proceso de socialización en internet
TRANSCRIPT
7/23/2019 Proceso de Socialización en Internet
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proceso-de-socializacion-en-internet 1/9
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266025222
Los mecanismos de la socialización virtual
ARTICLE · DECEMBER 2012
DOI: 10.7203/attic.9.1949
DOWNLOADS
22
VIEWS
20
1 AUTHOR:
Francisco Ignacio Revuelta-Domínguez
Universidad de Extremadura
79 PUBLICATIONS 16 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Available from: Francisco Ignacio Revuelta-Domínguez
Retrieved on: 07 September 2015
7/23/2019 Proceso de Socialización en Internet
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proceso-de-socializacion-en-internet 2/9
D;N>? L: -5051-2008 I$$: 1989-3477. D!I: 10.7203/??.9.1949
L> 09>> /0 >N9 =?@
#0>@09
E ? =? > == ?N, > ?=> =?>, > >> >N >?> -
??> ;=>>. E 21 >> >N > > ;=?> ?N=>. E >? >N
=? >? >M ? >?=? ?? ;=> = =>N, ?> :
G>> => >>, > P =; = ?, ? D;, ?= =? G>> ?. F?, -
=N > >> >N -: ?N, ;?N, ;= >, ?=N >N,
;= > G> ;=;> ;= ?= >M >?.
"=> 0: >N -, >> >N, =; >>N, ?= =?, %IC
m!!g#TFIC!: E"E#IECIA$ "EDAgUgICA$, I!'ACIU E I'E$%IgACIU E TmbI%!$ ED&CA%I'!$ &I'E#$I%A#I!$
#0>@
L'? '=? > == '?N, > ?=> =?>, > >> >?N >??> ??> ;=-
>>. L ?= 21 >> >?N > > ;=?> ?O=<>. L'>? >?N =? -
>>? >> ?? >?=?K ?K? ;=> = =>N, ?K<> : H>
=> >>, > P =; =?, ?K D;, ?= =? H> ??. F?, =N > ->> >?N : ?N, ;?N, ;=?? >, ?=?N >>N, > > > ;=;?>
;= ?= '>? >?H.
"=@0> @
: >?N , >> >?N, =; >>>N, ?= =?, %IC
F0 ;=0>09?N9: 08/10/2012 A0;?N9: 04/12/2012 "@N9: 20/12/2012
J - D= 2012
"G>. 108-115 (?? 8)
A>?=?
% ?> ;;= > ? = ? ??, =? =?>, ? >> >? >? >>= ??>.
21 >> >?. %> > ?=? ?=?>. % >? =? >? =<=> > >
?? >?=? = =-> ;;=>, ?<> > > > ?B= >>, >->?> B?
=? =;, D;, =? ?=; ?? >>. F, B = ? >> >? -: -
??, ;??, > =, ?=? >>?. % = >? >? ? B= >? =.
K0 B=/>: =? >?, >> >?, >>> =;, =? ?=;, IC%
F=9> I9 #0@0? D9@0
"=>= A? D?= D;=?? C> EN &=> E?==
=@.>
7/23/2019 Proceso de Socialización en Internet
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proceso-de-socializacion-en-internet 3/9
1. Introducci$n
E < <JO> > I>> (>-<> <) , !
/ , > @ M<. " @<K -> >> < , >> >
< >> L, > > < - < < < < > < <
> < @>.
<, > < >> <K < >O> < . $ O< > >-
> <, > >>> > < <
< @> K < >-
< < >. " <O> , > <
P< 60 N, < @ <> @ >. " -><M E < > <
>> >> <>
< <. A<>, < <O>
K > @ <O> > > @<>-
> < > (F>J<, 2011) > >-@O> < >>< L @.
A >< < N 90 >, > <
I>>, > > >>> < >. H
< >, > < < ( > <@) < ( > < @) -
M> !!%!$/ > > @>> <-
><. I>> > > > >, <
@>> > . >, <<> < -
> <, >> #/$!$% 6!% < > , > @ >,
>M >.
'@ < @< @>J L
I>>, L> N< < <
> < . , > << > <K > O > @> >
< < L I>>. < < >-<> (<, 1997; C<<, 2001 1 ;
C , 2002; #>, 2002; G<J, 2004) <
< , < L < <<. % /#!"% >> #!#> !
!/ #/ / $%2, > < > < <-
> < > >P @ < <. $
> > < @> -
O> > < > @<>. AP> M, @<> > @ K.
