
UNIT IV STABILITY PROBLEMS 12
Stability problems of thin walled structures – Flexural, torsional and local failures – Influence of
eccentricity and in elasticity – Buckling of plates and sheet stringer combinations - crippling
loads – Tension field theory.
Lab : 1. Buckling of columns and plotting of Southwell‟s plot.
PAE 103 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To understand different types of beams and columns subjected to various types of
loading and support conditions with particular emphasis on aircraft structural
components.
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To review unsymmetrical bending
To enable the aircraft structure with its
classification
To enable knowledge on Stiffened
structure
To enrich the knowledge on Stability
of structures
To give knowledge on shells
The student will
Be able to understand the stresses in unsymmetrical
sections with experiments
Have a fundamental knowledge monocoque and
semimonocoque structure, Torsion and thin walled
structure with experiments
Understand the analysis of stiffened tubular structure,
Analysis Multi cell, rings & frames revlent to aircraft
structure
Know the buckling and failures of thin walled structures
Have an understanding of idealisation of stiffened panels.
Shear centre and shear flow of multi cell.
12
UNIT V SHELLS 12
Idealization of stiffened shells, shear center, shear flow in thin walled multicell box beams, effect
of taper
TOTAL :60
REFERENCES
1. E.F. Bruhn, “Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures”, Tristate Offset Co.,
1980.
2. Megson, T.M.G; Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Edward Arnold, 1989.
3. Peery, D.J. and Azar, J.J., Aircraft Structures, 2nd
Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1993.
4. Stephen P. Tinnoshenko & S.woinowsky Krieger, Theory of Plates and Shells, 2nd
Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1990.
13
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 10
Simple harmonic motion, definition of terminologies, Review of Newton‟s, Laws, D‟Alembert‟s
principle, Energy methods.
UNIT II SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS 10
Free vibrations free damped vibrations, forced excitations with and without damping, support
excitation, vibration measuring instruments.
UNIT III MULTI-DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS 18
Two degrees of freedom systems, Static and dynamic couplings, vibration absorber, Principle
coordinates, Principal modes, orthogonality conditions. Hamilton‟s Prinicple, Lagrangean
equation and applications. Vibrations of elastic bodies, String or stretched cord, Longitudinal
vibration, Lateral vibration, Torsional vibration. Approximate methods for calculating natural
frequencies.
UNIT IV ELEMENTS OF AEROELASTICITY 10
Aero elastic problems – Collar‟s triangle of courses – Wing divergence –
Aileron control reversal – Flutter.
PAE 105 THEORY OF VIBRATION L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal
To study the dynamic behaviour of different aircraft components and the interaction
among the aerodynamic, elastic and inertia forces
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To review unsymmetrical bending
To enable the aircraft structure with its
classification
To enable knowledge on Stiffened
structure
To enrich the knowledge on Stability
of structures
To give knowledge on shells
The student will
Be able to understand the stresses in unsymmetrical
sections with experiments
Have a fundamental knowledge monocoque and
semimonocoque structure, Torsion and thin walled
structure with experiments
Understand the analysis of stiffened tubular structure,
Analysis Multi cell, rings & frames revlent to aircraft
structure
Know the buckling and failures of thin walled structures
Have an understanding of idealisation of stiffened
panels.
Shear centre and shear flow of multi cell.
14
UNIT V SOLUTION METHOD 12
Computational technique in vibration, Vibrating string, General method, Beam
element, Global matrices, Transformation of matrices, Equation of motion of
complete system, Consistent and Lombard mass
TOTAL: 60
REFERENCES
1. Timoshenko.S, “ Vibration Problems in Engineering ”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1987.
2. Meirovitch, L, Elements of Vibration Analysis ”, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1986.
3. F.S. Rse., I.F. Morse and R.T. Hinkle, “ Mechanical Vibrations ”, Prentice-Hall of India,
1985.
4. Fung, Y.C, “ An Introduction to the Theory of Aeroelasticity ”, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
New York, 1985.5. Rao.J.S. and Gupta.K, “ Theory and Practice of Mechanical
Vibrations ”, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Dehli, 1999.
15
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 8
Extensometers – Types – Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic and Optical – Review of bridge
circuits.
