politicas de formacion en psicologica: una vision desde el american psychological asssociation...
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Politicas de Formacion en Politicas de Formacion en Psicologica: Una Vision desdePsicologica: Una Vision desde
el American Psychological el American Psychological AsssociationAsssociation
Universidad de los Andes, Agosto 26, 2004Universidad de los Andes, Agosto 26, 2004
Antonio E. Puente, Ph.D.Antonio E. Puente, Ph.D.Department of PsychologyDepartment of Psychology
University of North Carolina at WilmingtonUniversity of North Carolina at WilmingtonWilmington, North Carolina 28403 USAWilmington, North Carolina 28403 USA
[email protected]@uncw.edu
Introductory RemarksIntroductory Remarks
English Power-point; Spanish NarrativeEnglish Power-point; Spanish Narrative Thank You and CongratulationsThank You and Congratulations Post-presentation Communication & Post-presentation Communication &
InformationInformation www.uncw.eduwww.uncw.edu/puente/people/puente/people www.clinicalneuropsychology.uswww.clinicalneuropsychology.us [email protected]@uncw.edu
Dedication Dedication To Krista Puente (my oldest child)To Krista Puente (my oldest child) On her birthday and first day of graduate school On her birthday and first day of graduate school
in Clinical Psychology (Florida Institute of in Clinical Psychology (Florida Institute of Technology)Technology)
BackgroundBackground
HeritageHeritage EducationEducation Academic & Clinical InterestsAcademic & Clinical Interests Experience within APA Experience within APA (examples)(examples)
Task Force on PsychopharmacologyTask Force on Psychopharmacology (member) (member)
Committee for Undergraduate Education Committee for Undergraduate Education (chair)(chair)
Committee for Continuing Education Committee for Continuing Education (chair)(chair) Policy and Planning Board Policy and Planning Board (two terms)(two terms) Division of Clinical Neuropsychology Division of Clinical Neuropsychology (president)(president)
OutlineOutline
Brief History of Psychology in the United Brief History of Psychology in the United States States (with a Focus on APA)(with a Focus on APA)
Panorama of the American Psychological Panorama of the American Psychological AssociationAssociation
Current Pedagogy in American PsychologyCurrent Pedagogy in American Psychology Challenges to Pedagogy in American Challenges to Pedagogy in American
PsychologyPsychology Current Issues in the Pedagogy and Current Issues in the Pedagogy and
Formation of PsychologistsFormation of Psychologists
Brief History of American Brief History of American PsychologyPsychology
BeginningsBeginnings Academic PsychologyAcademic Psychology Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology
History: The BeginningsHistory: The Beginnings
The Wundt EffectThe Wundt Effect Ivy League & Northern UniversitiesIvy League & Northern Universities The Initial Academic Role of The Initial Academic Role of
PsychologyPsychology American Psychological AssociationAmerican Psychological Association
History: Academic History: Academic PsychologyPsychology
Science Science Psychological Review Psychological Review 1894 1894 (purchase)(purchase) First Laboratory First Laboratory 1885 1885 HarvardHarvard Later Laboratories at Hopkins, Penn, Indiana, Iowa, Later Laboratories at Hopkins, Penn, Indiana, Iowa,
Wisconsin, Cornell, Columbia, etc. Wisconsin, Cornell, Columbia, etc. PedagogyPedagogy
First Undergrad. Course First Undergrad. Course 1840 1840 MarshallMarshall First Graduate Course First Graduate Course 1847 1847 YaleYale First PhD Granted First PhD Granted 1861 1861 YaleYale First TextbookFirst Textbook 18901890 JamesJames
History: clinical PsychologyHistory: clinical Psychology(i.e., Health Providers)(i.e., Health Providers)
WW II and the VA System WW II and the VA System (1945-1960)(1945-1960)