2. Antecedentes
" $<> (2002), A G<> (2003)
I> B (2006) @> >><> < -
, , < > <J-O> > > < >> @>J
> @ ><M.
E< @ << > > @ >O> >< >N>J >. A @ < -
<J L> <JO>, > < K L>-
< > @ > >
@<>> ><.
" > <> <J- > < @ < >O> , >
>, >> < <JO> >-<> @<M
> >O>. E<> @: >-
, < >; @ > >O> < -
@> > < > >O> (P > >O>) > < -
(>< <). > @>J> > < >- > > @.
> I> B (2006) < , > ><>,
> < < < < <JO>>-<>. N<> >
@<, > < @>> < >O>
< <JO> >-<>. $ @> >, > >-
> >.
E> I>>, > , >><-> < > > < << ><O
J K < > L
<>: K (>M), , <, @M<-
@>J, C+ > , . $ >, LP< > > >K< > >O>.
*> J @<> < >> <> <-
> @<>, @> < @O @
< :
E> > <JO> > >> @-
>< > > >> <.
D , < @<>> ><
K< > > <JO> - > > < @@> < >> <.
'>> < @> < > <
, >><> <, > > I>>
@ <J @<>> @@:
1. " @> < > @>> @-
O> @, >: @< J>-< <, @K> @><
>><, @> >-<>, @<> >-<>,
< <.2. " >> > < > >-
> > @ >O> >
> ("<J <, 2008: 63).
$ >O> @> > < >. $>> < >> > < @> >
> @O> > > > < < < >-
L P> < @@> > > >-
@> >><J.
<<, < @ O> >-<> > <O>.
C > > > @ > > >- <, @>> > > -
@> < < @ > < @@ , @M
< @> < < > M.
" P> @O> > @M
> < <M < < >O>.
> (2003: 70-71) > , < @>
<O @> > < < @@O>> < > <, <> > @
O> > L >.
#? D, F=> I (2012). L> >> >N =?
J - D= 2012 2
.9, 2012. I$$: 1989-3477. D!I: 10.7203/??.9.1949
1 C= = ;== ?= >= $ I=N ?.*??;://BBB.=.=.=/=/?>/-
==/-=->?>.; +. F >?: 19.04.20112 DN Sociable > > N D= # A L E>;M.
7/23/2019 Proceso de Socialización en Internet
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proceso-de-socializacion-en-internet 4/9
" > < >M > >> <> > < @@ H> (2004) > VE>-
M <W. >J > <
@<> < L> !J> (1997, 1998,
1999, 2002) < >> N%/'!&<!. A
>>> < <O> < > < @ > > < < -
< @@ @@> > < .
E >K < L
@, @ <> > E@N, <
#> (2002) C> (2004). , < - Q < <M @> > <O> @
O < @>> <> /%#/ K > . AM, > < @
@ @<> >> < <
< @.E< /#%/ $% /#!9!#> @@> < >O>
> @> (# GM,
2001): #// $% /, ! %!!#> 8 %*%##>
$% / #6/ $% &%% $% '&#!$/.
" <JO> #/#%% % #/#%%. E< -@< >N>J > ,
< < >>< < >, , , <
>>< K < <JO> >>3. A<<M
> > > @ <> >
<< , < <JO> K <<K> , >-
< > > O> @> @, @< >>.
" @< <JO> >>> >
K > , @<. @> < @ @>, < @@< > > <
. " @< >O> > > <J
.
> > < <
;#/ %#!#! <<> %#!/ $% /#!-9!#>, @ P> > > K #/-/#%/
> @ < @ <JO>. F> @
< #/##> /#! < > <>>: < -
<JO> >, < ><O> >@<O <
>O> < @>< @<O %/!9!-
#> U > << < @ < -< ()>O> < <
@> > @ > < > > &/! $% !#% $% %! > .
E > <JO>, M >>
@ G ' (1977: 139-150), >, >> @M. ' > ? >-
@>@< <JO>@ (1977: 140): < @>-
J (>> @>J <) <
>JO> < .
> (1982), L, @ < <-JO>, L > @ @< @>-
J < O> < >>
@ @ >> > > > <. "<
%#!/ $% /#!9!#> < @ >< @ - < < @ > <O> > >><
> @ < >O>.
D > >O>, @ >
< < < @ < < @><
@ > @ @ > <: -> @>J, > !*!%/.
