processor presentation editted

8/3/2019 Processor Presentation Editted

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ComputerandMicroprocessor


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Computer is an electronic devicethat processes raw data to give

information.

computercompu

ter


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Types of Computer Classification of computers is based on

the usage, speed and size of computers

Microcomputers


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MicrocomputersMicrocomputers::

Microcomputers are single userMicrocomputers are single usercomputer with input outputcomputer with input outputdevices, single in number.devices, single in number.

E.g. desktops, laptops, mobilesE.g. desktops, laptops, mobiles
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Minicomputer: A multi-usercomputer capableof supporting 10 to hundreds of userssimultaneously
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Mainframe: A powerful multi-usercomputer

capable of supporting many hundreds orthousands of users simultaneously


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Supercomputer: An extremely fast computerthat can perform hundreds of millions ofinstructions per second.


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Block diagram ofBlock diagram ofcomputercomputer

ALU

CU

ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL

UNIT

CONTROL UNIT

CPU(central processing unit)

INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT

MEMORY UNIT

MU


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Computer can be divided into two parts, thatComputer can be divided into two parts, that

are:are:

>>Hardware>>Hardware>>Software>>Software

All the physical components of a computerwhich can be seen & touched is calledhardware. That is the basic structure of

computer.


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Processor is a digital semiconductordevice which is main & costliercomponents of the system .It is alsocalled the brain of the computer .

CpuCpu


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The user can enter the data & instructionswith the help of input device.

INPUT DEVICEINPUT DEVICE


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The result can be displayed by the deviceslike printer,moniter,speaker etc calledoutput devices.

Output DeviceOutput Device


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Main circuit board of the system. It containsthe interfaces for the microprocessor,BIOS( Basic Input output System) memoryand storage devices.

MotherboardMotherboard


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A Power Supply is the device that transfersElectric energy from the source to the loadusing electric circuits

Power SupplyPower Supply


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Memory is like pages of notebook with space

for fixed no. of binary digit on each line . It is needed to store programs data & result.

MemoryMemory
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PRIMARYSECONDARY

M (Volat ile or Temporary )

ROM (Non-Volatile or Permanent)

MAGNETIC OPTICAL

MEMORY

*SRAM*DRAM

PROMEPROMEEPROM

HARD DISCFLOPPY DISC

CDDVD


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FLOPPY

HARD DISK

PEN DRIVE


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RAM ROM(Random Access Memory) (Read Only Memory)

1> Its volatile memory non volatile

2> When power is off content Can store data even

of RAM get erased when power is off

3> RAM in G.B, M.B ROM in K.B

4> Its read write memory Read memory

5> less costly more costly


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SRAM DRAM(Static RAM / (Dynamic RAM/

Cache memory) System memory)

1> Its made up flip flop made up by capacitor

2> no refreshing circuit here requiredRequired

3> Its faster then DRAM slower

4 >Its small size . Large size

5> costly and consume consume less powermore power


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A set of instruction written for the microprocessor toperform a task is called program

A group of programs is called software.

Soft wares are designed using particular languagesthat are computer languages.

SoftwareSoftware


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Low level languageEx- machine language

Assembly language

LLL are machine dependent

High level languageEx-BASIC-FORTRAN-C,c++,etc

HLL are user dependent.

ComputerComputer

languagelanguage


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Language of 0 & 1 is called machinelanguage.

Machine languageMachine language


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It is a language of Mnemonics. A program iswritten by using special codes calledMnemonics.

For ex-add for addition, sub for subtraction

0110011 Add a,b a+b

Assembly languageAssembly language


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Assembler converts program written In assemblylanguage to machine code . Assembler is a software

program

ASSEMBLER Machine codeAssembly language


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Converts hll to machine code

Interpreter & CompilerInterpreter & Compiler


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It takes one instruction translate it and thenexecute it then it patches the 2nd instruction translate it and then execute it.

It does not translate the entire program at a

time.

InterpreterInterpreter

It t ranslate the whole program writ ten in hllto machine code.

CompilerCompiler


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CISC-complex instruction setcomputing

(large no. Of instructions arerequired) RISC- Reduced instruction set

computing (Small no. Of instructions are

required)

Instruction Set:Instruction Set:


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SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USEDSOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED

IN MICROPROCESSORIN MICROPROCESSOR

A BUS, in computing, is a set of physicalconnections (cables, printed circuits, etc.) which canbe shared by multiple hardware components in order

to communicate with one another.

