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Aditi Bindlish| 91003 | Legal Aspects of Business|FMG18A

Environmental Aspects

and Laws

PaperIndustry

Based on information from Shreyans paper Mills



Acknowledgement

I would like to take this opportunity to thank one and all who helped and contributed towards

completion of this project. The project would not have been possible without valuable

contributions from Mr Rahul Jain, Swastika Paper Trading co. who helped establish contact

with Sreyans Paper Mills.

Mr. Rastogi, Sreyans paper mills for providing valuable information with regards to the paper

industry.

Also the project would not have been possible without the valuable guidelines of Dr. K.L.

Chawla, Programme Director, FORE School of Management, whose encouragement and

insights help move ahead with the project.


Submitted by:

Aditi Bindlish91003

FMG18A



Table of Contents

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986................................................................4

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981................................................4

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974....................................6

Penalties And Procedure........................................................................................7

Legal Control.........................................................................................................9

The Manufacturing Process..................................................................................13

Making pulp...................................................................................................13

Beating..........................................................................................................14

Pulp to paper .................................................................................................15

Finishing........................................................................................................15

Mechanical pulp mills....................................................................................16

Paper pollution.....................................................................................................16

Chlorine and chlorine-based materials................................................................17

Sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide........................................................18

Energy Consumption...........................................................................................19

Water Consumption.............................................................................................19

Solid Waste..........................................................................................................19

Deforestation.......................................................................................................19

National Ambient Air Quality Standard................................................................20

Electrostatic Precipitators in Chimney (ESP)........................................................22

General Standards for discharge of environmental pollutants: Effluents.............24

Waste Liquids Treatment Section........................................................................28

Soil Environment.................................................................................................29

Noise Environment..............................................................................................29

Noise Pollution Control Standards:.......................................................................30

Suggested Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring adopted.......31

Suggestions for Users..........................................................................................32

References...........................................................................................................36

Book:




Environmental Laws

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

An Act to provide for the protection and improvement of environment and for matters

connected therewith:

WHEREAS the decisions were taken at the United Nations Conference on the

Human Environment held at Stockholm June, 1972, in which India participated, to

take appropriate steps for the protection and improvement of human environment;

it is considered necessary further to implement the decisions aforesaid in so far as

they relate to the protection and improvement of environment and the prevention of

hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants and property;

Section 2 of the Act defines:

(a) "environment" includes water, air and land and the inter-relationship which

exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living

creatures, plants, micro-organism and property;

(b) "environmental pollutant" means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance

present in such concentration as may be, or tend to be, injurious to environment;

(c) "environmental pollution" means the presence in the environment of any

environmental pollutant;

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the

establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for

conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto

and for matters connected therewith.

The decisions were taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human

Environment held in Stockholm in June, 1972, in which India participated, to take

appropriate steps for the preservation of the natural resources of the earth which,


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among other things, include the preservation of the quality of air and control of air

pollution;

It is considered necessary to implement the decisions aforesaid in so far as they

relate to the preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution;

As per Section 2(a) "air pollutant" means any solid, liquid or gaseous

substance2[(including noise)] present in the atmosphere in such concentration as

may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or

property or environment;

Section2(b) "air pollution" means the presence in the atmosphere of any air.

Section 3 and 4: The Central Board and State Boards for the Prevention and Controlof Water Pollution constituted under section 3 and 4 of the Water (Prevention and

Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 ,shall, without prejudice to the exercise and

performance of its powers and functions under this Act, exercise the powers and

perform the functions of the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of

Air Pollutionunder this Act.

As per Section 38.: Penalties for certain acts.

Whoever-

(a) destroys, pulls down, removes, injures or defaces any pillar, post or stake

fixed in the ground or any notice or other matter put up, incsribed or placed, by or

under the authority of the Board, or

(b) obstructs any person acting under the orders or directions of the Board from

exercising his powers and performing his functions under this Act, or

(c) damages any works or property belonging to the Board, or

(d) fails to furnish to the Board or any officer or other employee of the Board any

information required by the Board or such officer or other employee for the purpose

of this Act, or

(e) fails to intimate the occurrence of the emission of air pollutants into the

atmosphere in excess of the standards laid down by the State Board or the

apprehension of such occurrence, to the State Board and other prescribed

authorities or agencies as required under sub-section (1) of section 23, or



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(f) in giving any information which he is required to give under this Act, makes a

statement which is false in any material particular, or

(g) for the purpose of obtaining any consent under section 21, makes a

statement which is false in any material particular shall be punishable with

imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months or with fine which may

extend to[ten thousand rupees] or with both.

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1974

An Act to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and themaintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment, with a

view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control

of water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and

functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith.

WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution

and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment,

with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and

control of water pollution and for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers

and functions relating thereto;

The Parliament has no power to make laws for the States with respect to any of the

matters aforesaid except as provided in articles 249 and 250 of the Constitution;

In pursuance of clause (1) of article 252 of the Constitution resolutions have been

passed by all the Houses of the Legislatures of the States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat,

Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, MadhyaPradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal to the effect that the matters aforesaid

should be regulated in those States by Parliament by law;

Section2(e) defines "pollution" means such contamination of water or such

alteration of the physical, chemical or biological properties of water or such

discharge of any sewage or trade effluent or of any other liquid, gaseous or solid

substance into water (whether directly or indirectly) as may, or is likely to, create a

nuisance or render such water harmful or injurious to public health or safety, or to

domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural or other legitimate uses, or to the life


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and health of animals or plants or of aquatic organisms;

Section 2(k) defines "trade effluent" includes any liquid, gaseous or solid substance

which is discharged from any premises used for carrying on any([industry, operation

or process, or treatment and disposal system], other than domestic sewage.