UNIT II STRAIN GAUGE TECHNIQUES 12
Strain gauge and transducers for measurement of static and dynamic loads – Instrumentation,
measurement and recording systems.
UNIT III PHOTO ELASTIC TECHNIQUES 13
Stress analysis by two and three dimensional photo elasticity – Interpretation of stress patterns –
Typical applications – Description and users of reflection polariscope.
UNIT IV NON – DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 15
Fundamentals of NDT. Radiography, ultrasonic, Holography ,Laser holography magnetic
particle inspection, Fluorescent penetrant technique, Eddy current testing, Acoustic Emission
Technique, Moire fringes –– Grid methods
UNIT V OTHER TECHNIQUES 12
Stress analysis by stress coat ––Induction heating instrumentation, measurement and recording
techniques – Creep testing. X-ray,– applications. Fundamentals of brittle coating methods,
Introduction to Moiré techniques, , ultrasonic C- Scan, Thermograph, Fiber – optic Sensors.
TOTAL: 60
PAE 104 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal
To bring awareness on experimental method of finding the response of the structure to
different types of load
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To review types of extensometers
To enable the strain gauge techniques
To enable photo elastic techniques
To enrich the knowledge Non
destructive testing
To give knowledge on emerging
techniques
The student will
Be able to understand the types and its operating methods
Have a fundamental knowledge transducers for
measurement of static and dynamic loads
Understand the stress analysis of 2D and 3D photo
elasticity, stress patterns and polariscope
Be able to understand method ,types or techniques and
Moire fringes
Have an understanding modern techniques like C-Scan,
Thermograph, Creep testing, optical sensor.
16
REFERENCES
1. J.W. Dally and M.F. Riley, “Experimental Stress Analysis”, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, 1988.
2. P. Fordham, “Non-Destructive Testing Techniques” Business Publications, London,
1988.
3. M. Hetenyi, “Handbook of Experimental Stress Analysis”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, 1980.
4. G.S. Holister, “Experimental Stress Analysis, Principles and Methods”, Cambridge
University Press, 1987.
5. A.J. Durelli and V.J. Parks, “Moire Analysis of Strain”, Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey, 1980.
17
SEMESTER II
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 10
Physical properties and structure of the atmosphere, Temperature, pressure and altitude
Relationship, Measurement of speed – True and Indicated Air speed, Components of an Airplane
and their functions, Different types of flight vehicles.
UNIT II DRAG OF BODIES 10
Types of Drag, effects of Reynold‟ number on skin friction and pressure drag, streamlined And
bluff bodies, Drag reduction of airplanes, Momentum theory of finite wings, Drag polar.
UNIT III AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE 14
Steady level flight conditions for minimum drag and minimum power required, Gliding and
Climbing flight, Range and endurance, Take-off and landing, High left devices, Thrust
Augmentation, Turning performance, V-n diagram, Froude momentum and black elements
Theory of propellers, Fixed and Variable pitch propellers.
UNIT IV NORMAL, OBLIQUE SHOCKS AND EXPANSION WAVES 14
Prandtl equation and Rankine – Hugonoit relation, Normal shock equations, Pitot static tube,
corrections for subsonic and supersonic flows, Oblique shocks and corresponding equations,
PAE 201 Aerodynamics-II L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To understand the behavior of airflow, both internal and
external, in compressible flow regime with particular
emphasis on supersonic flows
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To review principles of flight
To enable knowledge on the different
types of drag
To enable knowledge on
Aircraft performance
To enrich the knowledge on
Shocks and waves
To impart knowledge on stability &
Control
The student will
Be able to understand the different flight vehicles,
altitude, True and indicated Air speed, Airplane and its
functions
Have a fundamental knowledge of drag, Reynold‟s
number, drag polar and momentum theory
Understand the performance parameters like range,
endurance, Takeoff, landing and propellers and its types
Be able to demonstrate knowledge on shocks,
corrections, Oblique shocks and corresponding equations
Have an understanding of static, dynamic, lateral
,longitudinal and directional stability
18
Hodograph and pressure turning angle, shock polars, flow past wedges and concave corners,
strong, weak and detached shocks, Rayleigh and Fanno Flow.
