pccr csrve spe final power point 2014

100 East Cott age Avenue | Carpentersville, IL 60110 | www.pccrusa.com

A novel approach to reduce fatigue cycling damage, impact resistance, and crack propagation in composite structures

High Performance Toughened Vinyl Ester Resins


Critical Damage/Recovery Properties of Vinyl Ester Resin with Rubber Modifier

Need to:

• Retain strength in the presence of flaws/damages

• Be able to store and recover large strains in response to temperature

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100 East Cott age Avenue | Carpentersville, IL 60110 | www.pccrusa.com 3

Typical Graphical Representation of Glass Transition Range using DMA


• Standard vinyl ester

• Core shell rubber modified vinyl ester

• Low viscosity epoxy resin used in the wind industry.

Resins Chosen for Study


• Flexural properties (ASTM D790)

• Tensile properties (ASTM D638)

• Plane-strain fracture toughness (ASTM D5045) single-edge-notch bending (SENB) K1c and G1c

Clear Cast Mechanical Properties


• Short beam shear (ASTM D2344)

• Drop ball impact

• Fatigue testing

Fiber Reinforced Mechanical Properties


Flexural Test ASTM D790 on CSRVE at Maximum Deflection


Heating above Resin Tg (130 C)- Coupon Original Shape Recovered after 3 minutes


Damage Recovery to Show Flexural Strength Retention

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30

Stress (psi)

Extension (in)

123[4]


Flexural Strength Retention Data

Flexural Peak Stress

Original Anneal 1 Anneal 2 Anneal 3

20,000

16,000

12,000

8,000

4,000

0

(psi)

Flexural Modulus

Original Anneal 1 Anneal 2 Anneal 3

500,000

450,000

400,000

350,000

300,000

250,000

200,000

(psi)


Flexural Test – ISO 178-2010(similar to ASTM D790)

• CSRVE – (135 MPa)Flexural no breaks - no permanent deformation

• Epoxy – (125 MPa)Flexural no breaks, light permanent deformation

• Vinyl standard – (145 MPa)Bending - breaking

• Polyester standard – (115 MPa)

Bending - breaking/shattered


Typical Tensile Properties of the Various Base Resins

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Stress (psi)

Strain (in/in)

Epoxy 2

CSRVE 2

DCPD

Standard VE

Epoxy 1

CSRVE 1


Tensile Elongation


Damage Recovery after Tensile Testing(ASTM D638)

Control Coupon — has not been tested

Coupon was stressed before failure

Coupon annealed above the glass transition andrecovered


Typical Tensile Properties of the Various Base ResinsPlane-Strain Fracture Toughness(ASTM D5045) (SENB) – G1c

• K1C is standing for critical stress intensity factor

• G1C is standing for critical energy release rate


Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness(ASTM D5045) (SENB) – K1c and G1c

specimen: 60 mm x 12.8 mm x 3.2 mmpre-crack: 6 mm depth by blade-tappinghead speed: 1mm/min.


Elongation Comparison With Fracture Toughness, K1C


Energy per unit area of crack surface or critical strain energy release rate, G1C, at fracture initiation.


Apparent Interlaminar Shear Strength – Short-Beam Shear ISO 14130: 1997 (similar to ASTM D2334)

• Resistance test wing delamination of laminated carbon UD 300 g/m2 12K, 6-ply thickness 2mm

CSRVE deformation at 120 Mpa – no breaks

Standard VE resin deformation at 90 MPa crack breaking interlaminate


Apparent Interlaminar Shear Strength – Short-Beam Shear ISO 14130: 1997 (similar to ASTM D2334)

• Resistance wing delamination of laminated carbon UD 300 g/m2 12K, 6-ply thickness 2mm

DGEBA epoxy resin with 828 hardener dioxide MTHPA strain 110 MPa - no breaks


CSRVE Unique Toughness Properties

1-Lb. Steel BallDropped from 2 Feet on Un-Reinforced Castings

Standard VE CSRVE

21


CSRVE Recovered

CSRVE Heat Treated and Recovered from DamageCSRVE Heat Treated and Recovered from Damage

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Drop Ball Impact on 3 Ply’s of E-Glass Mat from 2 FeetDrop Ball Impact on 3 Plys of E-Glass Mat from 2 Feet

Standard VE DCPD

CSRVE 1 CSRVE 2

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Drop Ball Impact on 3 Ply’s of E-Glass Mat from 2 FeetDrop Ball Impact on 4 Plys of 3K Carbon Weave Fabric From 3 Feet

CSRVE 2 Structural Epoxy

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Drop Ball Impact on 3 Ply’s of E-Glass Mat from 2 FeetDrop Ball Impact on 4 Plys of 3K Carbon Weave Fabric From All Heights

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Drop Ball Impact on 4 Ply of 3K Carbon Weave

0

1

2

3

4

5

3 4 5 6

Height (ft)

Cra

ck L

engt

h (in

)

Epoxy

CSRVE

Drop Ball Impact

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Toughness and Resistance to Fatigue of the Control Resin and CSRVE


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

VE CSRVE 1 CSRVE 2 Epoxy 1 Epoxy 2

Te

mp

era

ture

(C

)

HD

T

HD

T

HD

T

HD

T

HD

T

Tg

Tg

Tg

Tg Tg

HDT and DSC Tg Properties


HDT Coupon Recovery


Straight Coupon was Bent after Heating


Heat Treated CSRVE Flat Coupon Made into a Coil


Recovery of Original Shape after Heat Treatment


Application Trial – CSRVE Vacuum Infusion of Transportation Deck


Hammer Impact test on high-performance olefin yarn co-mingled with 3K carbon fiber helmet. No puncture!


Light Weight Moldable Parts using CSRVE Resin, Olefin, Carbon, Olefin/ Carbon Hybrid Fabric, and Styrofoam Beads


Flexural Summary

• CSRVE rebounds back to original position after testing

• Epoxy would bend but would not recover• VE fractured• CSRVE above Tg will go back to original shape –

the same sample retested retained 80% of the original strength


Tensile Summary

• Epoxy and standard VE were sensitive to defects and reduced elongation by half

• CSRVE samples were not sensitive to defects, very little reduction in elongation


G1c and Fatigue Summary

• G1c – CSRVE had 10 times the toughness of the

epoxy and VE

• Fatigue test – Control Resin pultruded spring – 125 K cycles

to failure – CSRVE pultruded spring – 1 million cycles –

did not break


Short Beam Shear

• CSRVE and epoxy did not shear – they bent

• VE sheared

• CSRVE had 120 MPa shear strength with no break, and epoxy resin had 110 MPa shear strength with no break.

• Overall CSRVE has very good adhesion to carbon fiber


Drop Ball Impact Summary

• CSRVE using CS E-glass had the least damage compared to VE laminate

• Carbon fiber laminates made with CSRVE has better crack resistances compared to the epoxy laminates

• Carbon fiber laminate made with epoxy broke in half at 6 foot drop where as the CSRVE laminate did not


HDT and DSC Summary

• Coupons after HDT testing show that CSRVE coupon rebounds back to original shape under static load – epoxy and VE did not have enough to rebound

• DSC scans show that all resins evaluated were fully cured


Thank you!Questions?

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pccr csrve spe final power point 2014

Documents

mpa flexural

flexural test astm d790

astm d790 csrve

typical tensile properties

flexural test iso

psi flexural modulus

various base resins

tensile elongation