Penalties And Procedure

41. Failure to comply with directions under sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of

section 20, or orders issued under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of 32 or directions

issued under sub-section (2) of section 33 or section 33A -

(1) Whoever fails to comply with any direction given under sub-section (2) or sub-

section (3) of section 20 within such time as may be specified in the direction shall,

on conviction, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three

months or with fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees or with both and in

case the failure continues, with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand

rupees for every day during which such failure continues after the conviction for the

first such failure.

(2) Whoever fails to comply with any order issued under clause (c), of sub-section (1)

of section 32 or any direction issued by a court under sub-section (2) of section 33 or

any direction issued under section 33A shall, in respect of each such failure and on

conviction, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than

one year and six months but which may extend to six years and with fine, and in

case the failure continues, with an additional fine which may extend to five thousand

rupees for every day during which such failure continues after the conviction for the

first such failure.

(3) If the failure referred to in sub-section (2) continues beyond a period of one year

after the date of conviction, the offender shall, on conviction, be punishable with

imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend

to seven years and with fine.

Penalty for certain acts- (1) Whoever-




(a) destroys, pulls down, removes, injures or defaces any pillar, post or stake fixed in

the ground or any notice or other matter put up, inscribed or placed, by or under the

authority of the Board, or

(b) obstructs any person acting under the orders or directions of the Board from

exercising his powers and performing his functions under this Act, or

(c) damages any work or property belonging to the Board, or

(d) fails to furnish to any officer or other employee of the Board any information

required by him for the purpose of this Act, or

(e) fails to intimate the occurrence of an accident or other unforeseen act or event

under section 31 to the Board and other authorities or agencies as required by thatsection, or

(f) in giving any information which he is required to give under this Act, knowingly or

wilfully makes a statement which is false in any material particular, or

(g) for the purpose of obtaining any consent under section 25 or section 26,

knowingly or wilfully makes a statement which is false in any material particular. shall

be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months or

with fine which may extend to[ten thousand rupees] or with both.

(2) Where for the grant of a consent in pursuance of the provisions of section 25 or

section 26 the use of a meter or gauge or other measure or monitoring device is

required and such device is used for the purposes of those provision, any person

who knowingly or willfully alters or interferes with that device so as to prevent it from

monitoring or measuring correctly shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term

which may extend to three months or with fine which may extend to(64)[ten thousand

rupees] or with both.

43.Penalty for contravention of provisions of section 24- Whoever contravenes

the provisions of section 24 shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which

shall not be less than[one year and six months] but which may extend to six years

and with fine.

44.Penalty for contravention of section 25 or section 26- Whoever contravenes

the provision of section 25 or section 26 shall be punishable with imprisonment for a

term which shall not be less than[two years] but which may extend to six years and

with fine.




45.Enhanced penalty after previous conviction- If any person who has been

convicted of any offence under section 24 or 25 or section 26 is again found guilty of

an offence involving a contravention of the same provision, he shall, on the second

and on every subsequent conviction, punishable with imprisonment for a term which

shall not be less than [one and half years] but which may extend to six years and

with fine.

Provided that for the purpose of this section no cognizance shall be taken of any

conviction made more than two years before the commission of the offence which is

being punished.

Legal Control

(a) Constitutionof India

Right to Life:- Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees life and personal liberty to all

persons. It is well settled by repeated pronouncements of the Supreme Court that

right to life enshrined in Article 21 is not of mere survival or existence. It guarantees

a right of persons to life with human dignity. Anyone who wishes to live in peace,

comfort and quiet within his house has a right to prevent the noise as pollutant

reaching him.

Right to Information:- Everyone has the right to information know about the norms

and conditions on which Govt. permit the industry which effect the environment.

Right to Religion and Noise:- Right to religion does not include right to perform

religious activities on loud speaker and electronic goods which produce high velocity

of noise.

Directive Principal of State Policy:- The state has the object to make the enviorment

pollution free.

Fundamental Duties:- every citizen of the country has the fundamental duty to clean

the environment.

(b) Cr.P.C. Section 133

Under Crpc. Section 133 the magisterial court have been empowered to issue order

to remove or abate nuisance caused by noise pollution Sec 133 empower an

executive magistrate to interfere and remove a public nuisance in the first instance

with a conditional order and then with a permanent one. The provision can be utilized




in case of nuisance of environment nature. He can adopt immediate measure to

prevent danger or injury of a serious land to the public. For prevention of danger to

human life, health or safety the magistrate can direct a person to abstain from certain

acts.