UNIT V AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL 12
Degrees of freedom of a system, static and dynamic stability, static longitudinal stability, Static
lateral stability, static directional stability, dynamic longitudinal stability, dynamic lateral And
directional stability.
TOTAL: 60
REFERENCES
1. Houghton, E.L., and Carruthers. N.B., “ Aerodynamics for engineering students ”.,
Edward Amold Publishers, 1988.
2. Kuethe, A.M., and Chow, C.Y., “ Foundations of Aerodynamics ”., John Wiley & Sons,
1982.
3. L.J. Clancey, “Aerodynamics”., Pitman, 1986.
4. Perkins C.D., & Hage, R.E, “Airplane performance, stability and control”, Wiley Toppan,
1974.
5. Babister, A.W, “ Aircraft stability and Response”., Pergamon Press, 1980.
6. Nelson, R.C. Flight ,“ Stability & Automatic Control ”., McGraw-Hill, 1989.
7. McCornic, B.W, “Aerodynamics, Aeronautics & Flight Mechanics”. John Wiley, 1995.
19
UNIT – I Aircraft Industry – Overview 6
Introduction to Aerospace Industry: Types of aerospace industry, Global and Indian aircraft
scenario, Aerospace industry trends. Key players: Key players in aerospace industry,
Prime contractors and tier 1 suppliers, Key challenges in industry supply chain.
UNIT- II Introduction to Aircrafts 6
Aircraft Configuration: Biplane, Variable sweep, Canard layout, Twin boom layouts, Span
loaders, Blended body wing layout, STOL and STOVL aircraft, Stealth aircraft, Advantages
and disadvantages of these configurations.
UNIT – III Introduction to Aircraft Systems 12
Mechanical systems: Environmental control systems (ECS), Engine control systems, Ice
and rain protection systems, Cabin pressurization and airconditioning systems, Steering
and braking systems, Auxiliary power unit.
Electrical and electronic systems: Autopilot and Flight management systems, Communication,
information systems.
The interplay of aerodynamics, structural mechanics & propulsion: Briguet range equation case
study – Thrust vectoring.
UNIT- IV Aircraft Loads 12
Introduction; Process and methods, Data requirements, Design airspeeds.
Loading scenarios: Symmetric maneuver loads, Antisymmetric maneuver loads, Ground
PAE 202 Aircraft & Systems – An
Industry Perspective
L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To introduce the concepts of Aircraft and Systems.To Introduce
to the students Various System Load, Design components of
Aircraft. Industry best practices, Standards and certification.
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable advanced heat conduction
analysis
To enable convective heat transfer
analysis
To enable radiative heat transfer
analysis
To enrich the knowledge on
Heat exchangers
To impart knowledge on applications in
aerospace engineering
The student will
Be able to understand the conduction, convention systems
Problem solving using numerical solutions
Be able to understand heat transfer involving laminar and
turbulent flows and high speed flows
Be able to understand different radiation types,factors and
shields
Be able to understand heat exchanger classification and
its analysis
Have an understanding of gas turbine combustion
chamber and rocket thrust chamber, ablation cooling process.
20
handling loads, Distributed loads calculations, Control surface loads, Miscellaneous
loads, Dynamic loads analysis, Landing loads, Unsteady aerodynamics, Discrete gust
loads, Random (PSD) loads analysis, Continuous turbulence gust loads, Fatigue loads.
UNIT – V Aircraft Materials 6
Different materials used in aircraft unit: Aluminium and its alloys: Certification methods
of material allowable (A, B and S basis).
Composite materials: Cerification methods of material allowable.
UNIT –VI Airworthiness, Certification and Airworthiness 6
Agencies: Agen ies designated for airworthiness such as FAR, CAR, DGCA, CEMILAC;
Role of these agencies.
Documents and Standards: The intent for documents and standards, Applicable certification
for aircrafts and helicopters.
Unit–VII Aircraft Repairs 6
Inspection: Inspection methods, Manufacturing non-conformances.
Repairs: Temporary repairs, Permanent repairs, In-service repairs, Customizations
and modifications.
UNIT – VIII Industry Approved Aircraft Design and Analysis References 6
Industry approved references: Discussion of industry approved references.
