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On September 11, 2001, 19 militants

associated with the Islamist extremist

group al Qaeda hijacked our airliners

and carried out suicide attacks against

targets in the United States. Two o theplanes were own into the Twin Towers o

the World Trade Center in New York City, a

third plane hit the Pentagon just outside

Washington, D.C., and the ourth plane

was crashed into a feld near Shanksville

Pennsylvania. Oten reerred to simply

as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive

death and destruction, triggering major

U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism. Nearly

3,000 people were killed during the attacks,

including more than 400 police ofcers

and frefghters and 246 passengers andcrew on the our planes. This was the most

deadly terrorist attack in U.S. history.

On September 11, 2001, at 8:46 a.m. on

a clear Tuesday morning, an American

Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with jet uel

crashed into the North Tower o the World

Trade Center in New York City. The impact

let a gaping, burning hole between oors

93-99 o the 110-story skyscraper, instantly

killing hundreds o people and trappinghundreds more in higher oors. As the

evacuation o the tower got underway,

television cameras broadcasted live

images o what initially appeared to be a

reak accident. Then, 17 minutes ater the

frst plane hit, a second Boeing 767United

Airlines Flight 175appeared out o the

sky, turned sharply toward the World

Trade Center and sliced into oors 77-85

o the South Tower. The collision caused a

massive explosion that showered burning

debris over surrounding buildings and the

streets below. America was under attack.

The attackers were Islamist extremist

terrorists rom Saudi Arabia and several

other Arab nations. Reportedly fnanced by

Saudi ugitive Osama bin Ladens al Qaeda

terrorist organization, they were allegedly

acting in retaliation or Americas support

o Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gul

War and its continued military presence in

the Middle East. They chose to attack the

Pentagon and World Trade Center because

they are powerul symbols o America

symbols that defne the United States as

an economic and military superpower.

Some o the terrorists had lived in the

United States or more than a year and

had taken ying lessons at American

commercial ight schools. Others had

slipped into the country in the months

beore September 11 and acted as the

muscle in the operation.

American intelligence agencies like

the CIA and FBI were on the lookoutor terrorist activities, but had expected

bomb attacks like those o the past, or

perhaps biological or chemical attacks

that cause widespread terror. They

were unprepared or this kind o attack.

(The 9/11 Commission Report on the

attacks revealed our kinds o ailures:

in imagination, policy, capabilities, and

management.)

The 19 terrorists easily smuggled

knives through security at three East

Coast airports and boarded our ightsbound or Caliornia, chosen because

the planes were loaded with uel or the

long transcontinental journey. Soon ater

takeo, the terrorists commandeered

the our planes and took the controls,

transorming ordinary commuter jets into

guided missiles.

As millions watched the events

unolding in New York, American

Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown

Washington, D.C., and slammed into

the west side o the Pentagon military

headquarters at 9:37 a.m. Jet uel rom the

Boeing 757 caused a devastating inerno

that led to the structural collapse o a

portion o the giant concrete building.

125 military personnel and civilians were

killed in the Pentagon, along with all 59

passengers and crew aboard the airliner.

Twenty-two minutes ater the terrorists

struck the nerve center o the U.S. military,the horror in New York took a catastrophic

turn or the worse when the South Tower

o the World Trade Center collapsed in

a massive cloud o dust and smoke. The

structural steel o the skyscraper, built to

withstand winds in excess o 120 miles

per hour and a large conventional fre,

could not withstand the tremendous heat

generated by the burning jet uel coupled

with the structural damage caused by the

plane crash. At 10:28 a.m., the North Tower

collapsed. 2,753 people died in the WorldTrade Center and its vicinity, including a

staggering 346 frefghters, 23 New York

City police ofcers, and 37 Port Authority

police ofcers who were struggling to

complete an evacuation o the buildings

and save the ofce workers trapped on

higher oors. Thousands o others were

treated or injuries, many severe.

Meanwhile, a ourth Caliornia-bound

plane United Airlines Flight 93, a Boeing

757 was hijacked about 40 minutes ater

T h e A t t a c k s o n S e p t e m b e r 1 1 , 2 0 0 1

View o lower Manhattan on the morning o September 11, 2001.Photograph by David Monderer. Collection o the New-York Historical Society.

The Pentagon Ater the Attack. Courtesy Department o Deense.


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Who were the hijackers?These 19 young men, ages 20 to 33, came rom a variety o backgrounds, some wealthy, some poor. Many had college

educations, while others dropped out rom college or let home to become soldiers on the side o Muslims in Chechnyaand Aghanistan. Among them were three sets o brothers. Fiteen were rom Saudi Arabia, two rom the United Arab

Emirates, and one each rom Egypt and Lebanon.

leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey.

Because the plane had been delayed in taking o,

passengers on board learned o events in New York

and Washington via cell phone and airphone calls

to the ground. Knowing that the aircrat was not

returning to an airport as the hijackers claimed, a

group o passengers and ight attendants planned an

insurrection. One o the passengers, Thomas E. Burnett

Jr., told his wie over the phone that , Theyre talking

about crashing this plane into the ground. We have todo something. Another passenger, Todd Beamer, was

heard saying, Are you guys ready? Lets roll over an

open line. Sandy Bradshaw, a ight attendant, called

her husband and explained that she had slipped into

a galley and was flling pitchers with boiling water.

Her last words to him were Everyones running to frst

class. Ive got to go. Bye.

Passengers ought the our hijackers and are

thought to have attacked the cockpit. The plane then

ipped over and sped toward the ground at upwards

o 580 miles per hour, crashing in a rural feld in

western Pennsylvania at 10:03 a.m. All 40 passengersand crew were k illed. Its intended target is presumed

to be the U.S. Capitol.