Licensing Laws Licensing Laws (1960-1980)(1960-1980)
Third Party/Insurance Third Party/Insurance Reimbursement Reimbursement (1970-1990)(1970-1990)
Medicare/Medicaid Programs Medicare/Medicaid Programs (1990-(1990-present)present)
Proliferation of Specialties in Proliferation of Specialties in Psychology Psychology (2000-present)(2000-present)
Panorama of the American Panorama of the American Psychological AssociationPsychological Association
The BeginningThe Beginning Current Membership AnalysesCurrent Membership Analyses Recent Trends in Membership Recent Trends in Membership
Panorama of APA: The Panorama of APA: The BeginningBeginning
Model (American Physiological Society)Model (American Physiological Society) Preliminary Meeting Preliminary Meeting
July, 8, 1892July, 8, 1892 Worcester, Mass. (Clark University)Worcester, Mass. (Clark University) 26 26 (attendance)(attendance) + 2 + 2 (no invitation)(no invitation) + 3 + 3 (new PhDs)(new PhDs) Two Jews, One Catholic Priest, Psychiatrists…Two Jews, One Catholic Priest, Psychiatrists…
First Formal MeetingFirst Formal Meeting December, 1898December, 1898 University of Pennsylvania (2University of Pennsylvania (2ndnd meeting @ meeting @
Columbia)Columbia) 18 Attended and Presented Papers18 Attended and Presented Papers Hall Elected PresidentHall Elected President
Panorama of APA: MembershipPanorama of APA: Membership(2002 Date: APA Research Office)(2002 Date: APA Research Office)
TotalTotal 92,928 (minus students)92,928 (minus students) 2% Hispanic2% Hispanic
GenderGender MaleMale 48.6%48.6% FemaleFemale 50.9%50.9%
AgeAge Less than 30Less than 30 2% 2% Less than 40Less than 40 14%14% Less than 50Less than 50 22%22% Less than 60Less than 60 32%32% Less than 70Less than 70 12%12% Over 70Over 70 10%10%
Panorama of APA: Panorama of APA: MembershipMembership
Health ProviderHealth Provider 69.8%69.8%
ResearchResearch 19.7%19.7%
OtherOther 10.5%10.5%
Panorama of APA: Panorama of APA: MembershipMembership
Health ProviderHealth Provider ClinicalClinical 50%50% CounselingCounseling 11%11% SchoolSchool 4% 4% Child ClinicalChild Clinical 3% 3% HealthHealth 2% 2%
ResearchResearch Industrial/Org.Industrial/Org. 5% 5% DevelopmentalDevelopmental 3% 3% SocialSocial 3% 3% EducationalEducational 2% 2% ExperimentalExperimental 2% 2%
Panorama of APA: New Panorama of APA: New MembersMembers(last 7 years)(last 7 years)
DegreeDegree Ph.D.Ph.D. 74.7%74.7% (mean = 7 (mean = 7
yrs.)yrs.) Psy.D.Psy.D. 17.1%17.1% (mean = 4 (mean = 4
yrs.)yrs.) Ed.D.Ed.D. 2.8% 2.8%
Panorama of APA: New Panorama of APA: New MembersMembers
Clinical Clinical ClinicalClinical 46%46% CounselingCounseling 10%10% SchoolSchool 4% 4% HealthHealth 3% 3% TotalTotal 68%68%
Panorama of APA: New Panorama of APA: New MembersMembers
AcademicAcademic Industrial/OrganizationalIndustrial/Organizational 6%6% Developmental Developmental 4%4% EducationalEducational 3%3% CognitiveCognitive 2%2% TotalTotal 23% 23%
Relationship to Related Relationship to Related DisciplinesDisciplines
AcademicAcademic MedicineMedicine NeuroscienceNeuroscience
ClinicalClinical PsychiatryPsychiatry Social WorkSocial Work Related Health ProfessionalsRelated Health Professionals
Social Security 1989’s Definition of a PhysicianSocial Security 1989’s Definition of a Physician Affiliation with Non-Doctorate Level ProvidersAffiliation with Non-Doctorate Level Providers
Current Pedagogy in American Current Pedagogy in American PsychologyPsychology
The Undergraduate ExperienceThe Undergraduate Experience The Graduate ExperienceThe Graduate Experience The Post-doctorate ExperienceThe Post-doctorate Experience The Continuing Education ExperienceThe Continuing Education Experience
The Undergraduate The Undergraduate ExperienceExperience
General StudiesGeneral Studies ElectivesElectives Psychology MajorPsychology Major