Total: 60
Text Book :
1. Analysis of Design of Flight Vehicle Aircraft Strucutures E.F. Bruhn
2. Aircraft Design : A Conceptual Approach – Daniel P.Raymer
21
UNIT I CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS 8
Need for the composite materials. Types of composite materials and their use in structures.
UNIT II BASIC CONCEPTS 15
Hooke‟s law for orthotropic and anisotropic materials. Micromechanics and macro mechanics.
Lamina stress-strain relations referred and principal material directions and arbitrary axes.
UNIT III ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITES 17
Governing equations for anisotropic and orthotropic plates. Angle-ply and cross ply laminates.
Static, dynamic and stability analysis for simpler cases of composite plates. Inter laminar
stresses.
UNIT IV OTHER METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND FAILURE THEORY 10
Netting analysis, Failure criteria. Sandwich construction.
PAE 203 Composite materials and
structure
L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To understand the fabrication, analysis and design of
composite materials & structures
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To impart knowledge on composites
To impart basic concepts
To do analysis of laminated composites
To enable analysis and failure theory
To know manufacturing and fabrication
Processes
The student will
Be able to understand the need and types of composite
material
Have a fundamental knowledge of orthotropic,
anisotropic material. Micromechanics and macro
mechanics
Know the governing equations, static, dynamic stability
Analysis of composite plates
Have an understanding of Netting analysis, failure criteria
and sandwich construction
To enable to understand manufacturing of fibres and
processes
22
UNIT V MANUFACTURING & FABRICATION PROCESSES 10
Manufacturing of glass, boron and carbon fibres. Open mould and closed mould processes.
TOTAL: 60
REFERENCES
1. R.M. Jones, “Mechanics of composite materials”, McGraw-Hill, Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo,
1975.
2. L.R. Calcote, “Analysis of laminated structures”, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1989.
3. G.Lubin, “Hand Book on Fibre glass and advanced plastic composites”, Van Nostrand
Co., New York, 1989.
4. B.D. Agarwal and L.J. Broutman, “Analysis and Performance of fiber composites”, John-
Wiley and Sons, 1980.
23
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 12
Review of various approximate methods in structural analysis. Stiffness and flexibility matrices
for simple cases. Basic concepts of finite element method. Formulation of governing equations
and convergence criteria.
UNIT II DISCRETE ELEMENTS 12
Use of bar and beam elements in structural analysis. Computer implementation of procedure for
these elements.
UNIT III CONTINUUM ELEMENTS 12
Different forms of 2-D elements and their applications for plane stress, plane strain and axi-
symmetric problems. Consistent and lumped formulation. Use of local co-ordinates. Numerical
integration.
UNIT IV ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS 12
Definition and use of different forms of 2-D and 3-D elements. Computer implementation of
formulation of these elements for the analysis of typical aircraft structural parts like, wing,
fuselage, turbine blades.
UNIT V SOLUTION SCHEMES 12
Different methods of solution of simultaneous equations governing static, dynamics and stability
problems. General purpose Software packages.
TOTAL: 60
PAE 204 Finite Element Methods L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To introduce the concept of numerical analysis of structural
components
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To review approximate methods in
structural analysis
To enable the discrete elements in
structural analysis
To enable knowledge on
Continuum elements
To enrich the knowledge on
Isometric elements
To give knowledge on solution schemes
The student will
Be able to understand stiffness and flexibility matrices.
Be able to understand bar & beam elements with
computer aided engineering
Understand the applications of plane stress-strain and axi-
symmetric problems , use numerical integration
Know the 2D,3D elements with reference to aircraft
structural parts wing, fuselage and turbine blades
Have an understanding static, dynamic problems and
computer engineering software
24
REFERENCES
1. L.J. Segerlind, “Applied Finite Element Analysis”, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons
Inc., New York, 1984.
2. K.J. Bathe and E.L. Wilson, “Numerical Methods in Finite Elements Analysis”, Prentice
Hall of India Ltd., 1983.
3. R.D. Cook, “Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis”, 3rd
Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 1989.