(c)I.P.C. Public Nuisance

Chapter IV of Indian Penal code deals with offences relating to public health,

safety, ....decency , morals under Sections 268, 269, 270, 279, 280, 287, 288, 290

291 294. Noise pollution can be penalized with the help of above section. Private

remedies suits in the area may related to public nuisance under A299. This article

punishment in case of Public nuisance law of torts covers. A person is guilty of public

nuisance who does any act or is guilty of an illegal omission which causes any

common injury, danger, or annoyance to the pubic or to the people in general who

dwell or occupy property in the vicinity or which must necessarily cause injury,

obstruction danger or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to use any

public right. A common nuisance is not excused on the ground that it causes some

convenience or advantage. Whoever commits a public nuisance in any case not

otherwise punishable by this code, shall be punished with fine, which may extend to

Rs. 200.

(d) Law of Torts Noise pollution is considered as civil wrong:-

Under law of torts , a civil suit can be filed claiming damages for the nuisance. For

filing a suit under law of torts a plaintiff is required to comply with some of the

requirement of tort of nuisance which are as follows:-

1.There should be reasonable interference

2.Interference should be with the use & enjoyment of land.

3. In an action for nuisance actual damage is required to be proved. As a general rule either the presence or absence of malice does not matter. But in some cases

deviation from the rule has been made.

(e) Factories Act Reduction of Noise and Oil of Machinery:- The Factories Act

does not contain any specific provision for noise control. However, unde the Third

Schedule Sections 89 and 90 of the Act, noise induced hearing loss, is mentioned as

notifiable disease. Similarly, under the Modal Rules, limits for noise exposure for

work zone area have been prescribed.




(f) Motor Vehicle Act. Provision Relation to use of horn and change of

Engine:- In Motor vehicle Act rules regarding use horns and any modification in

engine are made.

(g) Noise Pollution Control Rule 2000 under Environment Protection Act

1996 :-

Further for better regulation for noise pollution There are The Noise Pollution

( Regulation and Control ) Rules, 2000 – in order to curb the growing problem of

noise pollution the government of India has enacted the noise pollution rules 2000

that includes the following main provisions:-

# The state government may categories the areas in the industrial or commercial or

residential

# The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas have been

specified.

# State government shall take measure for abatement of noise including noise

emanating from vehicular movement and ensure that the existing noise levels do not

exceed the ambient air quality standards specified under these rules.

# An area not less than 100 m around hospitals educations institutions and court

may be declare as silence are for the purpose of these rules.# A loud speaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining

written permission from the authority and the same shall not be used at night.

Between 10 pm to 6 am

# A person found violating the provisions as to the maximum noise permissible in

any particular area shall be liable to be punished for it as per the provision of these

rules and any other law in force.

Manufacturing Process of Paper

Raw Materials

Probably half of the fiber used for paper today comes from wood that has been purposely

harvested. The remaining material comes from wood fiber from sawmills,recycled newspaper, some vegetable matter, and recycled cloth. Coniferous trees, such as




spruce and fir, used to be preferred for papermaking because the cellulose fibers in the pulp

of these species are longer, therefore making for stronger paper. These trees are called

"softwood" by the paper industry. Deciduous trees (leafy trees such as poplar and elm) are

called "hardwood." Because of increasing demand for paper, and improvements in pulp

processing technology, almost any species of tree can now be harvested for paper.

Some plants other than trees are suitable for paper-making. In areas without significant

forests, bamboo has been used for paper pulp, as has straw and sugarcane. Flax,

Most paper is made by a mechanical or chemical process.

hemp, and jute fibers are commonly used for textiles and rope making, but they can also be

used for paper. Some high-grade cigarette paper is made from flax.

Cotton and linen rags are used in fine-grade papers such as letterhead and resume paper, and

for bank notes and security certificates. The rags are usually cuttings and waste from textile

and garment mills. The rags must be cut and cleaned, boiled, and beaten before they can be

used by the paper mill.


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Other materials used in paper manufacture include bleaches and dyes, fillers such as chalk,

clay, or titanium oxide, and sizings such as rosin, gum, and starch.

The Manufacturing Process

Making pulp

• 1 Several processes are commonly used to convert logs to wood pulp. In the

mechanical process, logs are first tumbled in drums to remove the bark. The logs are

then sent to grinders, which break the wood down into pulp by pressing it between

huge revolving slabs. The pulp is filtered to remove foreign objects. In the chemical

process, wood chips from de-barked logs are cooked in a chemical solution. This isdone in huge vats called digesters. The chips are fed into the digester, and then boiled

at high pressure in a solution of

sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. The chips dissolve into pulp in the solution.

Next the pulp is sent through filters. Bleach may be added at this stage, or colorings.

The pulp is sent to the paper plant.




Beating

• 2 The pulp is next put through a pounding and squeezing process called, appropriately

enough, beating. Inside a large tub, the pulp is subjected to the effect of machine

beaters. At this point, various filler materials can be added such as chalks, clays, or

chemicals such as titanium oxide. These additives will influence the opacity and other

qualities of the final product. Sizings are also added at this point. Sizing affects the

way the paper will react with various inks. Without any sizing at all, a paper will be

too absorbent for most uses except as a desk blotter. A sizing such as starch makes the

paper resistant to water-based ink (inks actually sit on top of a sheet of paper, rather

than sinking in). A variety of sizings, generally rosins and gums, is available

depending on the eventual use of the paper. Paper that will receive a printed design,

such as gift wrapping, requires a particular formula of sizing that will make the paper

accept the printing properly.