By 7 p.m., President George W. Bush, who had spent

the day being shuttled around the country because

o security concerns, returned to the White House. At

8:30 p.m., he delivered a televised address rom the

Oval Ofce, declaring, Terrorist attacks can shake the

oundations o our biggest buildings, but they cannot

touch the oundation o America. These acts shatter

steel, but they cannot dent the steel o American

resolve. In a reerence to the eventual U.S. military

response he declared, We will make no distinction

between the terrorists who committed these acts and

those who harbor them.

Operation Enduring Freedom, the American-led

international eort to oust the Taliban Islamist regime

in Aghanistan that supported al Qaeda and Osama

bin Ladens terrorist network based there, began on

October 7, 2001, less than a month ater the terror

attacks. Although the Taliban was initially removed

rom power, fghting in Aghanistan continues. Osama

bin Laden was killed on May 2, 2011 in a compound

in Abbottabad, Pakistan by a team o U.S. Navy SEALS.

This brought some measure o justice to 9/11 victims

and our country.

Satam

al Suqami

Abdulaziz

al Omari

Waleed

al Shehri

Wail

al Shehri

Mohamed

Atta

American Airlines Flight 11 (World Trade Center)

Marwan

al Shehhi

Ahmed

al Ghamdi

Mohand

al Shehri

Hamza

al Ghamdi

Fayez

Banihammad

United Airlines Flight 175 (World Trade Center)

Khalid

al Mihdhar

Majed

Moqed

Nawa

al Hazmi

Salem

al Hazmi

Hani

Hanjour

American Airlines Flight 77 (Pentagon)

Saeed

al Ghamdi

Ahmad

al Haznawi

Ahmed

al Nami

Ziad

Jarrah

United Airlines Flight 93 (Pennsylvania)

Flight 93 Crash Near Shanksville, PA.

Courtesy Valencia M. McClatchy.

What is Terrorism?It is difcult to come up with a defnition o terrorism with which everyone will agree. The root o the word is terror

or ear. An act o terrorism seeks to use ear to compel a group o people or a government to act in a certain way inresponse to violence or the threat o violence. Terrorist acts have been committed by a variety o people representing

a wide range o political, religious, cultural or social viewpoints, ranging rom lone individuals to large coordinated

groups. Generally, a characteristic o terrorism is that the victims are oten civilians, that is people who are not in any

way representative o the object o the terrorism.


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TimelineCourtesy National September 11 Memorial & Museum with othercontent added. http://timeline.national911memorial.org/

5:45amHijackers pass security screening

Hijackers Mohammed Atta and Abdulaziz

al Omari pass through security at Portland

International Jetport in Maine. They board a

shuttle ight to Bostons Logan International

Airport, where they connect to Los Angeles-bound American Airlines Flight 11.

Atta will pilot Flight 11 on its lethal course

into the North Tower o the World Trade

Center. Four hijackers physically subdue

passengers and crew so that Atta can breach

the cockpit and kill or disable the two

American Airlines pilots.

Over the next hour and a hal, seventeen

other hijackers clear security checks at

Logan Airport, Newark InternationalAirport, and Washington Dulles Airport.

All presumably carry knives, box cutters or

other concealed weapons on their person

or in carry-on luggage. Although eight are

tagged or additional screening and a gate

agent ags two as suspicious, none are

prevented rom boarding their intended

ights.

7:59amAmerican Airlines Flight 11 takes orom Logan Airport in Boston, MA, 14

minutes behind its scheduled departure

Seventy-six passengers, 11 crewmembers

and fve hijackers board Flight 11. In

industry terms, the Los Angeles-bound ight

is riding heavy, stocked with up to 68,400

pounds o uel or its transcontinental run.

Al Qaeda terrorists hijack the plane at

approximately 8:14 am and reroute it

towards Manhattan, using the Hudson Riveras a navigational guide.

8:14amUnited Airlines Flight 175 takes o

rom Logan Airport in Boston, MA,

also 14 minutes behind its scheduled

departure

Fity-one passengers, nine crewmembers,

and fve hijackers board Los Angeles-bound Flight 175.

Al Qaeda terrorists hijack the plane at

approximately 8:45 am and reroute it

towards Manhattan.

8:19amAmerican Flight 11 Crew

Contact Airline

Veteran ight attendants Betty Ann Ongand Madeline Amy Sweeney, with a

combined 26 years o experience, alert

ground personnel to the hijacking o

Flight 11. They stay on the line or almost

the entire duration o the ight a ter

its seizure by the terrorists, relaying key

details about the attack such as the

hijackers seat numbers and report that

the crew is unable to contact the cockpit.

Acting on Ong and Sweeneys inormation,

American Airlines alerts the FBI,jumpstarting the investigation that will

become the largest in the agencys history.

According to Sweeney, the crew attends

to the saety o the passengers, providing

medical care to those injured in the

hijacking.

8:20amFlight 77 Takes O

American Airlines Flight 77, en route to

Los Angeles, departs Washington Dulles

International Airport ten minutes delayed.

8:24amHijacker Mohammed Atta on Flight 11

Mistakenly Contacts Air Trac Control

Minutes later, he makes a second

unintended transmission.

8:37amAir Trac Control Contacts

the Military

Ater hearing Attas transmission, air trafc

controllers contact Northeast Air Deense

Sector (NEADS), a division o the military

that deends North American airspace, to

report the hijacking.