APA CUE Review (1985)APA CUE Review (1985) Liberal ArtsLiberal Arts Experimental/MethodologyExperimental/Methodology
Typical Major RequirementsTypical Major Requirements Introduction/GeneralIntroduction/General StatisticsStatistics ExperimentalExperimental MenuMenu
AppliedApplied ResearchResearch
The Graduate ExperienceThe Graduate Experience
MastersMasters State & Federal GuidelinesState & Federal Guidelines Council of Masters’ ProgramCouncil of Masters’ Program Health Provider vs ResearchHealth Provider vs Research 2-3 years 2-3 years (6 month internship if Health Provider)(6 month internship if Health Provider)
DoctorateDoctorate State & Federal GuidelinesState & Federal Guidelines Health Provider vs. ResearchHealth Provider vs. Research
The Graduate Experience: The Graduate Experience: AcademicAcademic
Focus on ResearchFocus on Research
Limited Focus on Teaching Limited Focus on Teaching (e.g. Epting, (e.g. Epting, et al 2004, ToP)et al 2004, ToP)
The Graduate Experience The Graduate Experience (cont.)(cont.)
Health ProviderHealth Provider APA Accreditation Program (program & APA Accreditation Program (program &
internships)internships) Ph.D. vs. Psy.D.Ph.D. vs. Psy.D. Course WorkCourse Work
MastersMasters DoctorateDoctorate
Comprehensive ExaminationComprehensive Examination ResearchResearch InternshipInternship
The Postgraduate The Postgraduate ExperienceExperience
ResearchResearch 1-5 years1-5 years
Health ProviderHealth Provider 1-3 years1-3 years Requirement for State LicensureRequirement for State Licensure
Model LicensureModel Licensure Doctorate from an accredited programDoctorate from an accredited program Two years supervised clinical trainingTwo years supervised clinical training
State x State Requirements vary considerablyState x State Requirements vary considerably
The Continuing Education The Continuing Education ExperienceExperience
Academic LeavesAcademic Leaves Licensing Requirements (APA Model)Licensing Requirements (APA Model)
ReadingReading WorkshopsWorkshops Formal, extended trainingFormal, extended training Peer ReviewPeer Review
Challenges to Pedagogy in Challenges to Pedagogy in American PsychologyAmerican Psychology
The Undergraduate ExperienceThe Undergraduate Experience The Graduate ExperienceThe Graduate Experience The Post-doctorate ExperienceThe Post-doctorate Experience The Continuing Education ExperienceThe Continuing Education Experience
Challenges: UndergraduateChallenges: Undergraduate
Pre-College ExposurePre-College Exposure Advanced Placement Course (ETS)Advanced Placement Course (ETS) Varieties of Experiences (APA)Varieties of Experiences (APA)
PopularityPopularity Single Largest Undergraduate Major in USSingle Largest Undergraduate Major in US 1 million Students Take Psychology Courses per yr.1 million Students Take Psychology Courses per yr.
Pre-Professional vs. Liberal ArtsPre-Professional vs. Liberal Arts CUE/APA Statement on Liberal ArtsCUE/APA Statement on Liberal Arts Pressure From Students for Career Opportunities Pressure From Students for Career Opportunities
with Bachelors Degreeswith Bachelors Degrees
Challenges: GraduateChallenges: Graduate
OverallOverall Length of training (4-7 years post BA; plus post-doc)Length of training (4-7 years post BA; plus post-doc) Costs (over $20,000 per year on average)Costs (over $20,000 per year on average) Difficulties in obtaining Admission (2-40%)Difficulties in obtaining Admission (2-40%)
AcademicAcademic Declining Interest (versus health provider training)Declining Interest (versus health provider training) Variability of Education & TrainingVariability of Education & Training
Health ProviderHealth Provider Proliferation of Free-Standing PsyD ProgramProliferation of Free-Standing PsyD Program Specialization as a Post-doctoral ExperienceSpecialization as a Post-doctoral Experience
Challenges: Graduate Challenges: Graduate (cont.)(cont.)
