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A MUSLIM CALIPHATEA MUSLIM CALIPHATEChapter 10, Lesson 3.Chapter 10, Lesson 3.

Time PeriodTime Period 750-1200 AD750-1200 AD

Read the Big Picture p.272

THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE Centuries before the founding of Baghdad, Centuries before the founding of Baghdad,

Persian rulers controlled lands north of the Persian rulers controlled lands north of the Arabian peninsula from Egypt to India. Arabian peninsula from Egypt to India.

The Persian empire was in decline in the A.D. The Persian empire was in decline in the A.D. 600’s as Islam developed in Mecca.600’s as Islam developed in Mecca.

This allowed Muhammad to gain control of the This allowed Muhammad to gain control of the Arabian peninsula. By 700, Muslim rulers Arabian peninsula. By 700, Muslim rulers controlled the Mediterranean region.controlled the Mediterranean region.

In 762 the decision to build a capital city was In 762 the decision to build a capital city was made which would become the center of Muslim made which would become the center of Muslim achievements in science, art, and architecture.achievements in science, art, and architecture.

Quietly conference with your team, Quietly conference with your team, compare your notes, and create the compare your notes, and create the

main idea main idea The Big Picture. The Big Picture.

You have two minutes and must You have two minutes and must try to keep the main idea to a try to keep the main idea to a

sentence.sentence.

Main Idea: As the Persian Empire Main Idea: As the Persian Empire declines, Muslims gain control of the declines, Muslims gain control of the

Arabian Peninsula.Arabian Peninsula.

MAP OF ARABIAN MAP OF ARABIAN PENINSULAPENINSULA

THE CALIPHATE, c. A.D. 740-THE CALIPHATE, c. A.D. 740-760760

MAP WORKMAP WORK

1.1. Which River Flowed near Baghdad?Which River Flowed near Baghdad?

2.2. Which city is closest to the Persian Which city is closest to the Persian Gulf- Constantinople, Baghdad, or Gulf- Constantinople, Baghdad, or Mecca?Mecca?

3.3. About how far is Baghdad from About how far is Baghdad from Mecca?Mecca?

Click for answers:Click for answers:1.Tigris River, Euprates River

2.Baghdad

3.About 950 miles

HOTWORDSHOTWORDSCaliphs (KAY lihfs) – Caliphs (KAY lihfs) – A A

Muslim leader who Muslim leader who had both political had both political and religious and religious authorityauthority

Mosque (MAHSK) – Mosque (MAHSK) – A A Muslim place of Muslim place of worship.worship.

Read the Muslim Rule & Baghdad, p.273

MUSLIM RULE

• Islam was just over 100 years old

• Caliphs had been chosen to govern the land

• In many areas people welcomed Islam and became Muslims

BaghdadBaghdad

A statue of the caliph Al-Monsour, founder of the city of Baghdad, watches over traffic.

Baghdad• From the late 700s until the 1200s Baghdad was the capital of the Muslim caliphate

• Baghdad had more than 1 million people making it one of the world’s largest cities.

•Baghdad had an international flavor, providing goods to purchase from all over the known world.

Map of Baghdad and surrounding Map of Baghdad and surrounding areasareas

Map of BaghdadMap of Baghdad

Downtown Downtown BaghdadBaghdad

From the center of Baghdad, four main roads went to all parts of the caliphate (empire). Traders used these roads to bring riches from all over the caliphate and beyond.

Here are some picture of modern day Baghdad

Window looking Window looking out on the Tigris out on the Tigris

riverriver

Downtown BaghdadDowntown Baghdad

Architecture in Architecture in the "old" the "old"

Baghdad, or Baghdad, or downtowndowntown

Sightseeing in BaghdadSightseeing in Baghdad

Downtown Downtown market, market,

BaghdadBaghdad

An old man in his store, BaghdadAn old man in his store, Baghdad

Grilling Fish in a Baghdad restaurantGrilling Fish in a Baghdad restaurant

One of several gigantic works in One of several gigantic works in progress in Baghdad. progress in Baghdad.

View of Baghdad skylineView of Baghdad skyline

Picture from Global Nomad Groups

Middle East architectureMiddle East architecture

Quietly conference with your team, Quietly conference with your team, compare your notes, and create the compare your notes, and create the

main idea main idea MUSLIM RULE & Baghdad. MUSLIM RULE & Baghdad.

You have two minutes and must You have two minutes and must try to keep the main idea to a try to keep the main idea to a

sentence.sentence.