8:42amFlight 93 Takes O

United Airlines Flight 93 departs Newark

International Airport ater a lengthy airtrafc delay on the tarmac. Flight 93 was

scheduled to leave Newark at 8:00 am,

within minutes o the other hijacked

ights.

8:46amCrash o Flight 11

Flying the plane at about 470 miles per hour,hijackers crash Flight 11 into oors 93-99,

I dont know, I think

were getting hijacked. Flight attendant Betty Ann Ong,

American Airlines Flight 11

Courtesy o U.S. Department o Justice.


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instantly killing the 87 passengers and crew

on board and unknown hundreds within

the tower.

The crash starts fres throughout the North

Tower and unnels jet uel down elevator

shats, igniting freballs at the lobby and

below-grade levels and burning anyone

coming into contact with this combusting

uel.

The impact severs all three emergency

stairwells, trapping 100s in and above the

impact zone.

Investment frm Fred Alger Management

and proessional services company Marsh

& McClennan have ofces in the impact

zone. Thirty-fve Alger employees and 295

Marsh employees perish in the attack. Carr

Futures 69 employees, at work on the 92nd

oor directly below the impact zone, alsoperish. Trapped by debris, they are unable to

evacuate.

Bond trading frm Cantor Fitzgerald, oors

101-105, suers the single largest loss o lie,

658 employees.

I could see the big

airline coming straight

towards us. Constance Labetti, AON,

South Tower, 99th Floor

So I stood up and I just turned

my body towards the window and

I could see the big airline coming

straight towards us. It looked like it

was coming towards us. Didnt look

like the plane was in any kind o

duress. It was going straight towards

what I thought was our building,

but in actuality Tower 1 was right

in ront o us. I just stood rozen. I

didnt move I couldnt move. I just

stood at the window.

I could see it coming closer andcloser. I could see their AA[American Airlines] on its tail. Icould see the cockpit. I couldsee inside the cockpit, the tinted

windows o the cockpit, thats how

close I was.

(Sigh) I could see on the side someo the windows o-o the passengerswere pulled down, and then it justbellowed into Tower 1. And, ora moment, just or that moment,I almost sighed with relie until Irealized (pause) all those people thathad just [been] killed in that Tower.

http://timeline.national911memorial.org/#Explore/2/AudioEntry/2

8:46amEmergency Services Mobilized

The Fire Department o New York (FDNY)

and New York Police Department (NYPD)

dispatch units to the World Trade Center

within seconds o Flight 11s crash.

On site, Port Authority Police Department

(PAPD) ofcers begin evacuating the North

Tower. PAPD headquarters in Jersey City,

New Jersey dispatches additional ofcers

rom other command posts to the World

Trade Center.

In July 2001, the Port Authority o New

York and New Jersey, long-time managers

o the World Trade Center, agreed to lease

the buildings to real estate developer Larry

Silverstein. On September 11, 2001, both

Port Authority and Silverstein Properties

sta are in the building working on the

transition. Their expert knowledge o the

towers helps Port Authority fre saety,

building and security sta coordinate the

evacuation.

People who were

coming down very

badly burned no skin,

no hair, just burned. Bruno Dellinger, Quint Amasis,North Tower, 47th Floor

When I arrived at the sky lobby

level there were, uh, masses o

people waiting to the elevators.

And or some reason I decided to

go back into the stairwell. And the

heat was just like, quite intense

The intensity o the warning signs,

like the sound o the alarms, itwas really like ah pounding you

Anyway, so we went down and

people were very calm.

There were three fows o people.The regular people like me goingdown. The people who werecoming down rom the other foors

and who were very badly burned no skin, no hair, just burned.They were walking or carrieddown by people; helped by people.

Screams were coming down

rom the stairwell, Emergency!

Emergency! And then the

third ow o people was o course

those security personnel and fre

department people. Now those

people were exhausted. In some o

those eyes, and you could see thatthey knew something, and it was

dangerous. They knew something.

While there was no panic

whatsoever in the stairwell, those

people were concentrated, ocused

on doing their job. And while I was

walking down, they were going up to

their death. And I was walking down

to live.

http://timeline.national911memorial.org/#/

Explore/2/AudioEntry/26

8:50amPresident Bush is Alerted Around This

Time While Visiting an Elementary

School in Sarasota, Florida

8:55amSouth Tower Tenants Instructed to

Remain in the BuildingYour attention, please, ladies and gentlemen.

Building 2 is secure. There is no need to

evacuate Building 2. I you are in the midst o

evacuation, you may use the re-entry doors

and the elevators to return to your ofce.

Repeat, Building 2 is secure.

We have some planes.Just stay quiet andyou will be O.K. Hijacker Mohamed Atta,

mistakenly spoken to trafc control

North tower on Fire. Courtesy o 9/11 Memorial Museum.Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive.


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Announcement made by Port Authority

ofcial via Public Address inside the South

Tower

8:59amOn Board Flight 175As hijacked Flight 175 approaches the

World Trade Center, crewmembers andpassengers manage to contact loved ones

and authorities on the ground.

At 8:59 am, Flight 175 passenger Brian

David Sweeney, 38, leaves a message or

his wie Julie. He then calls his mother,

Luise, to report the hijacking, telling her

that the passengers are considering

storming the cockpit to wrest control rom

the hijackers.

Brian began the ight in the frst row o

coach, but makes his calls rom a GTEairphone located in one o the last rows o

the plane.