E< > @>J @> > @
#!"/ > < @>< . " -
> > !*!%/ @>> @
%"/, @ >> >> > < .
$ M< @> M>>
> < > @@ @ -
>K<, @ << < < 1 > < >
< < K< << > @<> < @< @ <
><.
J - D= 2012 3
.9, 2012. I$$: 1989-3477. D!I: 10.7203/??.9.1949
#? D, F=> I (2012). L> >> >N =?
% 1. "=;@0>? 9?0=/= /0 > 09>> /0 >N9 0>?@/-
/> /0>/0 @9 ;0=>;0? 9?0=/0;09/09?0 09?=0 9//@ >0// E-
=N9 ;=;).
F@= 1. E><@0 /0 />0M /0 90>?N9 /0 0>?@/ =>N.
3 RL> ;=>> >N > >=>, >??, > >= ;??, ;= > ;=?> ;=;=>
;= > >??> >=>, < > ?;, = =? > ?? > >S ($> $>, 1972: 9).
7/23/2019 Proceso de Socialización en Internet
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proceso-de-socializacion-en-internet 5/9
3. M#todo
E> > >O> < M @> <
@< > <O <L,
<> >> > < < >- O> <.
" , > < >O> > << -
> >>, @ @<O:
@ > <, < <O , @ , < <O-
. E > > <> > >->> > M > <O> <L > >
(@O> <O) (@O>
<O). ? C> < L> <M @-
> > << >K< @<O >
< < @ < < <> >- @<; L> << >, -
< <> >> >W (H>K>J K>J, 2004: 846). < >, <
< < <M K > @
M >@ < < ><JO>, ->JO>, > <, <JO>, <O>, .
<, H>K>J K>J (2004: 911) @@>
? L> <> > < O< < -
>K< < >> <> > >-
> > < > >@>> >O> >. E > L> >
<< @ > <O> > < L> -
<MW. AM, K> M>> <>-
, > >> > @<>> >< @
<<. " F 1 2 <> < N < -
>O>.E> < @ << (F 1) <
> < > < L> D<@ @
@, K< < > K @@ @ > < .
" > (F 2) @> < N <
@<> <O >-
@ >> < @<, < -
< < @O> < > .
4. Resultados ! Discusi$n
D< @ , < <O (F 1), -
>> < > >> @ < >
. AM, < < < L> D<@ @<
@ >>< >>>< (< 2), << <>> < > K> @ < -
> .
J - D= 2012 4
.9, 2012. I$$: 1989-3477. D!I: 10.7203/??.9.1949
#? D, F=> I (2012). L> >> >N =?
F@= 2. E><@0 /0 />0M /0 90>?N9 /0 0>?@/ =>N.
F@= 3. #0>@?/> /0 %J9 D0; /0 > @0?>.
% 2. m@0>?= /0 0;0=?> <@0 ;=?;=9 09 ?J9 D0;.
A"E DE"HI
45 *> 61 D@> $ = 1490
% 3.% =0>@09 ;= ? /0 /0>90> <@0 ;= > ;=09-
?0> /0 >00N9 0 009?0 /0 =// C') /0 > 0;0=?> ;=
/ @9 /0 > 09>>.
7/23/2019 Proceso de Socialización en Internet
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proceso-de-socializacion-en-internet 6/9
" @ K > @ 1490 @-
61 @> @>> 44 >- < >><. *> @ < >>
< @>M < G> *> (EE**)
@@O @ >L @@ > @N < <O
< >O> < > < . A >>O>,
< F 3 < < < <." < 3 < > < < -
<O>. > < @<
< < > > < @-
L.
" @ > <> 5 M -
> > < < @ <JO> < @-< ><J > @ >O>. <
>, < M <> > >
> @ <J > , > < >:
- A%$9!*% /#!
- I$%&#!#>
- A!#>
- I%!9!#>- A$!!#>
E> > < < < <O
( N > F 2), L > > @.
> < < < < >K< < -
O> > @K. @ , < >K-< >> <J, < O> < @>
< > <JO> > < >> <.
4.1. E ! $% %$% /#!%
>>, V< >K< < @ <
< <> > > > <>- (@>, @, >J>, @M >< >-
>). A > < >K< ><
@<>, @ @<, < > > >O> < < -
< < @O>, < >K< < > >
< <> > > < < <>W (#-<>, 2001: 13).
" > > < >K< < >-
< @ < @@> > >>
< @>@<> > @ >.