Main Idea: In 760 Islam was 100 years Main Idea: In 760 Islam was 100 years old. In that time Caliphs ruled a large old. In that time Caliphs ruled a large area around Arabia called the Muslim area around Arabia called the Muslim

Caliphate, the capital of which was the Caliphate, the capital of which was the very prosperous city of Baghdad.very prosperous city of Baghdad.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CALIPHATECALIPHATE

Muslims made major advances in medicine, math and science.

Read the 274-275, Achievements of the Caliphate, Advances in Medicine & Math and Science

““He who travels in He who travels in search of search of

knowledge travels knowledge travels along Allah’s path along Allah’s path

of Paradise.”of Paradise.”

Records show that Arabic Records show that Arabic doctors performed doctors performed many different surgical many different surgical operations including operations including the removal of the removal of varicose veins, kidney varicose veins, kidney stones and the stones and the replacement of replacement of dislocated limbs. They dislocated limbs. They used sponges soaked used sponges soaked in narcotic drugs which in narcotic drugs which were placed over the were placed over the patient's nose as early patient's nose as early anesthetics.anesthetics.

The Arab Physician and scholar Ibn Sina

Advances in Medicine

Spreading the word

One of the most important medical books of its time was written by the physician Ali al-Husayn Abd Allah Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna). His massive manuscript, called the Laws of Medicine, was completed around 1030 AD and translated into Latin in the 12th Century. This encyclopaedia of medicine contained five books detailing the formulation of medicines, diagnosis of disorders, general medicine and detailed therapies. It continued to be a great influence in the development of medicine in medieval Europe for hundreds of years.

Math and ScienceMath and Science• Muslims created a simplified number system to that of the Romans which is commonly used in the world today.

• Muslim mathematicians built on the work of Hindu scholars greatly improving the field of al-jabr “algebra”

• Muslims also made great advancements in the field of astronomy, improving the Greek’s astrolabe instrument

Astrolabe – Astrolabe – An instrument invented by An instrument invented by Muslims that is used to determine direction by Muslims that is used to determine direction by

figuring out the position of the starsfiguring out the position of the stars

Algebra – Algebra – A type of mathematics to which A type of mathematics to which Muslims made great contributionsMuslims made great contributions

HOTWORDSHOTWORDS

Places of WorshipPlaces of Worship

Read Places of Worship, p.275

A Muslim MosqueA Muslim Mosque

Edirne, Turkey

A 14th-century mosque still A 14th-century mosque still dominates Yazd’s oldest dominates Yazd’s oldest

quarterquarter

Places of WorshipPlaces of Worship• Muslims followed specific guidelines when building Muslim mosques

• A builder must do the following when building a mosque: make sure that it faces Mecca, include a courtyard and prayer towers, and provide a water source so that worshippers can cleanse themselves.

•The oldest Muslim monument still standing is the Dome of the Rock, built in 691.

Dome of Dome of the Rockthe Rock,,

JerusalemJerusalemArea view of Area view of the Dome of the Dome of

the Rock the Rock terrace from terrace from southwest southwest with the with the

Wailing Wall Wailing Wall on the on the

bottom right bottom right corner.corner.

Dome of the RockDome of the Rock, , JerusalemJerusalem

View from the west, with Minaret Bab al-Silsila

Detail of exterior drum tilework

Roof detail of dome with covered with alloy containing gold

Cross section of the Dome of the Rock

Interior of Dome of the Rock

Interior of Dome of the Rock

Interior of Dome of the Rock

Literature Literature and and

MusicMusic

Read Literature and Read Literature and Music, p. 275Music, p. 275

Arab music covers a vast geographical area ranging from the Atlas Mountains and parts of the Sahara in Africa to the Arabian Gulf region and the banks of the Euphrates. Whether from Morocco, Egypt, or Iraq, Arabs are able to identify today with a multi-faceted musical heritage that originated in antiquity, but that gained sophistication and momentum during the height of the Islamic Empire between the eighth and the thirteenth centuries. Since the spread of Islam from the Arabian Peninsula towards the middle of the seventh century until the present century, Arab music has been shaped by five principal processes, some purely intellectual and cultural, others political.

Ivory plaques of the Fatimid period in Egypt.