Machine: BEEP. Message 1Hi Jules, this is Brian. - Listen Im on an

airplane thats been hijacked. I things dont

go well, its not looking good, I just want youto know I absolutely love you. I want you to

do good, go have some good times. Same to

my parents and everybody. And I just totally

love you and I will see you when you get

there. Bye babe. Ill try to call you. (Messagecourtesy o Julie Sweeney Roth.)

http://timeline.national911memorial.

org/#/Explore/2/AudioEntry/12

9:02amSouth Tower Evacuation OrderMay I have your attention, please.

Repeating this message the situation

occurred in Building 1 [North Tower]. I the

conditions warrant on your oor, you may

wish to start an orderly evacuation.

Port Authority Statement


Hijackers, ying the plane at 590 miles perhour, crash Flight 175 into oors 77 to 85

o the World Trade Centers South Tower,

instantly killing the 60 passengers and

crew and unknown hundreds within the

tower.

The impact severs two o three emergency

stairwells and most o the elevator cables,

trapping many inside elevator cars, and

cutting o escape routes.

Despite being choked with rubble,

Stairwell A remains passable. However,

only eighteen people at or above the

impact zone are known to have evacuated

using this stairway.

We elt and heard a

loud noise. Constance Labetti, AON,


I think I got to the 72nd oor,

75th oor, when we heard we

elt and heard a loud noise. And

people in the stairs start to all

down the stairs.

And what it elt like was thatsome that Tower 1 this is

what I thought Tower 1 had

collapsed onto our building.

It elt like somebody took the

building shook it and put it back

down in its place.

I was holding onto the banistersreally tight so I didnt all but a

lot o people on the staircase were

tumbling down. What evidently

happened was our building had

just been hit.

http://timeline.

national911memorial.org/#/


Am I gonna have to

jump? Florence Jones, Thomson

Baseline, South Tower

I literally thought or a moment,

cause he tried to open the door,

and all you could eel was the heat

o the fre.

I was like, oh gosh, am I gonna

have to jump, because I wasnt

gonna wait or the remen. Was

I gonna have to do what I just

saw people doing.

And I remember him running back

across the oor and grabbing my

jacket saying, Lets go, lets go.

http://timeline.


Explore/2/AudioEntry/270F

9:05amPresident Bush is alerted that a second

plane has crashed into the South Tower

o the World Trade Center

The President now knows that the country is

under attack, but inormation is scarce.

9:10amIncreasing ResponseThe NYPD calls a second Level 4

Mobilization, bringing its total

deployment close to 2,000 men and women.

Minutes later, the FDNY issues a second

fth alarm. Other companies and o-duty

personnel, not directly called, respond to the

attacks.

In total, more than 200 fre units,

approximately 2,200 police ofcers, and

numerous others rom city and ederal

agencies responded to the disaster scene at

the World Trade Center.

When their vehicle becomes stuck in trafc,

Firefghter Gary R. Box, 37, and others rom

the FDNYs elite Squad 1 run through the

Brooklyn Battery Tunnel to the World Trade

Center. His picture on page 8 was taken

shortly ater the crash o Flight 175.

Squad 1 loses 11 members on 9/11,including Firefghter Box.

On the morning o 9/11, Port Authority

Ofcer James Francis Lynch, 47, is on medical

leave, resting at his home in New Jersey.

Nevertheless, he responds to the attack

on the World Trade Center, using his PAPD

credentials to clear police cordons and head

through the Holland Tunnel.

Once Ofcer Lynch arrives at the towers,

he immediately sets to work. As a WTCEmergency Services ofcer who supervised

rescue equipment within the complex, he

knows that his experience and knowledge

o the towers will be invaluable to the

evacuation eorts. He is last seen getting air

packs out o a storeroom, then ascending

the stairs carrying a load o breathing masks

and air tanks. Ofcer Lynch perishes in the

collapse o the South Tower.

North Tower on Fire. Courtesy o 9/11 Memorial Museum.Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive.

I just want you to know I

absolutely love you. Message rom Brian David

Sweeney, passenger on Flight 175,to his wie, Julie

Courtesy o U.S. Department o Justice.


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Couldnt imagine these

reghters going up there

into God knows what. Constance Labetti, AON,


Then the frefghters started tocome up and they would holler,

Move to the right! Move to the

right! I think it was probably about

the 40th oor when the frefghters

started to come up.

And I remember thinking theyre

theyre gonna climb all the way

up to 80? I mean how- how are

they gonna do that? A ew peopleclapped, a ew people wished

them blessings.

God blessings and a ew people

patted them on the shoulders.

People shouted out to go to

the 65th oor where theres a

handicap person or to giving

them inormation. And they justwere stone aced, just looked

straight ahead; they really didnt

show much emotion. Couldnt

imagine these frefghters going up

there into God knows what.

http://timeline.



9:32amFlight 93 hijackers accidentally

transmit a message intended or the

passengersLadies and Gentlemen: Here the Captain,please sit down, keep remaining sitting. We

have a bomb onboard. So, sit.

One o the hijackers o Flight 93

9:36amVice President Cheney Evacuated

From White House OceSecret Service agents evacuate U.S. Vice

President Dick Cheney and his aides

rom his ofce in the White House to the

Presidential Emergency Operations Center,

a Cold War-era bunker beneath the White

House.


Hijackers crash Flight 77 into thePentagons western acade, killing the 59

passengers and crew on board the plane

and 125 military and civilian personnel

inside the building. A hundred and six are

severely injured in the ensuing fre.

Loaded with 36,200 lbs o jet uel, Flight 77

ignites an inerno inside the Pentagon.

The Pentagons on-site frehouse responds

immediately to the crash o Flight 77.

Firefghters rom nearby National Airport

(with a oam truck designed to fght jet

uel fres) and V irginias Arlington County

Fire Department arrive within minutes.