E> < F 4, < K>< @>> < L> -
<> < @, < M<, < >>. E< > <@> >P > >
< @ , < @> > <
L> > < K > >. > @>, O < < >-
O> >> > @K
> < > < F 5. D , @ -
J < > <O> >
@K :
(!) C/$!$ $% ##! #!: D < J< -
> > @K > >P
>>>. <>> > M < @
> < @@> K ><J. E
@ @> < 32,05% < .(") C/$!$ $% ##! %#$!!: D < >
> > @K >>
J - D= 2012 5
.9, 2012. I$$: 1989-3477. D!I: 10.7203/??.9.1949
#? D, F=> I (2012). L> >> >N =?
F@= 4. #0;=0>09?N9 =G /0 =0/ >0P9 0 =/.
F@= 5. #0;=0>09?N9 /0 ;N9 /0 =? 0B9-g=9 ;=0>09?0
09 0 ;== &CIE%) ;= /09N9 /0 > @9//0> /0 ;=G?.
F@= 6. D= =/ /0 =0@09> /0?0?/> >=0 0 09>
dentificación.
F@= 7. D= =/ /0 =0@09> /0?0?/> >=0 0 09>
nternalización
7/23/2019 Proceso de Socialización en Internet
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proceso-de-socializacion-en-internet 7/9
> > > @@> @ ><.
>L > @ < > K
<. > 10 < >-
< < < 12,82 % < @@> -
@.(#) C/$!$ $% ##! !!$!: D < >
@, < > @K-
< O< >> > < @ >
@< < > <> < O@-
>< > >.E > 4 <> < 5,13 % < @-
@> .
($) C/$!$ $% !#!% %#/%: C >
< @ < > @ @><@@> <> <> < >>>
< K. E @ > > <
< >>, @ >
J @ > @
< >P > < >P - < < <. E> > > <
@O> < @ < >
78, <<, 39 > < < <
< < 50% < @@>.
D < @> < >> < >
< >> < @ , @-> < < K @> > <
> .
4.1.1. M%#!/ $% ! $%&#!#>E< > @>M > @ < >
<. AM, < > < >O> <
@ < > > > >>.
E< < @ < @ >
< N< > < F 6.4.1.2. M%#!/ $% ! %!9!#>
E> < F 7 @ < @ @-
> < > >><JO>. E @ K
> < @<O> >-@>< < -
> > > < > O< @M
> > < > <J; -M > < ><> << < : /!, #-
%/, /$%/, !!, %'!, %$$!, #%%#!, 6!/,
@<<.'> < @<O> >< < >
O<, @ >< > <P> @< > <
> < >><JO> K @> > <
@ .
E> @ @< (F 8) O < @< > > <>< M @>O>
< @. H > < @ -
< K >< < < > L-
> !%/!%; > < <J < O< V
@> W V @> < @W < VW
<J < O> > < @. E> , <@ @>.
4.1.3. M%#!/ $% ! !!#>
E> > < > < <O> >-
< >> > >> < <-
JO> >-<>, L @ > :
() " @ << < @<O> < >
< <JO> @>> @>> @-@-
> >>> > >
> >. "O>, @ @ <, > < < @ @> <
>< > < VW.
() " > << @< > < > @
> > <. E P>, > < @
O>, < <>. > < L < >L @ < K. E> @, <
<O> @< > > >-
> > < K<. E> < @-
> < > >> @@.
() " <<, > < > >-, L > @>> <
< K> @ , <
O> @<. A J, >> @:
> << < @@ < @-
>M < > @@>-, , M < > >@<; < ,
< < >, > <@@ < > < > -
><O <> < < O>.
4.1.4. M%#!/ $% ! !$!!#>
>< @ > < @-
O> @> > < > >:
Y C@ @O> < @ L> <@<.
Y C@ < > -
@ < >> > > O>.
C < > K < M
@>J K < <. " > >> < > , @ < >-
>, @ < @O> < .
4.1.5. M%#!/ $% !%$9!*% /#! *> M> > > < -.
" > @ < >O> < - (B>-
, 1987) >: < @@ < > < @, < O>
< @> < K, < @O> < <
-@@O> < <O < >. < O>, @ < >> <
M < < - (>K>, LJ B-
J, 2000: 511) " - @ @ <
@ < > > < @> > /
@@> < @. <O @> > -
@< < < (> > > >< V@W) < <>
@> < @ <J > > O>.