Pulp to paper

• 3 In order to finally turn the pulp into paper, the pulp is fed or pumped into giant,

automated machines. One common type is called the Fourdrinier machine, which was

invented in England in 1807. Pulp is fed into the Fourdrinier machine on a moving

belt of fine mesh screening. The pulp is squeezed through a series of rollers, while

suction devices below the belt drain off water. If the paper is to receive a water-mark,

a device called a dandy moves across the sheet of pulp and presses a design into it.

The paper then moves onto the press section of the machine, where it is pressed

between rollers of wool felt. The paper then passes over a series of steam-heated

cylinders to remove the remaining water. A large machine may have from 40 to 70

drying cylinders.

Finishing

• 4 Finally, the dried paper is wound onto large reels, where it will be further processed

depending on its ultimate use. Paper is smoothed and compacted further by passing

through metal rollers called calendars. A particular finish, whether soft and dull or

hard and shiny, can be imparted by the calendars.

The paper may be further finished by passing through a vat of sizing material. It may

also receive a coating, which is either brushed on or rolled on. Coating adds chemicals

or pigments to the paper's surface, supplementing the sizings and fillers from earlier




in the process. Fine clay is often used as a coating. The paper may next be

supercalendered, that is, run through extremely smooth calendar rollers, for a final

time. Then the paper is cut to the desired size.

Mechanical pulp mills

Wood pulp produced primarily by grinding wood is known as "mechanical pulp" and is used

mainly for newsprint. These mechanical processes use fewer chemicals than either kraft or

sulfite mills. The primary source of pollution from these mills is organic material such as

resin acids released from the wood when it is processed. Mechanical wood pulp is

" brightened," as opposed to bleached, using less toxic chemicals than are needed for chemical

pulps.

Environmental Concerns

The number of trees and other vegetation cut down in order to make paper is enormous.

Paper companies insist that they plant as many new trees as they cut down. Environmentalists

contend that the new growth trees, so much younger and smaller than what was removed,

cannot replace the value of older trees. Efforts to recycle used paper (especially newspapers)

have been effective in at least partially mitigating the need for destruction of woodlands, and

recycled paper is now an important ingredient in many types of paper production.

The chemicals used in paper manufacture, including dyes, inks, bleach, and sizing, can also

be harmful to the environment when they are released into water supplies and nearby land

after use. The industry has, sometimes with government prompting, cleared up a large

amount of pollution, and federal requirements now demand pollution free paper production.

The cost of such clean-up efforts is passed on to the consumer.

Paper pollution

The production and use of paper has a number of adverse effects on the environment which

are known collectively as paper pollution. Pulp mills contribute

to air , water and land pollution. Discarded paper is a major component of many landfill sites,

accounting for about 35 percent by weight of municipal solid waste (before


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recycling). Even paper recycling can be a source of pollution due to the sludge produced

during deinking.

According to a Canadian citizens organization, "People need paper products and we need

sustainable, environmentally safe production." The amount of paper and paper products is

enormous, so the environmental impact is also very significant. It has been estimated that by

2020 paper mills will produce almost 500,000,000 tons of paper and paperboard per year, so

great efforts are needed to ensure that the environment is protected during the production, use

and recycling/disposal of this enormous volume of material.

Pulp and paper is the third largest industrial polluter to air, water, and land in both Canada

and the United States, and releases well over 100 million kg of toxic pollution each year.

Worldwide, the pulp and paper industry is the fifth largest consumer of energy, accounting

for four percent of all the world's energy use. The pulp and paper industry uses more water to

produce a ton of product than any other industry.

Chlorine and chlorine-based materials

Chlorine and compounds of chlorine are used in the bleaching of wood pulp, especially

chemical pulps produced by the kraft process or sulfite process. Plants using elementalchlorine produced significant quantities of dioxins.Dioxins are persistent organic

pollutants that are generally recognized among the most toxic human-released pollutants in

existence. Elemental chlorine has largely been replaced by chlorine dioxide and dioxin

production very significantly reduced. The promise of complete removal of chlorine

chemistry from bleaching processes to give a TCF (totally chlorine-free) process, which

peaked in the mid-1990s, did not become reality. The economic disadvantages of TCF

(according to a chemical industry association), the lack of stricter government regulation and

consumer demand meant that as of 2005 only 5 to 6 percent of kraft pulp was bleached

without chlorine chemicals. A study based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

data concluded that "Studies of effluents from mills that use oxygen delignification and

extended delignification to produce ECF (elemental chlorine free) and TCF pulps suggest that

the environmental effects of these processes are low and similar."

The used process water from a pulp mill contains a lot of organic material such as lignin and

other organic material from the trees (including chlorinated organic material) resulting in

high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). It also


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contains alcohols, and chelating agents and inorganic materials like chlorates and transition

metal compounds. Recycling the effluent (see black liquor ) and burning it,

using bioremediation ponds and employing less damaging agents in the pulping and

bleaching processes can help reduce water pollution.

Sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide

Sulfur -based compounds are used in both the kraft process and the sulfite process for making

wood pulp. Sulfur is generally recovered, with the exception of ammonia-based sulfite

processes, but some is released as sulfur dioxide during combustion of black liquor , a

byproduct of the kraft process, or "red liquor" from the sulfite process. Sulfur dioxide is of

particular concern because it is water soluble and is a major cause of acid rain. In 2006 the

pulp and paper industry in Canada released about 60,000 tonnes of sulfur oxides (SOx) into

the atmosphere, accounting for just over 4% of the total SOx emission from all Canadian

industries.