Many civilian employees and military

personnel evacuate the building

shortly ater the impact, while others

elt compelled to rush into the burning

building to rescue trapped and injured

colleagues.

A Pentagon security camera captures

the crash o Flight 77 into the buildings

western acade. At the time o impact, the

hijacked plane ew at 530 miles per hour. South Tower Impact. Courtesy o 9/11 Memorial Museum.Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive.

Courtesy o the U.S. Department o Justice. The wrong date was due to mechanical error.


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I was blown through

the air John Yates, Army civiliansecurity manager, Pentagon

Everything I touched burned my

hands I just started crawling

on my hands and knees I

realized how badly I was hurt,because as I was walking I

looked down at my hands and I

remember seeing just strings o

skin A doctor [was] saying, He

goes frst

The only noise was

the crackling o fames

and it was just sheer

devastation. Louise Rogers, civilian

accountant, Pentagon

9:42amNational Ground StopThe Federal Aviation Authority (FAA)

grounds all ights over, or bound or,

the continental United States. The U.S.

Department o Transportation allowed

national airspace to open and ights to

resume two days later on September 13,

2001 at 11:00am EST.

9:45amWhite House and U.S. CapitolEvacuatedThroughout the morning, ofcials

evacuate high-profle buildings,

government ofces, landmarks, and public

spaces in response to rumors o escalating

attacks.

9:57amFight or Flight 93

Flight 93s passengers arebelieved to have collectively voted

to mount a counterattack against the

hijackers.

Twelve o Flight 93s 40 passengers and

crew manage to alert loved ones and

authorities to the planes hijacking. At least

fve learn about the attacks on the World

Trade Center or the Pentagon.

9:59amSouth Tower o World TradeCenter CollapsesAter burning or 56 minutes, the South

Tower collapses in 10 seconds, killing

hundreds o workers and frst responders in

the building and surrounding area.

As the South Tower collapses dust and

debris enguls the streets near the World

Trade Center. Many ee, seeking shelter insurrounding buildings.

When the World Trade Center towers

collapse, huge pieces o the steel acade all

to the earth, causing enormous damage to

nearby buildings and signifcant loss o lie.

We entered the stairway B, which

was the core stairway in the [North

Tower] building, which we wereusing as our attack stairs.

The building [started] shaking,

really noticeably shaking, and

I thought maybe, you know, the

elevator was coming down the

shats, maybe they cut loose. I

didnt know what was going on,

but I was holding on, and I was a

little concerned about this. And

then it stopped, and that was the

South Tower going down, I ound

out later. -FDNY Lt. Mickey Kross,

Engine 16


org/#Explore/2/AudioEntry/59

Firefghter Gary Box. Courtesy o 9/11 Memorial Museum. Photograph by Erik Troelsen.

Flight 93 Crater.

Courtesy o Flight 93 National Memorial.

Were going to rush

the hijackers. Jeremy Glick, last words to hiswie rom an airphone on Flight 93

Courtesy o U.S. Department o Justice.Are you guys ready?

Lets roll. Todd Beamer, his last audiblewords, as heard by Lisa Jeerson,as Flight 93 passengers ought to

take back the plane.

Courtesy o Flight 93 National Memorial.


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10:03amCrash o Flight 93Hijackers roll Flight 93 side-to-side, rapidly

diving and climbing, in an attempt to knock

passengers and crew o balance as they

attempt to storm the cockpit.

Eyewitnesses on the ground report the

aircrats erratic ight, ending with the soundo a crash.

To prevent passengers rom retaking the

airplane, hijackers deliberately crash Flight

93 in a feld in Somerset County,

Pennsylvania, killing all 40 passengers and

crew.

The crash site is approximately 20 minutes

ying time rom Washington, DC.

10:15amPentagon E Ring CollapsesThe damaged section o the Pentagons

outermost ofces, known as the E Ring,

collapses. No rescue workers are injured.

Several times throughout the morning,

speculation and misinormation about

additional hijacked planes cause the

cessation o rescue operations and

evacuation o emergency workers.

While the rescue eort continues, many

Department o Deense (DoD) employees

return to work in the unaected hal o the

Pentagon. The National Military Command

Center (NMCC), located on the ar side o

the Pentagon, coordinates the US military

response to the 9/11 attacks. NMCC ofcers

initiate a conerence call with ederal

and military responders that continues

throughout the day.

10:28amNorth Tower o World Trade

Center CollapsesThe North Tower collapses ater burning or

102 minutes, killing 100s o people in the

building and the surrounding area.

O the 16,000 to 19,000 people in the North

and South Towers o the World Trade Center

on 9/11, the vast majority are evacuated

saely. By the end o the day, all seven

buildings at the World Trade Center were

destroyed.

Well it was probably a hal

hour later that I heard the same

rumblings coming down. And that

was rom the North Tower. I said,

Oh jeez here we go again. I said

you know, whats the chance oCourtesy o 9/11 Memorial Museum. Git o John F. OSullivan Jr.


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I dont know, not too good. I

wanted to run like hell mysel

down the stairwell that I was

sending all those people down.

But unortunately I said, I cant

run that ast. This thing is gonna

to beat me out. So what I did was

I made it down about three or our

stairs and there was a little bit o

a landing that was there and I just

basically positioned mysel there

with a couple o the other guys.

I said Guys grab the wall. You

know were going to do that

same thing we did or the rst

collapse and Im sure that weregoing to make it. You know,

were gonna be ne. So we

grabbed the wall again but this

time it seemed like the collapse

lasted orever.

The whole ground was shaking.