4. C.S. Krishnamurthy, “Finite Elements Analysis”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1987.
5. V.Ramamurthi, “Computer Aided Design in Mechanical Engineering”, Tata McGraw-
Hill.
25
UNIT I ORBITAL MECHANICS AND SATELLITE DYNAMICS 15
Description of solar system – Keplers Laws of planetary motion – Newton‟s Law of Universal
gravitation – Two body and Three-body problems – Jacobis Integral, Librations points –
Estimator of orbital and escape velocities – geosynchronous and geostationary satellites life time
– satellite perturbations – Hohmann orbits – calculation of orbit parameters.
UNIT II ROCKET MOTION 15
Principle of operation of rocket motor - thrust equation – one dimensional and two dimensional
rocket motions in free space and homogeneous gravitational fields – Description of vertical,
inclined and gravity turn trajectories determinations of range and altitude – simple
approximations to burnout velocity – staging of rockets.
UNIT III ROCKET AERODYNAMICS 12
Description of various loads experienced by a rocket passing through atmosphere – drag
estimation – wave drag, skin friction drag,and base pressure drag – Boat-tailing in missiles –
performance at various altitudes – conical and bell shaped nozzles – adapted nozzles – rocket
dispersion – launching problems.
PAE 205 Rocketry and space mechanics L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To introduce basic concepts of design and trajectory estimation of
rocket , missiles and basic concepts of orbital Mechanics
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable orbital mechanics and
satellite dynamics
To enable the motion of rockets
To enable knowledge on rocket
aerodynamics
To enrich the knowledge on materials for
space craft and missiles
To give knowledge on satellite injection
and its perturbations
The student will
Be able to understand solar system, Keplers, Newton‟s
law of motion, escape velocity, Geosynchronous ,
geostationary satellites
Be able to understand principle of rocket and its stages,
thrust equation, one and two dimensional rocket motions
Understand the loads, drag, performances at different
altitudes, types of nozzles and launching problems
Be able to understand materials used and special coatings
and ablative materials
Satellite injections, orbit transfer, orbit deviation due to
injection error, general perturbation approach
26
UNIT IV MATERIALS FOR SPACECRAFT AND MISSILES 5
Selections of materials for spacecraft and missiles – special requirements of materials to perform
under adverse conditions – ablative materials.
UNIT V SATELLITE INJECTION AND SATELLITE ORBIT PERTURBATIONS 13
General Aspects of satellite Injections – Satellite Orbit Transfer –Various Cases – Orbit
Deviations Due to Injection Errors – Special and General Perturbations – Cowell‟s Method –
Encke‟s Method – Method of vibrations of Orbital Elements – General Perturbations Approach.
TOTAL: 60
REFERENCES
1. G.P. Sutton, “Rocket Propulsion Elements”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 5th
Edition, 1986.
2. J.W. Cornelisse, “Rocket Propulsion and Space Dynamics”, J.W. Freeman & Co., Ltd.,
London, 1982.
3. Van de Kamp, “Elements of astromechanics”, Pitman Publishing Co., Ltd., London,
1980.
4. E.R. Parker, “Materials for Missiles and Spacecraft”, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1982.
27
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
(For a batch of 30 students)
SL. NO. EQUIPMENTS QTY
1. Electrical strain gauge 10
2. Strain indicator 1
3. Dial Gauges 12
4. Beam Test set up with various end conditions 2
5 Maxwell apparatus 1
6 South – well‟s plot 1
7. Weight 1 Kg and 2kg 10 each
8. Weight Pans 6
9. Column Test Apparatus 1
10 Beam Test set –up 2
PAE 206 Aircraft Structures Lab L T P C
0 0 3 1
Goal To study experimentally the load deflection characteristics
structural materials under different types of loads
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
1.Stress Strain curve for various
engineering materials.
2.Deflection of beams with various end
conditions.
3.Verification of Maxwell‟s Reciprocal
theorem & principle of superposition
4.Column – Testing
5.South – well‟s plot.