Origins of the Origins of the Arabian NightsArabian Nights The stories of The stories of the the Arabian NightsArabian Nights were written by many were written by many people over the course of hundreds of people over the course of hundreds of years. The core of original stories came years. The core of original stories came out of Persia and India in the early eighth out of Persia and India in the early eighth century. They were translated into Arabic century. They were translated into Arabic and given the name and given the name Alf LaylaAlf Layla or or The The Thousand NightsThousand Nights. This set of stories was . This set of stories was few in number and fell far short of living few in number and fell far short of living up to the number in its title. up to the number in its title.

In Iraq in the ninth or tenth century, a In Iraq in the ninth or tenth century, a group of Arab stories were added. group of Arab stories were added. This new group probably contained This new group probably contained the tales that refer to the tales that refer to Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Also, in the period . Also, in the period immediately after this, several tales immediately after this, several tales that had previously existed outside of that had previously existed outside of the the NightsNights were incorporated into the were incorporated into the main body of the tales. main body of the tales. Starting the 13th century, another Starting the 13th century, another group of tales was added, these of group of tales was added, these of Syrian or Egyptian origin. In "modern" Syrian or Egyptian origin. In "modern" times, additional tales were added times, additional tales were added (by (by Galland, for example), and the , for example), and the total was brought up to the number total was brought up to the number given in the title.given in the title.

Quietly conference with your team, Quietly conference with your team, compare your notes, and create the compare your notes, and create the

main ideamain idea. .

You have two minutes and must You have two minutes and must try to keep the main idea to a try to keep the main idea to a

sentence.sentence.

Main Idea: The Muslim Caliphate Main Idea: The Muslim Caliphate made major advancements in made major advancements in

medicine, math, science, architecture, medicine, math, science, architecture, literature and music, which influence literature and music, which influence

modern day life.modern day life.

WHY IT MATTERSWHY IT MATTERS

Read, p 277, Why Read, p 277, Why it mattersit matters

Next: A photo pilgrimage to MeccaNext: A photo pilgrimage to Mecca

Inside MeccaInside Mecca

Mecca, also MakkahMecca, also MakkahA city in western Saudi Arabia located in the Al A city in western Saudi Arabia located in the Al

Jijaz (Hejaz) region, near Jiddah. Mecca is the Jijaz (Hejaz) region, near Jiddah. Mecca is the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (the founder of Islam), the center of pilgrimage for founder of Islam), the center of pilgrimage for Muslims, and the focal point of their daily Muslims, and the focal point of their daily prayers. In Arabic, the city is known as prayers. In Arabic, the city is known as Makkah al-mukkaramahMakkah al-mukkaramah (“Mecca the (“Mecca the blessed”). Pilgrimage to the city is one of the blessed”). Pilgrimage to the city is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and is required of all able Five Pillars of Islam and is required of all able adult Muslims at least once in their lifetimes. adult Muslims at least once in their lifetimes. The pilgrimage (The pilgrimage (hajjhajj in Arabic) is the defining in Arabic) is the defining factor in the growth and life of the city. The factor in the growth and life of the city. The influx of close to 2 million pilgrims each year influx of close to 2 million pilgrims each year during the last month of the Islamic calendar during the last month of the Islamic calendar is a grand human spectacle as well as one of is a grand human spectacle as well as one of the largest logistical and administrative the largest logistical and administrative undertakings in the world. undertakings in the world.

More than two More than two million pilgrims million pilgrims gather each gather each year to perform year to perform Hajj. Hajj.

One of the five pillars of Islam, hajj is required of all Muslims at least once in a lifetime if they are physically and financially able to do so without compromising family responsibilities. Each year, Muslims from all over the world embark on an epic reaffirmation of faith and quest for salvation that peaks in and around Mecca during five days of the last month of the Islamic calendar.

Muslim pilgrims on hajj gather in prayer at the Grand Mosque in Muslim pilgrims on hajj gather in prayer at the Grand Mosque in Mecca. Hajj calls for a state of ritual sanctity and mental purity. Mecca. Hajj calls for a state of ritual sanctity and mental purity.

Despite the physical and emotional challenges facing the pilgrims, Despite the physical and emotional challenges facing the pilgrims, they must not let themselves be swayed by anger or frustration.they must not let themselves be swayed by anger or frustration.

Muslim pilgrims file into Mecca’s Grand Mosque located at the heart of the city. Home to the Kaaba, Islam's holiest shrine, the mosque is designed to accommodate nearly two million pilgrims who converge

on Mecca during the hajj, the annual Islamic pilgrimage.

Radiant with faith, a sea of Muslims gathers in prayer in and around Mecca’s Grand Mosque. At the center of this huge mosque's central courtyard is the Kaaba, the ancient cube-shaped structure that is

Islam’s holiest shrine.

