paku 4 divisio maret 2013

Seedless Vascular Plants

TUMBUHAN BERPEMBULUH

TIDAK BERBIJI

(PAKU)

Pteridophyta

SULISETIJONO FAKULTAS SAINTEK UIN MALIKI MALANG

[email protected]

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Division - Psilophyta

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P. Psilotophyta: Psilotum Whisk Fern

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Major Taxonomic Groups

Psilophyta

Whisk Ferns

- Free-living sporophyte

and gametophyte

- No leaves or roots

- Only one known genus

survives today, but they

were much more

diverse in the past

- NOTE despite the

name, they are not true

ferns

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Batang dikotom

Sporangium

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Whisk Ferns

Have a

photosynthetic, aerial

forked stem

Looks like a small,

green twiggy bush

Have TRUE stems,

but NO leaves or roots

Only two living genera

Stems with spore cases

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Whisk Ferns

Have rootlike stems structures called Rhizomes to anchor (cant absorb water)

May asexually reproduce from rhizomes

Sexually reproduce by spores made in Sporangia (spore cases on the stems)

Sporangia

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Phylum

Lycophyta grow on tropical trees as epiphytes

they are NOT parasites

the sporophytes have upright stems with many small leaves plus ground-hugging stems that produce branching roots

in the club mosses the sporophylls are clustered into club-shaped cones = strobili

homosporous

spike mosses and quillworts - heterosporous

Isoetes

gunnii,

a quillwort

Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss

Strobili

(clusters of

sporophyllis)

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P. Lycophyta: Lycopodium Ground Pine

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Club Moss

Commonly called ground

pines

Bushy, tree like branches

above, but unbranched at the

base

Have deep growing root like

Rhizomes

Live in moist woods and

clearings

Small leaves with single

unbranched vein

Leaves

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Young Club moss

sporophyte

Shoot system

Vascular system

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Club Moss

Sporophylls (spore cases) are found in the axils of leaves

Form cone shaped structures called Strobili

May be homosporous (make one type of spore) or heterosporous (make 2 types of spores)

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Club Moss Spores

Genus Lycopodium is

homosporous

Contain chemicals that

explode & burn quickly

Yellowish powdery spores

used in fireworks and

explosives

Spore

Burning Lycopodium powder Sulisetijono

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Club Moss Sporophylls

Strobili

Sporophylls

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Other Uses for Club Moss

Sometimes boiled in water to produce a medicinal tea or an eye wash

Ground pines, green all winter, are used in Christmas decorations

Ancestors of modern club mosses helped form coal during the carboniferous period

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Phylum Pterophyta whisk ferns

dichotomously branching stems but no roots

stems have scale-like outgrowths that lack vascular tissue

stems may have evolved as reduced leaves

homosporous with spores that give rise to bisexual gametophytes that grow underground

considered to be living fossils due to their resemblance to fossils of ancient vascular plants

horsetails

named for the brushy appearance of the stems

arthrophytes jointed plants

rings of small leaves or branches can emerge from each joint

stem is the main photosynthetic organ

ferns

ferns have megaphylls

sporophylls typically have horizontal stems that give rise to large leaves called fronds divided into leaflets

frond grows as the fiddlehead

almost all species are homosporous

gametophyte shrivels and dies after the young sporophyte detaches itself

the sporangia are stalked with spring-like devices that disperse the spores Sulisetijono


Lycophyta

Club Mosses


and gametophytes

- True roots, stems, and

leaves

- 300MYA, these were

the dominant flora with

large, expansive

swamp-forests of

lycopods.

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P. Lycophyta: Selaginella Spike Moss

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P. Lycophyta: Isoetes - Quillwort

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Figure 29.14 Isoetes (a quillwort) in the phylum Lycophyta.

Represented today by

a single genus

Live in marshy areas Sulisetijono

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Phylum Equisetophyta: Equisetum Horse Tail

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Division - Sphenophyta

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Sphenophyta

Horsetails


and gametophyte

- Circular, ribbed stems

with whorled leaves

- Again, much more

diverse in the past

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Horsetails

Only one living (extant) species - Equisteum

Also called scouring rushes

Hollow, jointed Stems contain silica & were once used to scrub pots

Photosynthetic aerial stem

Underground Rhizomes

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Horsetails

Reproduce by spores at the tips of branches

In prehistoric times, grew as tall as trees

Found in wetlands

Stems with sunken stomata to save water

Some spores have elaters, cells that act as moisture-sensitive springs, assisting spore dispersal

Stem with a whorl (at each node) of branches and dark-tipped leaves

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Uses for Horsetails

Use to fight plant fungi

Used in some mouthwashes to cure mouth ulcers

Used as diuretics to eliminate excess water (weight loss products)

Toxic to animals (sheep, cattle, horses)

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Equiseteum cross section

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paku 4 divisio maret 2013

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