6.Unsymmetrical bending of beams
7.Shear centre location for open sections
and closed section
8.Calibration of Photo- elastic materials
9.Stresses in circular discs and beams
using photoelastic techniques
10.Vibrations of beams
The student will
Be able to understand the behaviour of structural
materials through experiments
28
11 Unsymmetrical sections like „Z‟ sections 2
12 Channel ,angle open and closed section 2
13 Dial gauges 12
14 Vibration Test Set – up 2
15 Strain indicator and strain gauges One set
16 Photo – elastic apparatus 1
29
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
PAE 301 Aircraft System Lab L T P C
0 0 3 1
Goal To train the students “ON HAND” experience in maintenance
of various air frame systems in aircraft and rectification of
common snags.
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
Aircraft “Jacking Up” procedure
Aircraft “Levelling” procedure
Aircraft “Symmetry Check” procedure
Control System “Rigging check”
procedure
Checks on Landing Gear assembly
Functional Test” on Aircraft Hydraulic
system Maintenance and rectification of snags in
hydraulic and fuel systems
The student will
Be able to understand the maintenance procedures through
various established set up
SL.NO. ITEMS QUANTITY
1. Serviceable aircraft with all above systems 1
2. Hydraulic Jacks (Screw Jack) 5
3. Trestle adjustable 5
4. Spirit Level 2
5. Leveling Boards 2
6. Cable Tensiometer 1
7. Adjustable Spirit Level 1
8. Plumb Bob 1
30
PAE 302 Project work (Phase I) L T P C
0 0 12 6
Goal To train the students “ON HAND” experience in maintenance
of various air frame systems in aircraft and rectification of
common snags.
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
The objective of the project work is to
enable the students on a project involving
theoretical and experimental studies related
to the branch of study. Every project work
shall have a guide who is the member of
the faculty of the institution. Full semester
shall be allotted and this time shall be
utilized by the students to receive the
directions from the guide, on library
reading, laboratory work, computer
analysis or field work as assigned by the
guide and also to present in periodical
seminars on the progress made in the
project.
The student will
Be able to understand various procedures in identifying
the project and literature survey, reference of journals,
experiments and theoretical work
31
SEMESTER - IV
PAE 401 Project work (Phase II) L T P C
0 0 24 12
Goal To train the students “ON HAND” experience in maintenance
of various air frame systems in aircraft and rectification of
common snags.
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
The objective of the project work is to
enable the students on a project involving
theoretical and experimental studies related
to the branch of study. Every project work
shall have a guide who is the member of
the faculty of the institution. Full semester
shall be allotted and this time shall be
utilized by the students to receive the
directions from the guide, on library
reading, laboratory work, computer
analysis or field work as assigned by the
guide and also to present in periodical
seminars on the progress made in the
project.
The student will
Be able to understand various procedures in identifying
the project and literature survey, reference of journals,
experiments and theoretical work
32
SEMESTER II (ELECTIVE)
PAC 701 AIRCRAFT COMPOSITE STRUCTURES AND
REPAIR
L T P C
3 0 2 4
GOAL To understand Fabrication, sandwich construction, joints and testing and
repairing of composites
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
The course should enable the student to :
1. know the types of composites
materials and its uses
2. Know the need for sandwich
construction and its process
3. Know the joint design and tooling
4. Know the Manufacturing and Non
Destructive Inspection
5. Know the methods of repairing
composites
The students should be able to:
1. Understand advantages and types of
composite structures
2. Understand Honeycomb properties,
processes and sandwich construction
3. Understand failure criteria, joints and
tooling for composites
4. Understand the NDI Techniques and its
types
5. Understand processes of repairing
composites and processes.
UNIT- I INTRODUCTION 8
Composite – Classification of Composites – Comparison of composites – Advantages and
disadvantages of composite. Fibres – Types of fibres – Matrix- Types of matrices and resin –
Prepregs – Prepregs handling.
UNIT II SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION 14
Introduction – Face material – Core material – Honeycomb types – Honeycomb Prosperities –
Honeycomb Manufacturing – Cell configuration – Adhesive materials – adhesive materials –
Design Guidelines – Honeycomb process – Sandwich fabrications – Structural Application –
Honeycomb testing – Design aspects – Laminate Lay
UNIT III JOINING OF COMPOSITE 10
Introduction – Mechanically fast and joining – Failure criteria – Bonded joints – Typical joint
design – tooling for composite
UNIT IV MANUFACTURING AND INSPECTION OF COMPOSITES 13
Manufacturing Process – Molding Process – Machining of composite material Non-Destructive -
NDI Techniques - Type of NDI Techniques.