Lack of Focus/Training on Teaching (e.g., Lack of Focus/Training on Teaching (e.g., Epting, et al, 2004, Teaching of Psychology)Epting, et al, 2004, Teaching of Psychology) HumorHumor Speaking StyleSpeaking Style SyllabusSyllabus LecturesLectures FeedbackFeedback DiscussionDiscussion Activities/DemonstrationsActivities/Demonstrations
Challenges: Post-GraduateChallenges: Post-Graduate
AcademicAcademic Length (Post-doctoral Careers)Length (Post-doctoral Careers) Preparation for Academic OpportunitiesPreparation for Academic Opportunities Limited Focus & Training on Teaching Limited Focus & Training on Teaching
Health ProviderHealth Provider Matching Interests to Opportunities & Variety of OpportunitiesMatching Interests to Opportunities & Variety of Opportunities Practice Standards vs. GuidelinesPractice Standards vs. Guidelines National College of Professional PsychologyNational College of Professional Psychology APA SpecialtiesAPA Specialties
Clinical NeuropsychologyClinical Neuropsychology Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology CounselingCounseling FamilyFamily IndustrialIndustrial SchoolSchool HealthHealth
Challenges: Continuing Challenges: Continuing EducationEducation
Half-Life of InformationHalf-Life of Information Retooling to Meet Marketplace and Retooling to Meet Marketplace and
Personal Interests ShiftsPersonal Interests Shifts CE Requirement for Continued CE Requirement for Continued
LicensureLicensure
Current Issues in American Current Issues in American PsychologyPsychology
(APA Survey, 2002)(APA Survey, 2002)
MarketplaceMarketplace Public PerceptionPublic Perception Expanding ParadigmsExpanding Paradigms
Current Issues: MarketplaceCurrent Issues: Marketplace
Academic ParadigmsAcademic Paradigms Feminization of PsychologyFeminization of Psychology Retirement of FacultyRetirement of Faculty Changing Universities (e.g., profit driven)Changing Universities (e.g., profit driven)
Health Provider ParadigmsHealth Provider Paradigms Psychiatric (from WWII to 1990s)Psychiatric (from WWII to 1990s) Neurological (decade of the brain)Neurological (decade of the brain) Health/Medical (2000-present)Health/Medical (2000-present) Forensics/Legal (2000-present)Forensics/Legal (2000-present) Sports, Business, Government, etc. (developing)Sports, Business, Government, etc. (developing)
Current Issues: Current Issues: Perception of PsychologyPerception of Psychology
APA SurveyAPA Survey Misperception of;Misperception of;
Our EducationOur Education Science BaseScience Base Difference with PsychiatryDifference with Psychiatry
Ronald Levant’s (APA President) Ronald Levant’s (APA President) InitiativeInitiative ““to make psychology a household word”to make psychology a household word”
Current Issues: Expanding Current Issues: Expanding ParadigmsParadigms
AcademicAcademic Supporting Traditional Areas and Scientific Basis of PsychologySupporting Traditional Areas and Scientific Basis of Psychology Evolving into New Areas Evolving into New Areas (e.g., Evolutionary Psychology)(e.g., Evolutionary Psychology)
Health ProviderHealth Provider From Psychiatry > Neurological > Health > Forensics > From Psychiatry > Neurological > Health > Forensics >
BeyondBeyond Industrial (Walmart) vs Niche (Boutique)Industrial (Walmart) vs Niche (Boutique) The Challenge of Prescription Privileges (NM, LA)The Challenge of Prescription Privileges (NM, LA)
Interface of Academic and Health ProviderInterface of Academic and Health Provider Psychology Cannot Exist Without Both, InteractingPsychology Cannot Exist Without Both, Interacting We are the Only Profession that Teaches UndergraduatesWe are the Only Profession that Teaches Undergraduates
Public PolicyPublic Policy Economics Drive a DisciplineEconomics Drive a Discipline Advocacy Through LegislationAdvocacy Through Legislation