PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I verbi inglesi si coniugano su 3 MODI:

INFINITIVE (infinito)

PAST SIMPLE (passato)

PAST PARTICIPLE (participio passato)

PLAY

EAT 

PLAYED

ATE

PLAYED

EATEN

PRESENT PERFECT: LA STRUTTURA

Occorre studiare e imparare a memoria la forma del participio passato

dei verbi irregolari (e regolari)

Alcuni esempi:

Present Past Past Participle

be was / were beenhave had hadmake made madedrive drove drivenvisit visited visitedcelebrate celebrated celebratedcut cut cutbreak broke broken

Forma affermativa

We have climbed a mountain

Mark has driven to the waterfalls

SOGGETTO + HAVE/HAS + PARTICIPIO PASSATO

forma negativa:

We haven’t climbed a mountain

Mark hasn’t driven to the waterfalls

SOGGETTO + HAVEN’T / HASN’T + PARTIC. PASSATO

Forma interrogativa:

Have you climbed a mountain?

Has Mark driven to the waterfalls?

HAVE / HAS + SOGGETTO + PARTIC. PASSATO

Risposte brevi:

Yes, we have / No, we haven’t

Yes, he has / No, he hasn’t

La risposta breve si completa con l’ausiliare

PRESENT PERFECT: L’USO

Essendo un tempo passato, occorre distinguere quando usarlo

rispetto al Past Simple, come nei seguenti casi:

a) Quando si danno notizie recenti, si raccontano fatti o avvenimenti, anche speciali:

I HAVE DONE BUNJEE JUMPING!

b) Quando il tempo in cui avvengono i fatti NON E’ specificato:

WE HAVE JUST EATEN A BIG MAC

c) per sapere se una persona ha mai fatto una cosa:

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO LONDON?

d) Con i seguenti avverbi: JUST – ALREADY – EVER/NEVER – YET – RECENTLY

I’ve never been to London (mai)They have already had lunch (già)Susan has just got home (appena)Susan hasn’t got home yet (non ancora)He has recently passed an English exam(di recente)Have you ever visited the Uffizi Gallery?(mai, in frasi interrogative)

IL VERBO ESSERE: OSSERVA

Present Past Past Participle

I am I was I have beenyou are You were You have beenHe is He was He has beenShe is She was She has beenIt is It was It has beenWe are We were We have beenYou are You were You have beenThey are They were They have been

IL VERBO AVERE: OSSERVA

Present Past Past Participle

I have I had I have hadyou have You had You have hadHe has He had He has had

She has She had She has hadIt has It had It has hadWe have We had We have hadYou have You had You have had

They have They had They have had