UNIT V REPAIR AND APPLICATION OF COMPOSITES IN AERO INDUSTRY
15
Damage Assessment, Evaluation & Classification – Damage Removal – Contamination
Treatment - Design consideration – Repair concepts facilities, procedure – Repair Tooling,
Options Factor for consideration during prepreg repair – Application of Composite and aircraft
industry – Safety Precautions. TOTAL 60
33
Text Book:
1. Advanced Composite Materials by Lalit Gupta.
Reference Books:
1. Advance Composites by Cindy Foreman.
2. Composite structures by K.K. Chawla
3. Composite Materials : Fabrication Handbook # 1 by John Wanberg
34
SEMESTER – III (Electives)
PAC 702 CERAMICS TECHNOLOGY
L T P C
3 1 0 4
GOAL To know about the properties and application areas of ceramic material
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
The course should enable the student to :
1. Know ceramics materials and its
applications
2. Know the refractories, manufacturing
process and properties
3. Know the white wares, properties and
application
4. Know the ceramic coatings
5. Know the engineering ceramics and
its applications
The students should be able to:
1. Understand ceramics and it applications
2. Understand refractories and development
trends, manufacturing process
3. Understand classification of white wares and
manufacturing process
4. Understand types of glazes and enamels,
processes and properties
5. Understand the different materials, abrasive
materials and wear applications
UNIT I GENERAL 10
Concepts of materials science, Definition & scope of ceramics and ceramic materials,
classification of ceramic materials – conventional and advanced, Areas of applications.
UNIT II REFRACTORIES 15
Classification of Refractories, Modern trends and developments, Basic raw materials,
Elementary idea of manufacturing process technology, Flow diagram of steps necessary for
manufacture, basic properties and areas of application, Physical properties
UNIT III WHITEWARES 10
Classification and type of Whitewares, Elementary idea of manufacturing process technology
including body preparation, basic properties and application areas.
UNIT IV CERAMIC COATINGS 10
Types of glazes and enamels, Elementary ideas on compositions, Process of enameling &
glazing and their properties.
UNIT V ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND APPLICATIONS 15
Carbides - Boron carbide, Silicon carbide, Titanium carbide, Zirconium carbide, Hafnium
carbide & Uranium carbide. Nitrides : Boron, Silicon & Aluminium nitrides. Silicides,
Molybdenum disilicide, Borides. Sialon. Graphite, Cermets & Composites. Ceramics used in
advanced applications- Nuclear energy, Magneto- hydrodynamic, generation, Gas turbine blades,
Abrasives, Aerospace, Diesel engines, Heat Exchangers, Cutting Tools, Wear Applications
TOTAL: 60
35
TEXT BOOKS:
1. F.H Norton , “Elements of Ceramics”
2. Barsoum, “Fundamentals of Ceramics”
REFERENCES:
1. W.D Kingery, “ Introduction to Ceramics”
2. Smith , “Materials Science”
3. Singer & Singer , “Industrial Ceramics”
36
PAC 703 METHODS OF MATERIALS
CHARACTERIZATION
L T P C
3 1 0 4
GOAL
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
The course should enable the student to :
1. Know thermal analysis types and its
applications
2. Know the electron imaging techniques
3. Know the particle size and surface
area measurement
4. Know the non linear electro-optical
studies
5. Know the Mechanical characterisation
of composite laminates and sandwich
structures
The students should be able to:
1. Understand principles and applications of
thermal analysis
2. Understand classification of imaging
techniques
3. Understand various measurement techniques
4. Understand the positron Annihilation life
time spectroscopy and non-linear electro-
optical studies
5. Understand the different strength like
Tensile, Bending, Impact and shear strength
UNIT-I 10
Thermal analysis; TGA; DTA; DSC; dilatometry; (Thermal expansion) Principles and
applications.
UNIT-II 10
Electron imaging techniques; SEM; TEM; FESEM; STM; AFM; SPM; HRTEM; HRSEM
UNIT-III 10
Particle size measurement, surface area measurement, DC polarization, AC impedance
measurements.