ADDRESS BUS:- Address bus is used to carry the

addresses of data and stored in a memory location .It isalways unidirectional.


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DATA BUSDATA BUS ata bus is used to carryata bus is used to carryhe data to and from thehe data to and from the

.icroprocessor .icroprocessor Whereas theWhereas the datadatabusbus carries actual data that iscarries actual data that isbeing processed.being processed. t is alwayst is alwaysidirectionalidirectional ontrol bus The physicalconnections that carry control

information between the cpu and

other devices within the computer.Forexample, one line of the bus is used toindicate whether the CPU is currentlyreading from or writing to main

memory


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INTERNAL SPEEDINTERNAL SPEED(Back side Bus)(Back side Bus)

he speed with whichicro processor processhe data and executehe instructions is .alled Internal speed,t is measured in MHz.Hz for example. , .entium IV 2 4Ghz 2 8Hz


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EXTERNAL SPEEDEXTERNAL SPEED

he speed with which microrocessor sends dataowards external memory( )AM is called external.peed It is also called( ).SB Front Side Bus Its always less thannternal speed and.easured in MHz For

xample 800Mhz


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ISA : Industry Standards Architecture EISA : Extended Standards architecture PCI : Peripheral Component Interface PCIx: Peripheral Component interconnect

Express PCIe : Peripheral Component Interconnect

Extended.

Bus StandardsBus Standards


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PIPELINING :An instruction pipelineis a technique used in thedesign of computers and other digital electronicdevices to increase their instruction throughputPipelining is a process where the microprocessor

start executing second instruction before theexecution of first instruction is completed. Due topipelining , multiple instructions can be executed inless time.


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MAR and MBR

CPU exchange data with memoryusing two internal register namely ,MAR (memory address register) and

MBR (memory buffer register) .

MAR is used to specify address inmemory for the next read or write.

MBR contain the data written to thememory or receive from thememory .


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Clock signals defines the times instances fora digital system

When the clock signal moves from 0 to 1, itis known as rising edge

If the clock signal moves from 1 to 0, it isknown as falling edge

Clock rate can be defined with the length ofthe clock cycle

R = 1/P (Clock rate is reciprocal of clock cycle)

Processor ClockProcessor Clock


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LINKER: A linker is a program that is used tojoin several object files into one large object

file.

Terms related With Operating system

Operating System Provides an interfacebetween the user and the machine.(Window98, XP, Vista,Window7)


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EditorEditor Used to create and modify theUsed to create and modify thesource programs or text, letters,source programs or text, letters,

numbers, punctuation marks, assemblynumbers, punctuation marks, assemblylanguage programs and higher languagelanguage programs and higher languageprogram.program.

LocatorLocator Used to assign the specificUsed to assign the specificaddress of the location where the objectaddress of the location where the objectcode is to be loaded into the memorycode is to be loaded into the memoryDEBUGGER: Debugger is a program that is used forerror checking after running the program.


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System Performance Evaluation Corporation(SPEC) is an organization that selects and

publishes the application programs fordifferent application domains, with the testresults for commercially availablecomputers

SPEC:SPEC: System Performance EvaluationSystem Performance EvaluationCorporationCorporation


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IT is a logical Programmable ,MultipurposeSemiconductor device.It takes binary inputs

Process it with the help of instruction andProduce Binary outputs.

MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR


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ALU (ARITHMETIC& LOGIC UNIT) CONTROL UNIT DECODE UNIT PREFETCH UNIT

BUS UNIT INSTRUCTION CACHE UNIT DATA CACHE UNIT REGISTER UNIT

MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR


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ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNITARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNITPERFORM ALL THE AIRTHMATIC

CALCULATION SUCH AS ADDITON,SUBTRACTION AND THE LOGICAL

CALCULATION USING THE AND & OROPERATION.


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CONTROLS THE FLOW OF THE DATA

AND INFORMATION TO OTHER UNITOF THE MICROPROCESSOR.

CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNIT


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The decode Unit decodes or translates

complex machine language instructions intosimple format understood by the ALU andthe registers

DECODE UNITDECODE UNIT


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This unit manage the flow in and out ofinstructions between the microprocessors

and main memory of computer

BUS UNITBUS UNIT


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This unit store the data and instruction

in the microprocessor.