A modern kraft pulp mill is more than self-sufficient in its electrical generation and normally

will provide a net flow of energy to the local electrical grid. Additionally, bark and wood

residues are often burned in a separate power boiler to generate steam. If the harvested trees

are replanted a kraft mill can be carbon-neutral, but reforestation has been criticized for

reducing biodiversity.

Air emissions of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide,

and other volatile sulfur compounds are the cause of the odor characteristic of pulp mills

utilizing the kraft process. Other chemicals that are released into the air and water from most

paper mills include the following:

carbon monoxide

ammonia

nitrogen oxide

mercury

nitrates

methanol

benzene volatile organic compounds, chloroform.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorate




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-neutral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_mercaptan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform



Energy Consumption --- Paper making is energy intensive, drawing larges

amount of electricity from public utilities, or forcing mills to build their own power plants.

This is a signficant contributor to the air pollution in our region, and to the hidden damages

due to fuel extraction at the source (oil drilling, oil spills, coal mining, pipelines, transmission

lines, etc.) (see Energy)

Water Consumption --- Paper making uses a great deal of water, frequently from

diminishing groundwater supplies

Solid Waste --- Paper making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. The

industry has little incentive for making more efficient use of its materials. Because there are

many paper recycling industries, an even larger quantity of waste is generated. Paper fibers

can be recycled only a limited number of times before they become too short or weak to

make high quality paper. This means the broken, low- quality fibers are separated out to

become waste sludge. All the inks, dyes, coatings, pigments, staples and "stickies" (tape,

plastic films, etc.) are also washed off the recycled fibers to join the waste solids. The shiney

finish on glossy magazine-type paper is produced using a fine kaolin clay coating, which also

becomes solid waste during recycling. These paper mill sludges consume a large percentage

of our local landfill space each year. Worse yet, some of the wastes are landspread on

cropland as a disposal technique, raising concerns about trace contaminants building up in

soil or running off into area lakes and streams. Some companies burn their sludge in

incinerators, contributing to our serious air pollution problems.

Deforestation --- Worldwide, enormous tracts of virgin forest are being felled for

paper pulp production, contributing to the world's tragic deforestation trends. Undoubtedly

some of this pulp came from old-growth endangered forests. Citizen networks have formed

worldwide in an effort to save the last of these precious, irreplacable places. (Trees may be

renewable, but ancient forest plant and animal communities are often not renewable because

of the complex ecological balance which was built over thousands, even millions, of years in

some of these forests.)




Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400 percent in the past 40 years with 35

percent of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Logging of old growth forests

accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.

Plantation forest, from where the majority of wood for pulping is obtained, is generally a

monoculture and this raises concerns over the ecological effects of the practice.

Air Emissions from the unit

In the pulping process, highly malodorous emissions of reduced sulfur compounds, measured

as total reduced sulfur (TRS) and including hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl

sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide, are emitted, typically at a rate of 0.3–3 kilograms per metric

ton (kg/t) of air-dried pulp (ADP). (Airdried pulp is defined as 90% bone-dry fiber and 10%

water.) Other typical generation rates are: particulate matter, 75–150 kg/t; sulfur oxides, 0.5–

30 kg/t; nitrogen oxides, 1–3 kg/t; and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 15 kg/t from

black liquor oxidation. In the sulfite pulping process,

sulfur oxides are emitted at rates ranging from 15 kg/t to over 30 kg/t. Other pulping

processes, such as the mechanical and thermomechanical methods, generate significantly

lower quantities of air emissions.

Steam- and electricity-generating units using coal or fuel oil emit fly ash, sulfur oxides, and

nitrogen oxides. Coal burning can emit fly ash at the rate of 100 kg/t of ADP.

National Ambient Air Quality Standard:

The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public

health, vegetation and property are specified below:





Pollutant Time Weighted

average

Concentration in ambient air

Industrial

Area

Residential.

Rural & other areas,

Sensitive Area

1

2

3

4

2 2

3

4

3

2

3

4

4

2

3

4

5 2

3

4

Sulphur

Dioxide

(SO2 )

Annual Average* 80g/m³ 60µ g/m ³ 15 µg/m³

24 hours ** 120 µg/m³ 80 µg/m³ 30µg/m³

Oxides of

Nitrogen as

N02

Annual Average* 80 µ g/m³ 60g/m ³ 15 µg/m³

24 hours ** 120 µg/m³ 80 µg/m³ 30µg/m³

SuspendedParticulate

Matter

(SPM)

Annual Average* 360 µg/m³ 140 µg/m³ 70 µg/m³

24 hours ** 500 µg/m³ 200 µg/m³ 100 µg/m³

Respirable

Particulate

matter (size

less than10

um)(RPM)

Annual Average* 120 µg/m³ 60g/m ³ 50µ g/m ³

24 hours ** 150µ g/m ³ 100µ g/m ³ 75µ g/m ³

Lead (Pb) Annual Average* 1.0µ g/m ³ 0.75µ g/m ³ 0.50µ g/m ³

24 hours ** 1.5µ g/m ³ 1.00µ g/m ³ 0.75µ g/m ³

Carbon

Monoxide

(CO)

8 hours 5.0µ g/m ³ 2.0µ g/m ³ 1.0µ g/m ³

I hour 10.0µ g/m ³ 4.0µ g/m ³ 2.0µ g/m ³



Measure taken to combat this kind of air pollution an keep within permissible limits is

installation of electrostatic precipitators as explained below.