UNIT-IV 15
Photoluminescence, Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy, Non-linear electro-optical
studies, mechanical properties, tensile strength, micro hardness, conductivity measurements;
particle size analysis; zeta potential.
UNIT – V 15
Mechanical characteriasation of composite laminates and sandwich structures – Tensile
strength – Bending strength – Impact strength – Shear strength.
Total: 60
References
2. Sam Zhang, Lin Li and Ashok Kumar, Materials Characterization Techniques, CRC
Press, (2008)
3. Yang Leng, Materials Characterization: Introduction to Microscopic and Spectroscopic
Methods, Wiley & Sons (2008)
37
4. Elton N. Kaufmann, Characterization of Materials, Vol.1, Wiley & Sons (2003)
5. R.A. Laudise, Growth of Single Crystals, Prentice Hall, (1973)
6. G. Dhanaraj, K. Byrappa, V. Prasad and M. Dudley (Eds.), Springer Handbook of Crystal
Growth, Springer-Verlag (2010)
7. Peter E.J. Flewitt and R.K. Wild, Physical Methods of Materials Characterization, 2nd
Edition, Taylor & Francis (2003)
38
PAC 704 NDT FOR COMPOSITES L T P C
3 1 0 4
GOAL To understand the Non Destructive Testing for composite materials
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
The course should enable the student to :
1. Know the types of composites
materials and its applications
2. Know the defects in composites
3. Know the ultrasonic testing methods
4. Know the different methodologies
used
5. Know the usage of advanced
equipment‟s
The students should be able to:
1. Understand usages and types of composite
and its advantages
2. Understand the damages in composites
3. Understand the different levels ultrasonic
testing
4. Know the radiographic Inspection and
computed tomography
5. Know the applications and limitations of
Stereography and Vibrotheromography
UNIT - I: INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITES
Fibre, matrix: materials, properties and fabrication processes, types/classification of composites,
fabrication methods of composites, advantages and applications.
UNIT - II: DEFECTS IN COMPOSITES
Delamination, cracks, disbands, voids, Impact or Barely visible impact Damage(BVID),
Porosity, core splices, core dis bonds, core crushing, matrix cracking, fibre breakage, kissing
bonds environmental Ingress, Fibre wrinkling or waviness fibre and ply misalignment, incorrect
cure and incorrect volume fraction.
UNIT- III: ULTRASONIC ACOUSTOGRAPHY AND LOW FREQUENCY METHODS
Pulse –echo, applications ,strength , limitations Back scatter , Through transmission, application,
strength, limitations ,ultrasonic spectroscopy, application, strength, limitations , low frequency
methods , application, strength, limitations, Ultrasonic thickness measurement (A-scan)
,Ultrasonic linear scan (B-scan) ,Ultrasonic through-transmission amplitude scan (C-scan)
,Ultrasonic depth scan (D-scan) .
UNIT-IV: GLOBAL METHODS AND LOCAL METHODS
Optical holography , application, strength, limitations ,Tap test, mechanical impedance methods ,
application, strength, limitations ,membrane Resonance methods , application, strength,
39
limitations, Radiographic inspection, computed tomography , Local Methods, application,
strength, limitations.
UNIT-V: SHEARNOGRAPHY, THERMOGRAPHY AND ACOUSTIC EMISSION
METHODS
Shearography, application, strength, limitations, conventional Shearography, digital
shearography, Applications, Thermography, introduction, Thermal pulse, Vibrotheromography,
applications, strength, limitations, visual inspection, Acoustic emission and acoustic ultrasonic ,
application, strength, limitations
References
1. Bernd-H Kroplin, Falk K. Wittel, “Damage and its evolution in Fiber composite materials: Simulation
and Non Destructive Evaluation, ISBN: 3930683903, 2006.
2. Spanner, J.C. “Acoustic Emission Techniques and Applications, Evanston, I, L.: latex Publishing Co.,
1974.
American Society for Metals, Non-Destructive Inspection and Quality Control: Metals hand Book, Vol-11, 8th Ed,
Metals park Oh, 1976.