#? D, F=> I (2012). L> >> >N =?
J - D= 2012 6
.9, 2012. I$$: 1989-3477. D!I: 10.7203/??.9.1949
F@= 8. E0; /0 ;=/@N9 ?0?@ /0 @9 ;=?;9?0 /0 =@; /0 />@>N9.
7/23/2019 Proceso de Socialización en Internet
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proceso-de-socializacion-en-internet 8/9
5. Conclusiones ! propuestas educatias para tra-
bajar la Sociali"aci$n on-line
A @ > <> <> >-<, > < @@ >
>O> , @ < >, @ >< -> > < > <JO>
< > K @ < @>J > >>
O> >-<>, >> @ -< < > < N> >>-
> @ <.
" @@ O> > >-
@ > #/ >>
< >> , S/#!9!#> /-%, < @-> > > @<> O
< @<> < <M, EO> -
<M < EO>.
D @< > > >
> @@ @M @ > < >.
E< %#!/ $% ! $%&#!#> @>K>. A>
< ><J @>K> >, < @@
> @ @J >< @, @ > < @@>
->> > <> @ @> > L<.
H L @ > > > < -
<< < >> @< @, K, @-
< O> @>K> > @K > < >> @ < >.
< %#!/ $% ! %!9!#>, < O> <
, < > < @<O> < >, >
>< @M. AM, < < > @-
>< L> < > > < @ , > J < > >><JO> < >,
< >> @> > >> >< @.E> <O> < %#!/ $% ! !!#>, L -
> >: @<O> >-
, @O> > > < L @ . > < >
< <O> >>< > < @ <
@ @>J.
" > < @<O> < > -
> < <O> < @ >> > @ < >,
K, > < >> < @>J. <>
> < >, >@ -
@<, > >O> > < > < >
@@> > @ <, >K < @>-
O> < . <, < @O> > > -
< @ < O> < <O>, > >
> >, <J, @-O> < > <, .
@ P<, < @ > < <-
O> K < < @> < O> <
> >>. A > @>> < -
O> < > < @O>.E< %#!/ $% ! !$!!#> > < @ <
> > @ < > << >
O> >-<>; @ > <, < @O> < -
> < ><M > < >>, @
<, < @O> < >> >-
> > < <O>. +< @ < > > > @< < > >
>>>, > @L , .
" @@ > >K > < @-
@O> > > < >
@ > > < > @<-> > > < . < @-
O> < >> ><O > K > < @ > < .
<<, @ @<> < >O> >-
< < @ < > > <@ > O>. " @><JO> < < -
K > < >, < @<-
> @>< > > @ .
'@ < @O> < >>, ,
< O> < <O> @ <O>, K> M < @O>. E >
@> > < > < <.
F><>, > < < @@ O>
@ < %#!/ $% !%$9!*% /#! .> > > < < <
>. E< <<J < > >, >-
< @> < O> < > < @>-
J <, < < -. D , >
< >> <, < > @P< < -< < <> < @@,
< O> <O> < - @.
A, > < <O> >> >
< < > < @@> ><,
@>K < @ > < @>J <@@> > > >< >, >> > >
< O> < > < .
6. Referencias
A, #>. !. G<>, >. E. (2003). <J> > +< G@. J/! /& M!!'%% , 29 (2), @@.
161-185.B>, A<. (1987). P%!%/ 8 A##>. B-
<>: #M>J '.
A, <>. E. (1968). P#//'<! /#! (4R .). B-> A: *>.
C<<, #><. (2001). L! '!!7! I%% . #:
AL.
C>, . (2004). M% !/ K/&!. I$%$!$ !#-
+%, ! !/7!#> !//>'#!. B<>: G-.
C, 'O> I> , 'O> (2002). " -
>O> < < <K. P7% B, R%-
6! $% %$/ 8 %$#!#>, 18, @@. 13-23.
GK<J, A> #R (2004). P/#/!%/ 8 %! %
!!!. ! $% ! /$##> $% /#!"$!$ % / %// 6!%. D<. *>
A> B<>.
@://.>.>/></10803/5434H>K>J, A< (2004). #<M. E> *N,
H>K>J, A< (D.): D##/!/ $%
/#//'<!. #: EIC.
H>K>J, A< (2004). #<M. E> *N,
H>K>J, A< (D.): D##/!/ $%/#//'<!. #: EIC.
F>J< F>K>J, +< (2011). '> < -
O> <: < < < >.