Nothing was on fre by me, but

still the blinding smoke, but Iwas at the base o the smoke, I

couldnt run anywhere. The smoke

was all around me and all the

debris and the cloud the cloud

o dust. It wasnt really so much

smoke but it was the dust cloud

that was coming down. It was

choking it really was. I was like

oh my God; it was the closest to

dying that I ever thought about.

There were the loud noises that

kept coming down rom all the I-

beams that were alling down all

around us. And (pause) you know,

eventually, what seemed and

it was only a ew seconds it

seemed like a ew hours, it fnally

ended and the smoke had cleared.

It was a little bit better because

we werent buried this time like

we were or the frst collapse, butstill it was an awul ride. - Ofcer

David Brink, NYPD ESU (Survived

both towers collapsing)


org/#/Explore/2/AudioEntry/51

Courtesy Department o Deense.

Courtesy o 9/11 Memorial Museum. Git o John F. OSullivan Jr.


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11:02amEvacuation o Lower ManhattanNew York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani calls

or the evacuation o all residents, workers

and tourists rom lower Manhattan.

All o lower Manhattan south o 14th Street

rom the Hudson River to the East River

is ofcially closed to all but emergencypersonnel, creating an area known as the

rozen zone.

Throngs o people crowd onto streets,

highways, and bridges to evacuate lower

Manhattan. Many walk north or across

bridges to Brooklyn.

Thousands leave the island o Manhattan by

boat in one o the largest water evacuations

since World War II.

11:45amThe President arrives at Barksdale Air

Force BasePresident Bush orders Air Force One to land

at Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana,

where he makes his frst televised remarks

about the unolding events. The resolve o

our great nation is being tested, he says.

But make no mistake, we will show the

world that we will pass this test. God bless.Although the President wants to return

to Washington, DC, those protecting him

deem this unsae. Air Force One heads

towards Outt Air Force Base in Nebraska,

home o the U.S. Strategic Command,

where Bush uses their underground secure

communications network to coner with the

White House, the Pentagon, the CIA, and the

FBI. Although his sta will prepare or him

to address the nation rom the bunker, the

President ultimately will insist on returning

to the nations capital.

12:16pmAmerican Airspace ClearedThe last commercial ight above the

continental United States lands.

In total, air trafc controllers guide over

4,000 commercial and private planes to

airports throughout the United States and

in Canada. Local authorities and residents

create ad-hoc plans to provide ood and

shelter to stranded travelers.

I heard this very, very loud noise

above me. It was just a tremendous

roar. It was above. It sounded like

it was coming towards, towards

you. And then the wind, very, very

ferce wind. It started liting me up

o the ground and so thats when I

crouched down, the next thing I

just crouched down. I got to the

corner o the staircase by the railing

and I just got as small as I could

possibly get, cause Im not a big

guy to begin with so and I literally (sigh) I guess the best way to

describe it, I tried to crawl into my

fre helmet, thats what I wanted to

do just to protect mysel. I wasnt

sure what was going on, I thought

the building might be coming down

and I fgured, uh, ok this could be

it. And I was a little angry you know

it was like Damn it, why me? Why

you know its beautiul Im going

to die in the World Trade Center

on a beautiul summer morning.

I just like, its like a little denial

and disbelie sets in and then I

started getting hit with stu, youknow, it was just debris was hitting

me. It went dark and then the

next thing was just total silence.

Nothing. No wind. No noise. No

light. Nothing. And then I started

hearing noises, I started hearing

like moaning and guys were starting

to communicate, yell out. These

were the guys I was trapped with.

Theyre calling out, Whos there?,

You guys all right?, blah, blah,

blah, and this kind o thing. And I

realized I wasnt alone, cause when

youre alone in a situation like that,

thats like existential isolation, itlike - (laughs) I mean - and then you

fnd out youre with other people

it makes you eel a lot better, even

though you know youre in a very

bad situation at least theres other

people. But then the strangest thing

happened, this beam o sunlight

came right in on us, like about

8 inches long, but it was clearly

Courtesy o 9/11 Memorial Museum. Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive

Courtesy o 9/11 Memorial Museum. Git o Chuck Tantillo.


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sunlight. It was all dirty and ull o

debris and it looked like pepper was

oating around in it, sort o. But it

was sunlight, Im like amazed now

(laughs) a 110 story building above

us and Im looking up at the sun.

- FDNY Lt. Mickey Kross, Engine 16

http://timeline.



1:00pm

and Throughthe DayResponse at the World Trade

Center SiteThroughout the aternoon, volunteers,

frst responders, and construction workers

arrive at the site to search or survivors.

Firefghters, police ofcers, paramedics

and other emergency service workers

stream to the site to join in the frefghtand rescue eorts. Operations continue

around the clock.

3:00pmFDNY Rescue Civilian Pasquale

Buzzelli is Rescued From Rubble o

Stairwell B at WTC siteUltimately, only 18 people deeply

embedded in the debris pulled

themselves out or were rescued, including

14 who were together in the shat o a

North Tower stairwell. The last survivor

was ound only 26 hours ater the towers

collapsed.

5:20pmCollapse o 7 World Trade CenterBecause lower Manhattans waterlines

have been compromised, the FDNY

cannot get water to fght the ames.

Adjacent to the North Tower, 7 World Trade

Center had suered signifcant damage in

the collapse. Fires caused by the collapse

o 1 WTC lead to structural instability, andultimately, total collapse.

There are no casualties because the 47-

story tower had been evacuated that

morning. However, the all o the building

sends frst responders racing away rom

the collapsing structure to save their own

lives.

