Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. FergusonPlessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court CaseSupreme Court Case

Declared Declared ““Separate but Separate but equal accommodations equal accommodations for whites and blacks” for whites and blacks” was legal.was legal.

Made segregation legal.Made segregation legal.

Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow Laws remained in the South.remained in the South.

Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashingtonBooker T. Booker T.

WashingtonWashington• Born a slave in Virginia.Born a slave in Virginia.

• Moderate reformer – Moderate reformer –

accepted segregationaccepted segregation

• Vocational Education – Vocational Education –

African Americans needed African Americans needed

to gain skills to be gradually to gain skills to be gradually

accepted by whitesaccepted by whites

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

• Radical reformerRadical reformer

• First African American to First African American to

graduate from Harvard.graduate from Harvard.

• Education was essential to Education was essential to

equality.equality.

• Wanted immediate equality.Wanted immediate equality.

• Against Washington’s plan.Against Washington’s plan.

NAACPNAACPNAACPNAACP

• National Association for the Advancement National Association for the Advancement

of Colored Peopleof Colored People

• Founded in 1909Founded in 1909

• W.E.B. DuBois helped start this W.E.B. DuBois helped start this

organization.organization.

Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of EducationEducation

Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of EducationEducation

May 17, 1954May 17, 1954

Brown argues segregation in schools was Brown argues segregation in schools was

unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

Brown wins and it leads to desegregation.Brown wins and it leads to desegregation.

Example of desegregationExample of desegregation

Little Rock, Arkansas - Little Rock, Arkansas - ““Little Rock NineLittle Rock Nine””

Central High School admitted its first African Central High School admitted its first African

American students.American students.

Thurgood MarshallThurgood MarshallThurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall

• Lawyer for Brown v. Lawyer for Brown v.

Board of EducationBoard of Education

• Later became the first Later became the first

African American on African American on

the Supreme Court.the Supreme Court.

Response in VirginiaResponse in VirginiaResponse in VirginiaResponse in Virginia

Massive resistance to desegregation.Massive resistance to desegregation.

ExamplesExamples

Establishment of Private Schools.Establishment of Private Schools.

Many whites leave urban school systems.Many whites leave urban school systems.

Oliver Hill - Virginia NAACP fought for Oliver Hill - Virginia NAACP fought for

desegregation.desegregation.

Important FiguresImportant FiguresImportant FiguresImportant Figures

Rosa Parks - early Civil Rights figure, Rosa Parks - early Civil Rights figure,

refused to move from her seat on a bus to refused to move from her seat on a bus to

allow a white passenger to sit down.allow a white passenger to sit down.

Martin Luther King Jr. - organized a march Martin Luther King Jr. - organized a march

in support for Parks. Montgomery Bus in support for Parks. Montgomery Bus

Boycott. Began MLK Jr.Boycott. Began MLK Jr.’’s career as a Civil s career as a Civil

Rights leader. Rights leader.

Martin Luther King Martin Luther King Jr.Jr.

Martin Luther King Martin Luther King Jr.Jr.

Southern Christian Leadership Southern Christian Leadership

Conference.Conference.

Sit-Ins, Civil Disobedience, Sit-Ins, Civil Disobedience,

non-violent protest non-violent protest

strategies .strategies .

1963 Civil Rights March, 1963 Civil Rights March,

million man march, Non-million man march, Non-

violent mass protest, violent mass protest, ““I have a I have a

dreamdream”” speech. speech.

Freedom RidersFreedom RidersFreedom RidersFreedom Riders

Bus trips to the south with whites and Bus trips to the south with whites and

blacks on board. Meant to provoke violent blacks on board. Meant to provoke violent

reaction to force the government to get reaction to force the government to get

involved.involved.

Buses are attacked, one is firebombed, Buses are attacked, one is firebombed,

people are beaten.people are beaten.

Creates outrage, President Kennedy Creates outrage, President Kennedy

supports the groups.supports the groups.

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19641964

Civil Rights Act of Civil Rights Act of 19641964

Lyndon B. Johnson continues John F. Lyndon B. Johnson continues John F.

KennedyKennedy’’s work.s work.

Prohibits discrimination because of race, Prohibits discrimination because of race,

religion, national origin, or gender. religion, national origin, or gender.

Gives citizens right to enter libraries, Gives citizens right to enter libraries,

parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters,

and other public places.and other public places.

Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 19651965

Voting Rights Act of Voting Rights Act of 19651965

Eliminated literacy tests that disqualified Eliminated literacy tests that disqualified

many voters.many voters.

Enrolled those previously denied.Enrolled those previously denied.

Numbers of African Americans who could Numbers of African Americans who could

vote greatly increased.vote greatly increased.

Segregation in the Segregation in the NorthNorth

Segregation in the Segregation in the NorthNorth

De facto segregation - segregation by De facto segregation - segregation by

practice or custom, not law.practice or custom, not law.

Suburbs vs. cities.Suburbs vs. cities.

Riots in New York, Detroit, and Los Riots in New York, Detroit, and Los

Angeles over racial issues.Angeles over racial issues.

New LeadersNew LeadersNew LeadersNew Leaders

Malcolm X – Nation of Malcolm X – Nation of

IslamIslam

Stokely Carmichael – Stokely Carmichael –

Black Power MovementBlack Power Movement

Black PanthersBlack Panthers

Stokely Stokely CarmichaelCarmichael

The Black PanthersThe Black Panthers

Civil Rights Leaders are Civil Rights Leaders are AssassinatedAssassinated

Civil Rights Leaders are Civil Rights Leaders are AssassinatedAssassinated

Malcolm X - 1965Malcolm X - 1965

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

Robert F. KennedyRobert F. Kennedy

Both killed in 1968.Both killed in 1968.

D.C. Riots – Response to MLK D.C. Riots – Response to MLK AssassinationAssassination

LegacyLegacyLegacyLegacy

Increased participation in politics and Increased participation in politics and

education by African Americans.education by African Americans.

Movement changed to focus on inequality, Movement changed to focus on inequality,

poverty, and racism after the end of poverty, and racism after the end of

segregation.segregation.

Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action

Election of Barack Obama. (first African Election of Barack Obama. (first African

American president)American president)