INSTRUCTION CACHE UNITINSTRUCTION CACHE UNIT


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PREFETCH UNITPREFETCH UNITAnalyzes the data and decides howto process it by looking forinstructions in the instruction cache


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Data from the Decoder Unit whichwill be used by the ALU are stored

DATA CACHE UNITDATA CACHE UNIT


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ALU uses registers to store the data inorder to complete the task requestedby the Control Unit (Store data fortemporary)

REGISTER UNITREGISTER UNIT


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>> Commercial Computer Processor Manufacturers

>> Make Processor for only thier dedicated

Computers or systems.

>> Make Processors for other devices

PENTIUM PROCESSORPENTIUM PROCESSOR

IBMZilog

Motarola SUN system

INTEL and AMD

Tech, Power PC, National semiconductors


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EEvolution Ofvolution OfMMicroprocessorsicroprocessors::1971 4004 >> It has only 2300 transistors, 4-bit

Processor,108KHz.

1972 8008 >> first 8bit Processor

1974 4040/8080

1979 80186 >> 8086was first 16 bit processor

1982 80286

1985 80386 series >> 32 bit processor

1989 80486 series

1993 Pentium Family >> 32 bit processor

1997 Pentium II Family

1998 Celeron/Xeon Family

1999 Pentium III Family

2000 Pentium IV Family


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Pentium processor has 32 bit and 64 bit

address bus Pentium processors use the RISC concept to

execute instruction It has a dual pipeline architecture

On-chip APIC (Advanced ProgrammableInterrupt Controller)

3.3V operation On chip cache memory separate code

cache and data cache each 8 KB

Some Points About PENTIUM ProcessorSome Points About PENTIUM Processor

PrefetcherPrefetcher Requests the instructions Requests the instructions


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PrefetcherPrefetcher Requests the instructions Requests the instructionspresent in thepresent in the code cachecode cache

Prefetch BuffersPrefetch Buffers There are There are fourfourprefetch buffersprefetch buffers in the processor whichin the processor whichwork as two independent pairswork as two independent pairs

Instruction Decode UnitInstruction Decode Unit Process of Process of

decoding an instruction occurs in twodecoding an instruction occurs in twostagesstages

Control UnitControl Unit It consists of two units It consists of two unitsnamely;namely; MicrocodeMicrocode SequencerSequencer andand

Microcode Control ROMMicrocode Control ROM


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SIP: Single inline pin package DIP: Dual inline pin package QUIP: Quad inline pin package

Packaging t ypes in ICsPackaging t ypes in ICs
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Packaging Style Of MicroprocessorPackaging Style Of Microprocessor

DIP:- Dual In Line Pin PackageDIP:- Dual In Line Pin Package


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:-GA Pin grid array-GA Pin grid array

PPGA: Plastic Pin GridPPGA: Plastic Pin Grid


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Release 16/7/2009Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

In Plastic Pin Grid Array (PPGA), themicroprocessor is packed in square boxwhich fits into the Socket 370

PPGA:- Plastic Pin GridPPGA:- Plastic Pin GridArrayArray

BGA B ll idBGA B ll id ( t ll(controller


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BGA Ball grid arrayBGA Ball grid array (controller(controllerpackage)package)


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:-GA Land grid array:-GA Land grid array

SECC: Single edge contactSECC: Single edge contact


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SECC:- Single edge contactSECC:- Single edge contactcartridgecartridge

Microprocessor was entirely covered with a black

plastic housing.

WIPROWIPRO:-:- Western Indian ProductWestern Indian Product


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IBMIBM:-:- International BusinessInternational BusinessMachineMachine

DELLDELL:-:- Dell is the name of itsDell is the name of itsfounder(Michealfounder(Micheal

Dell)Dell)INTELINTEL:-:- Integrated ElectronicsIntegrated ElectronicsLGLG:-:- Lifes GoodLifes GoodINFOSYSINFOSYS:-:- Information systemInformation systemHPHP:-:- Hewlett PackardHewlett Packard

HCLHCL:-:- Hindustan Computers LimitedHindustan Computers Limited

AMDAMD:-:- Advance Micro DevicesAdvance Micro Devices

processor presentation editted

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