Electrostatic Precipitators in Chimney (ESP)

The company is using ESP in the chimneys to control the air pollution and effluents. An

electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a particle control device that uses electrical forces to move

the particles out of the flowing gas stream and onto collector plates. The particles are given

an electrical charge by forcing them to pass through a corona, a region in which gaseous ions

low. The electrical field that forces the charged particles to the walls comes from electrodes

maintained at high voltage in the center of the flow lane.

Once the particles are collected on the plates, they must be removed from the plates without

reentraining them into the gas stream. This is usually accomplished by knocking them loose

from the plates, allowing the collected layer of particles to slide down into a hopper from

which they are evacuated. Some precipitators remove the particles by intermittent or

continuous washing with water.

Plate-Wire Precipitators

Plate-wire ESPs are used in a wide variety of industrial applications, including coal-fired

boilers, cement kilns, solid waste incinerators, paper mill recovery boilers, petroleum refiningcatalytic cracking units, sinter plants, basic oxygen furnaces, open hearth furnaces, electric

arc furnaces, coke oven batteries, and glass furnaces.

In a plate-wire ESP, gas flows between parallel plates of sheet metal and high-voltage

electrodes. These electrodes are long wires weighted and hanging between the plates or are

supported there by mast-like structures (rigid frames). Within each flow path, gas flow must

pass each wire in sequence as flows through the unit.

The plate-wire ESP allows many flow lanes to operate in parallel, and each lane can be quite

tall. As a result, this type of precipitator is well suited for handling large volumes of gas. The

need for rapping the plates to dislodge the collected material has caused the plat to be divided

into sections, often three or four in series with one another, which can be rapped independent.

The power supplies are often sectionalized in the same way to obtain higher operating

voltages, and further electrical sectionalization may be used for increased reliability. Dust

also deposits on the discharge electrode wires and must be periodically removed similarly to

the collector plate.




As the particles pass each successive wire, they are driven closer and closer to the collecting

walls. The turbulence in the gas, however, tends to keep them uniformly mixed with the gas.

The collection process is therefore a competition between the electrical and dispersive forces.

Eventually, the particles approach close enough to the walls so that the turbulence drops to

low levels and the particles are collected.

If the collected particles could be dislodged into the hopper without losses, the ESP would be

extremely efficient. The rapping that dislodges the accumulated layer also projects some of

the particles (typically 12 percent for coal fly ash) back into the gas stream. These reentrained

particles are then processed again by later sections, but the particles reentrained in the last

section of the ESP have no chance to be recaptured and so escape the unit.

Practical considerations of passing the high voltage into the space between the lanes andallowing for some clearance above the hoppers to support and align electrodes leave room for

part of the gas to flow around the charging zones. This is called "sneakage" and amounts to 5

to 10 percent of the total flow. Antisneakage baffles usually are placed to force the sneakage

flow to mix with the main gas stream for collection in later sections. But, again, the sneakage

flow around the last section has no opportunity to be collected. These losses play a significant

role in the overall performance of an ESP.

Liquid Effluents from the unit:

All the chemical waste is in two streams, one is Wash liquor and the other is effluents with

suspended solids like BOD and COD.

The wash liquor is used by the company for generating bio gas, thus taking responsibility and

making a positive contribution.

The stream sof waste further go into the waste treatment section where aerobic treatment is

done.

Wastewaters are discharged at a rate of 20–250 cubic meters per metric ton (m3/t) of ADP.

They are high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), at 10–40 kg/t of ADP; total suspended

solids, 10– 50 kg/t of ADP; chemical oxygen demand (COD), 20–200 kg/t of ADP; and

chlorinated organic compounds, which may include dioxins, furans, and other absorbable

organic halides, AOX, at 0–4 kg/t of ADP.

Wastewater from chemical pulping contains 12–20 kg of BOD/t of ADP, with values of up to350 kg/t. The corresponding values for mechanical pulping wastewater are 15–25 kg BOD/t




of ADP. For chemimechanical pulping, BOD discharges are 3 to 10 times higher than those

for mechanical pulping. Pollution loads for some processes, such as those using nonwood raw

materials, could be significantly different. Phosphorus and nitrogen are also released into

wastewaters. The main source of nutrients, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds is raw

material such as wood. The use of peroxide, ozone, and other chemicals in bleaching makes it

necessary to use a complexing agent for heavy metals such as manganese.

General Standards for discharge of environmental

pollutants: Effluents




Measures taken include waste liquids treatment section as explained below.

Waste Liquids Treatment Section

Aerobic treatment units are high-rate oxidizers of soluble organic and nitrogenous

compounds. From a biological perspective, ATUs do not employ any new processes that are

not already utilized in large-scale wastewater treatment plants. The technology that is unique

to ATUs is the design and packaging of these systems for small flow situations.

These devices are essentially miniature wastewater treatment plants. In addition to the

reduction of BOD by aerobic digestion and the conversion of ammonia by nitrification, ATUs

have additional chambers that promote the removal of nutrients, suspended solids and

pathogens from the effluent.