C/#!, 18 (36), @@. 15-24. :10.3916/C36-2011-
02-01.
H>, C>. (2004). E/'!&<! 6!. B<>:*C.
I>, C. B, . (2006). <J> > ><>
#? D, F=> I (2012). L> >> >N =?
J - D= 2012 7
.9, 2012. I$$: 1989-3477. D!I: 10.7203/??.9.1949
7/23/2019 Proceso de Socialización en Internet
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proceso-de-socializacion-en-internet 9/9
C<. %-J/! /& I#/! S#%#% !$ T%#-
//'8, 9 (1). @://.<..//-
//<9>1/@@/<<@@/>.@ >, . G. (2003): C"%/#%$!$ 2.0. B<>: *C.
!J>, '. +. (1997). I > B<: A $>-@ -<X < C@>. A$-
6!#% C/% R%%!#, 24, ., # B
> D . #I>>, , *: A> C> ', @@. 470-475. @://.-
./</@<.@?=8088
!J>, '. +. (1998). > $>@: >< <-
> > > >> <.
A$6!#% C/% R%%!#, +< 25, ., @ A< > < H>>, , *: A>
C> ', @@. 366-371. @://.-
./</@<.@?=8180
!J>, '. +. (1999). E-<J #>?:
I@<> +< C> C>-@>. E/%! M!!'%% J/! , 17 (3), @@.
252-264. @://J>.>/><@<-
/2008/06/<J>.@
!J> '. +. (2002). F< B> >:*> $>@ F #> ' > ><>
C>. J/! /& M!+%' R%%!#, 39
(F), @@. 61-72.
@://.>./<///>>@
.@ "<J, L ", C@, I< C@, < (2008).
" ><M < >O> < >O>
< @ << <JO>. E> C<<,
CL. #>, C< (E.). P#//'<! $% ! %$-
#!#> 6! , @@. 54-73.">, <@@ (1982). P#//'<! /#!. B-
<>: H.#, +<>>. (2008). N > <
<. E> # F, +<>>: M*%% !%. -
<>: E> *> <>. C<-O> A<> (129).
#>, >. (2002). G;%/ C!. O #>/ ! %/'!&<!
/ % % % #"%%!#/. B<>: G.
#<>, L "M (2001). E ! $% %$% /#!%:
! /$##>. B<>: B<<.
#, G>J< GM, L F>> (2001). E#!! $%/#!9!#> !%! % ! !$/%#%#!. #: EA.
$<>, (2002). <J> > S< <<- T: I>> > > >> -
> > <. I%% !$
H'% E$#!/, 5, @@. 363-372.>, < (1982). E %! /#! . #: A<>J
*>.
>, < & B<, ' F. (1955). F!8, /#!-
9!/ !$ %!#/ /#%. $ : F
., > (1979). I/$##> ! ! #//'<! '%;#!
(2R .). B> A: O.
', G (1977). I/$##> ! ! /#//'<! '%%!
(5R .). B<>: H.
>K>, <, LJ, A> #R BJ, L (2000).E< - ><: @L
< @O> @ < @<O> @N<. P#/%!,
12, @@. 509-513. @<> 2.
, > A>> , H> (1972). S/#!-9!#> 8 %$%/ % %$#!#>. D% % ! %#%
!=/. #: #.
<, F>>, #<<, #R C> (1982). L! "!%<!
$% /#!9!#>. E#!! !! ! %6!!#> $% ! /-
#!9!#> % !"%% %#/!% ! 6% $% E.G.B. +<>: <.
KJ, C< (2011). A>>M, < @-
O> > < O> <. R%6! %!=/! $% %-
$!'/'<!, 69 (249), @@. 339-358.
, G< (1907). L! %8% $% ! !#>: %$//#/>'#/. #: D>< .
, $< . (1965). L! %/<! /#/>'#!. S!!%9! 8 $%!// (3R .). #L: F>
< >O.
<, (1997). L! 6$! % !!!. B<>: O. +, " . (2000). E $%!// $% / /#%/ -
#/>'#/ %/%. B<>: CM.
#? D, F=> I (2012). L> >> >N =?
J - D= 2012 8
.9, 2012. I$$: 1989-3477. D!I: 10.7203/??.9.1949
C? =009// /0 0>?0 =?@
#? D, F=> I (2012). L> >> >N =?.@tic. revista d’innovació educativa. (Q 9). &#L.
F >?, //.