8:00pmRescue Workers Locate Trapped

PAPD OcersRescuers locate PAPD Sgt. John

McLoughlin and Ofcer William Jimeno

in the debris o the World Trade Center.

They ree Ofcer Jimeno ater three

hours o dangerous tunneling work. Sgt.

McLoughlins rescue takes another eight

hours.

Rescue operations continue throughout

the night. Thousands o construction

workers, frst responders, and sel-

dispatched volunteers converge at

Ground Zero to search or survivors,

improvising bucket brigades to remove

debris.

Workers will extricate the eighteenth

survivor, Genelle Guzman, rom the

remains o Stairwell B on the aternoon o

September 12. She will be the last personrescued alive.

8:30pmPresident George W. Bush

Addresses the NationBack in the White House, President Bush

addresses a shocked nation, praising the

strength o the nation in the ace o the

overwhelming events. Terrorist attacks

can shattered steel, but they cannot

dent the steel o American resolve, hesays. Today, our nation saw evil the

very worst o human nature and we

responded with the best o America. With

the daring o our rescue workers, with the

caring or strangers and neighbors who

came to give blood and help in any way

they could.

The ull transcript and video o the speech

is at:

http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.

gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html

President Bush visits and speaks with

rescue and recovery personnel at Ground

Zero on September 14, 2001. A National

Day o Prayer and Remembrance is

observed.

Rescue, Recovery and RebuildingFederal, state, and local ofcials initiated

rescue and/or recovery operations at all

three attack sites, supported by thousandso frst responders, ironworkers, engineers

and members o the building trades.

The attacks resulted in nearly 3,000

atalities the largest loss o lie rom

a hostile attack by a oreign entity on

American soil. The Fire Department o

New York lost 346 members o its orce,

the New York Police Department lost 23,

and the Port Authority Police Department

lost 37, the largest loss o emergency

responders in a single event in U.S. history.

At the three attack s ites, days and weeks

and in New York City, months were

spent extinguishing fres, searching or

survivors and, ultimately, searching or

remains o the victims. It took nine months

to remove approximately 1.8 million tons

o debris rom the World Trade Center site.

In the atermath o 9/11, donations o

money and supplies poured in and

thousands o people volunteered their

help and support. Memorials, servicesand vigils were held in New York City,

Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, and all

over the world.

A ederal und compensated victims

amilies and severely injured survivors.

Families o victims advocated or the

ormation o the 9/11 Commission,

which investigated the attacks and

issued a report with analysis and

recommendations.

Advanced DNA technology continues to

be used to identiy the remains o victims.

However, human remains have still not

been identifed or approximately 40% o

the WTC victims.

Public and private sectors partnered to

support lower Manhattans recovery,

growth and revitalization, and worked to

balance the need to remember and honor

the victims with the need or a strong and

vibrant community.

Collapse o 7 World Trade Center / Courtesy o 9/11 Memorial Museum.Photograph by Roberto Rabanne. From The Roberto Rabanne Archive.

Courtesy o The White House.


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National September 11 Memorial & MuseumAtermath o 9/11The attacks o 9/11 let the World Trade

Center (W TC) site devastated, with ruins

towering roughly 17 stories and debris

spread well beyond the 16-acre site. Thou-

sands o volunteers ocked to groundzero to help with the rescue, recovery and

clean-up eorts, and on May 30, 2002, the

last piece o WTC steel was ceremonially

removed.

Memorials sprung up immediately ater

the tragedy and acted as impromptu

outlets or grie, support, healing, and

remembrance. These memorials appeared

around the world in myriad orms in the

days and weeks ollowing the attacks.

Within the frst two years ollowing the

attacks, plans integrating a museum,

memorial, and commercial buildings were

proposed and advanced. The frst com-

mercial building to re-open, the new 7

WTC, was completed in 2006.

The Memorial & MuseumThe Memorial and Museum are both

located on the western side o the ormer

World Trade Center complex where the

Twin Towers once stood. The Memorialwas designed by architect Michael Arad

and landscape architect Peter Walker. Their

proposal emerged rom a design competi-

tion that received 5,201 submissions rom

63 countries.

The National September 11 Memorial

opens on September 11, 2011, the 10th

anniversary o the attacks, and the Mu-

seum will open in 2012.

9/11 Memorial DesignThe Memorial remembers and honors thenearly 3,000 people who died in the at-

tacks o September 11, 2001in New York,

at the Pentagon, and in Pennsylvaniaas

well as the victims o the February 26,

1993 bombing at the World Trade Center.

Its mission is to:

Remember and honor the thousands

o innocent men, women, and children

murdered by terrorists in these attacks.

Respect this place made sacred

through tragic loss.

Recognize the endurance o those who

survived, the courage o those who

risked their lives to save others, and the

compassion o all who supported us in

our darkest hours.

May the lives remembered, the deeds recog-

nized, and the spirit reawakened be eternalbeacons, which reafrm respect or lie,

strengthen our resolve to preserve reedom,and inspire an end to hatred, ignorance and

intolerance.

Joe Daniels, President o the National Sep-

tember 11 Memorial & Museum, adds:

Collectively, the Memorial & Museum will

remind us o the powerul and binding

connection we share with one another.

A connection that eclipses politics, race,

economic class, and geography.

Each element o the Memorial designexists in service o these goals. A plaza o

over 400 trees surrounds two enormous

reecting pools with wateralls set within

the ootprints where the Twin Towers once

stood. The waterallsthe largest man-

made wateralls in North Americacas-

cade into reecting pools, fnally disap-

pearing into voids built into the center o

each pool.