Process Description

Primary treated wastewater enters the aeration unit and is mixed with dissolved oxygen and

suspended and/or attached microbes. The aerobic microbes convert organic compounds into

energy, new cells and residual matter. As the water moves through the clarifier, a portion of




the biological solids are separated out of the effluent and are retained within the ATU. The

biological solids settle back into the aeration chamber where they serve as seed for new

microbial growth. Settled biomass and residuals will accumulate in the bottom of the

chamber and must be removed with periodic maintenance.

Because the biomass creates an oxygen demand, clarification is an important part of

generating a high-quality effluent. The soluble BOD of the effluent is generally below 5

mg/L, but the biomass solids carry over may produce an effluent BOD of 20 mg/L or

greater). Many ATUs have a conical-shaped clarifier to promote separation of the biomass.

As the cross-sectional area of upflow increases, the fluid velocity decreases. Once the

settling velocity of the biomass is greater than the fluid velocity, the biomass will no longer

move upward. During periods of no flow, the biomass will settle back into the aeration

chamber. Other ATUs may incorporate inline filters to separate the biomass from the

effluent. Such filters require periodic maintenance to remove the build up of solids.

In the aerobic process, organic nitrogen and ammonia are converted to nitrate. Under anoxic

conditions (no molecular oxygen), the nitrate is denitrified to nitrogen gas. Some ATUs are

designed to also provide denitrification as part of their operation. Design modifications

include intermittently supplying air and recirculate the nitrified wastewater into the anoxic

regions within the treatment unit.

Most ATUs operate as an intermitted-flow, complete mix tank, constant volume reactors. The

flow is intermitted versus continuous because influent is not continuous. The contents of the

aeration chamber are thoroughly mixed to maximize the contact between dissolved oxygen,

microbes and wastewater. Effluent moves out of the aeration chamber and into a clarifier.

The rate of discharge is in direct response to the rate of inflow.

Soil EnvironmentAn estimation of physico-chemical analysis of existing soil environment indicates no adverse

impact on soil quality due to future activities of the mill.

Noise EnvironmentThe baseline noise level (Leq) recorded is about 54.7 dB(A) and the predicted incremental

noise level at the boundary due to the operation of MEP is likely to be <40 dB(A). Therefore,




the noise due to operation of the project will not have any bearing on the baseline noise levels

due to masking effect.

According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards, the

allowable noise level for the workers is 90 dB(A) for 8 hours’ exposure a day. Therefore,

adequate protective measures in the form of ear muffs/ear plugs to the workers working in

high noise areas need to be provided.

Noise Pollution Control Standards:

Area Code Category of Areas Day time* Night Time**

A Industrial Area 75 70

B Commercial Area 65 55

C Residential area 55 45

D Silence Zone*** 50 40

Limits in dB

*day time between 6 am to 9 pm**night time between 9 pm to 6am

***Silence zone is any area upto 100 mtrs around certain premises like hospitals, educationalinstitutes and courts

Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise with regard to equipments at manufacturing

stage:

1. Air Coolers 60 dB

2. Refrigerators 46 dB

3.Compactors, rollers, vibrators, front loaders, concrete

mixers, cranes75 dB

4. Window Air Conditioners 68 dB




Suggested Environmental Attributes and Frequency of

Monitoring adopted




Suggestions for users:

Keep this toxic list in mind when shopping for your paper products. Buy recycled and un-

bleached as often as you can. Even better, use non-paper alternatives.Introduction

Pollution Prevention Guidelines to provide technical advice and guidance to staff and

consultants involved in pollution-related projects. The guidelines represent state-of-the-art

thinking on how to reduce pollution emissions from the production process. In many cases,

the guidelines provide numerical targets for reducing pollution, as well as maximum

emissions levels that are normally achievable through a combination of cleaner productionand end-of-pipe treatment. The guidelines are designed to protect human health; reduce mass

loadings to the environment; draw on commercially proven technologies; be cost-effective;

follow current regulatory trends; and promote good industrial practices, which offer greater

productivity and increased energy efficiency.

Benefits of using Recycled and Organic Paper Products

There are many benefits of recycling and using organic products. These environmentally preservationist benefits range from reducing costs, conserving energy, reducing solid waste,




decreasing pollution, improving the quality of waste water, reducing pressure on forests and

the environmental impacts of commercial forestry, and improving health standards.

Recycled paper has cost benefits because it is made from materials that would otherwiseconstitute the solid waste that is polluting our planet. By infusing this material into the paper

manufacturing process and eliminating the costs associated with “virgin” pulp and whitening

agents, companies can procure cost savings by producing and consuming recycled materials.

Recycled paper products conserve resources and generate less pollution during manufacturing

because the fibers have already been processed once and it reduces solid waste because it

diverts usable paper from the waste stream. Making paper from used paper is generally a

cleaner and more efficient process than making paper from trees, since much of the work of extracting and bleaching the fibers has already been done. That means less total energy,

water, and chemical use, and lower releases of air and water pollutants.

Producing recycled paper uses much less total energy than producing virgin paper.

Depending on the grade, producing recycled paper may use more or less purchased energy (a

subset of total energy), in the form of fossil fuels and purchased electricity. Virgin freesheet

grades require slightly less purchased energy to produce than recycled ones, because some of

their energy needs are met by burning wood-derived process waste. Virgin ground wood papers, by contrast, require more purchased energy to produce than do recycled ground wood

papers.