The Pilgrimage starts with the reciting of this invocation.

Here I am, Oh God, at Your command!Here I am at Your command!You are without associate!Here I am at Your command!To You are all praise, grace and dominion!You are without associate!

The First Official The First Official DayDayOn the first official day of the pilgrimage, the millions of On the first official day of the pilgrimage, the millions of

pilgrims that have now gathered travel from Mecca to pilgrims that have now gathered travel from Mecca to Mina, a small village east of the city. There they spend the Mina, a small village east of the city. There they spend the day and night in enormous tent cities, praying, reading the day and night in enormous tent cities, praying, reading the Qur’an, and resting for the next day. Qur’an, and resting for the next day.

The Second Official DayThe Second Official Day

On the second day of the pilgrimage, the pilgrims leave Mina On the second day of the pilgrimage, the pilgrims leave Mina just after dawn to travel to the Plain of Arafat for the just after dawn to travel to the Plain of Arafat for the

culminating experience of the Hajj.culminating experience of the Hajj.

The Second Official The Second Official DayDay

On the second day of the On the second day of the pilgrimage, the pilgrimage, the pilgrims leave Mina pilgrims leave Mina just after dawn to just after dawn to travel to the Plain of travel to the Plain of Arafat for the Arafat for the culminating experience culminating experience of the Hajj. On what is of the Hajj. On what is known as the "known as the "Day of ArafatDay of Arafat,” the ,” the pilgrims spend the entire pilgrims spend the entire day standing (or sitting) day standing (or sitting) near the Mount of Mercy, near the Mount of Mercy, asking Allah for asking Allah for forgiveness and making forgiveness and making supplications. Muslims supplications. Muslims around the world who are around the world who are not at the pilgrimage join not at the pilgrimage join them in spirit by fasting them in spirit by fasting for the day. for the day.

Pilgrims clamber on to buses to retrace Pilgrims clamber on to buses to retrace Mohammad's steps from Mecca to Mohammad's steps from Mecca to

MinaMina

The Third Official DayThe Third Official DayOn the third day, the pilgrims move before sunrise, On the third day, the pilgrims move before sunrise,

this time back to Mina. Here they throw their stone this time back to Mina. Here they throw their stone pebbles at pillars that represent the temptations of pebbles at pillars that represent the temptations of Satan. When throwing the stones, the pilgrims Satan. When throwing the stones, the pilgrims recall the story of Satan’s attempt to dissuade recall the story of Satan’s attempt to dissuade Abraham from following God’s command to Abraham from following God’s command to sacrifice his son. The stones represent Abraham’s sacrifice his son. The stones represent Abraham’s

After casting the pebbles, most pilgrims slaugter and After casting the pebbles, most pilgrims slaugter and animal (often a sheep or a goat) and give away the animal (often a sheep or a goat) and give away the meat to the poor. This is a symbolic act that shows meat to the poor. This is a symbolic act that shows their willingness to part with something that is their willingness to part with something that is precious to them, just as the Prophet Abraham was precious to them, just as the Prophet Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son at God’s command. prepared to sacrifice his son at God’s command.

The Fourth Official The Fourth Official DayDay

The pilgrims then return to Mecca The pilgrims then return to Mecca and perform seven and perform seven tawaftawaf, turns , turns around the Ka’aba, the house around the Ka’aba, the house of worship built by Abraham of worship built by Abraham and his son. In other rites, the and his son. In other rites, the pilgrims pray near a place pilgrims pray near a place called “The Station of called “The Station of Abraham,” which is reportedly Abraham,” which is reportedly where Abraham stood while where Abraham stood while constructing the Ka’aba. The constructing the Ka’aba. The pilgrims also walk seven times pilgrims also walk seven times between two small hills near between two small hills near the Ka’aba (and enclosed in the the Ka’aba (and enclosed in the Grand Mosque’s complex). This Grand Mosque’s complex). This is done in remembrance of the is done in remembrance of the plight of Abraham’s wife Hajar, plight of Abraham’s wife Hajar, who desperately searched in who desperately searched in the area for water for herself the area for water for herself and her son, before a spring and her son, before a spring welled up in the desert for her. welled up in the desert for her. The pilgrims also drink from The pilgrims also drink from this ancient spring, known as this ancient spring, known as ZamzamZamzam, which still flows , which still flows today. today.

Circling the Kaaba in MeccaCircling the Kaaba in Mecca