Manufacturing of recycled paper does generate more solid waste, mostly in the form of

sludge, than virgin paper mills. However, that increase is more than offset by the reduction in

solid waste that comes from diverting paper from the waste stream. And the same inks,

coatings, and fillers present in recycling mill sludge would go into the ground anyway if the

paper were landfilled instead of recycled. Finally, recyclers are increasingly finding ways toreclaim and reutilize some components of recycled paper sludge, which can't happen if that

paper goes to a landfill or incinerator. In fact the manufacturing process used to make

EnviroCycle Paper products results in less than 10% solid waste from paper sludge. As a

result of these processes there is a net reduction in solid waste which is critical to the

environmental preservation of our planet.

It is a fact that paper mills improve their environmental cleanliness as they increase the

amount of recycled fibers they use in manufacturing. Recycling paper means that less of it isdisposed of in landfills and incinerators. This lowers air and water pollution at these facilities,




as well as green-house gas emissions that arise when paper breaks down in landfills. The

environmental advantages of recycling extend well beyond reducing landfills, which varies

across the United States. Paper recycling also reduces the environmental impacts "upstream,"

in the forest and at the paper mill. By adding to the available fiber supply, paper recycling

conserves wood and other forest resources, and reduces environmental impacts (energy use,

air and water pollution, and solid waste) during manufacturing. Finally, by reducing paper’s

contribution to landfills, recycling avoids releases of methane and other pollutants, and

reduces the need to site additional landfills where such releases would occur.

Methane, a gas with 21 times the heat-trapping power of carbon dioxide, is a potentgreenhouse gas and contributor to global climate change. The U.S. EPA cites municipal

landfills as the single largest source of methane emissions to the atmosphere, and has

identified the decomposition of paper as among the most significant sources of landfill

methane.

Recycled Paper manufacturing reduces the amount of waste water released into the

environment. In fact during the manufacturing of EnviroCycle Paper products waste water is

recycled and re-used in the process of making our paper. This is a significant factor inreducing pollution.

Recycling reduces the total number of trees that are cut down to make paper and can reduce

overall demand for wood. But more importantly, paper recycling saves forests. By

substituting used paper for trees, recycling reduces the overall intensity of forest management

needed to meet a given demand for paper, and the pressure to convert natural forests and

ecologically sensitive areas like wetlands into tree plantations. With recycling, not only will

fewer trees be harvested to make paper, those trees that are harvested can be produced usingmethods that have less impact on the environment. Thus, recycling helps preserve the full

range of values that forest ecosystems provide, including clean water, wildlife habitat and

biodiversity.

With reductions in pollution, preservation of trees and natural resources, reduction in

methane gases emitted into the environment the quality of health is improved for all of us.

Paper products, especially those made from recycled fibers, are organic and as a result they

biodegrade slowly and build structure in the soil. As a result organic paper products areenvironmentally beneficial alternatives to landscaping fabrics, nylon, and other non-




biodegradable products. These products not only benefit the environment but they meet the

stringent guidelines for organic growing and also reduce the costs associated with removal

from the soil during replanting. Organic paper products provide moisture protection, weed

control, pest control, plant preservation, and other value benefits to landscaping and organic

farming.




References

Book:Environmental Law By P.S.Jaswal & Nishtha Jaswal,

Webpages:

• http://www.bellaonline.org/articles/art19308.asp

• http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00030.x/abstract

• http://www.rhimax.net/environmental/benefits.html

• http://www.cwac.net/paper_industry/

• http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html

• http://www.nlsenlaw.com

• http://www.agaportal.de/pdf/nachhaltigkeit/eia/eia_indien_papierproduktion.pdf

• http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3scY1m1lta8C&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=environmental+pollution+from+pa

per+manufacturing&source=bl&ots=0gX2_vmukC&sig=7C7na7007OVlCLqz0072lE

pxSyU&hl=en&ei=p56xTN-

iJcKeccfegcgN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAD

gK#v=onepage&q=environmental%20pollution%20from%20paper

%20manufacturing&f=false

• http://envfor.nic.in/legis/air.htm

• http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/attachmentsbytitle/gui_pulp_wb/

$file/pulp_ppah.pdf

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_paper


http://www.clickindia.com/detail.php?id=2556861






http://www.bellaonline.org/articles/art19308.asp

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00030.x/abstract

http://www.rhimax.net/environmental/benefits.html

http://www.cwac.net/paper_industry/

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html

http://www.agaportal.de/pdf/nachhaltigkeit/eia/eia_indien_papierproduktion.pdf

http://envfor.nic.in/legis/air.htm

http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/attachmentsbytitle/gui_pulp_wb/$file/pulp_ppah.pdf


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_paper


http://www.bellaonline.org/articles/art19308.asp

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00030.x/abstract

http://www.rhimax.net/environmental/benefits.html

http://www.cwac.net/paper_industry/

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html

http://www.agaportal.de/pdf/nachhaltigkeit/eia/eia_indien_papierproduktion.pdf

http://envfor.nic.in/legis/air.htm



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_paper



• http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/contaminants/psl1-

lsp1/pulp_mill_effluents_pate_blanchie/pulp_bleaching-pate_blanchie-eng.pdf

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/contaminants/psl1-lsp1/pulp_mill_effluents_pate_blanchie/pulp_bleaching-pate_blanchie-eng.pdf




final editted lab

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