The names o the 2,983 victims o the

September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993

attacks are etched in bronze around the

edges o the pools.

The tree-flled plaza is lined with cobble-

stones, creating a space or reection sep-

arate rom the sights and sounds o the

surrounding city. The trees were selectedrom within a 500-mile radius o the WTC

site, including nurseries located in New

York, Pennsylvania, and near Washington,

D.C., to symbolize areas attacked on 9/11.

Now, instead o looking up at the tow-

ers, visitors look down in reection. It is a

dierent kind o looking, inviting us to ap-

preciate the power o what isnt there, the

power o remembering what is absent.

National September 11 MemorialMuseumThe Memorial Museum, like the Memorial,

aims to honor the victims o these attacks

and all those who risked their lives to save

others. It urther recognizes the thousands

who survived and all who demonstrated

extraordinary compassion in the ater-

math.

In doing so, it seeks to educate or a better

uture. Demonstrating the consequences

o terrorism on individual lives and its im-

pact on communities at the local, national,

and international levels, the Museum

attests to the triumph o human dignity

over human depravity and afrms an

unwavering commitment to the unda-

mental value o human lie.

This work is complex, as Alice Greenwald,

the Museums director, has noted: At its

core, the Memorial Museum must care-

Memorial Pool Names at Night.

Aerial View.

Aerial view o the Museum Pavilion. (3 Renderings by Squared Design Lab)


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- which has its own requirements o sensibil-

ity and reverence - with the imperatives o

education, historical documentation, and

fdelity to the emotionally resonant artiacts

on display.

Visitors will enter the Memorial Museum

through a Pavilion where two steel tri-

dentsremnants o the North Towersaadestand in the buildings atrium. The

main exhibition space will be located seven

stories down at the bedrock oundations o

the World Trade Center.

The Museum will oer displays o artiacts

rom the WTC and 9/11 attacks, interac-

tive exhibitions, contemplative areas, and

programs that will convey individual and

collective stories relating the experiences

o survivors, responders, area residents, and

eyewitnesses. A memorial exhibition willhonor the individual victims o the attacks,

eaturing artiacts, photographs, and oral

remembrances recalling the people killed

on 9/11.

In addition, educational programs, such as

feld trips, lecture series, and flm screenings,

will oer deeper explorations into the events

o 9/11, its historical context, the ongoing re-

percussions o the attacks, and the 9/11 Mu-

seums collections. Visit www.911memorial.

org/teach-learn to view current resources or

schools and amilies.

Around the MemorialOn the rest o the WTC site and next to the

Memorial and Museum will be commercial

buildings, a transportation hub, and a Per-

orming Arts Center. One o these buildings

has already been completed and two are

under construction. 1 WTC, the building

directly north o the North Pool, will have

105 stories and stand taller at 1,776 eet

than the original Twin Towers. This buildingis expected to be completed in 2013. The

other buildings will be developed in the

coming years.

Visiting the MemorialWhen the 9/11 Memorial opens, construc-

tion will still be continuing at the WTC site.

Millions o visitors are expected in the frst

year o operation and plans are in place to

ensure that the visitor experience is sae and

meaningul.

During much o the ongoing construction,

visitor capacity at the 9/11 Memorial will

be limited. To ensure airness and a wide

distribution o visitor passes, a temporary

timed reservation system will be used or

all visitors. The reservation system will help

reduce potential wait times and ensure as

many people as possible are able to visit. The

passes will be ree. For more inormation,

visit www.911memorial.org.

Pentagon MemorialThe 184 souls lost in the terrorist attack at

the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, when

hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 crashed

into the Pentagon, were mothers athers

husbands, wives, children, brothers, sisters,coworkers, ight crew, riends, patriots.

The Pentagon Memorial captures that

moment in time at 9:37 a.m. when 184

lives became intertwined or eternity. Each

victims age and location at the time o the

attack have been permanently inscribed into

the Memorial by the unique placement and

direction o each o the 184 Memorial Units.

Elegant and simple, the Pentagon Memo-

rial serves as a timeline o the victims ages,

spanning rom the youngest victim, three-

year-old Dana Falkenberg, who was on board

American Airlines Flight 77, to the oldest,John D. Yamnicky, 71, a Navy veteran, also

aboard Flight 77 that morning.

The Pentagon Memorial GatewayThe 184 Memorial Units within the Pentagon

Memorial are located on the age line ac-

cording to the year the victim was born. The

age lines, denoted by stainless steel strips

that cross the Memorial, begin at the zero

line, which spans rom the Gateway to the

entrance o the Memorial. Etched into the

granite zero line is the date and time o the

attack: SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 9:37 A.M.

Visitors to the Memorial may look up a

victims name and birth year on the locator

stone within the Pentagon Memorial Gate-way. On age lines with multiple victims, the

Memorial Units are organized by birth date

along that line.

The Memorial UnitsEach Memorial Unit is a cantilevered bench, a

lighted pool o owing water, and a per-

manent tribute, by name, to each victim, in

one single element. Each memorial bench

is made o stainless steel and inlaid withsmooth granite. Each Memorial Unit con-

tains a pool o water, reecting light in the

evenings onto the bench and surrounding

gravel feld.

Each Memorial Unit is also specifcally posi-

tioned in the Memorial to distinguish victims

who were in the Pentagon rom those who

were on board American Airlines Flight 77. At

the 125 Memorial Units honoring the victims

o the Pentagon, visitors see the victims

name and the Pentagon in the same view.At the Memorial Units honoring the 59 lives

lost on Flight 77, the visitor sees the victims

name and the direction o the planes ap-

proach in the same view.

Victims rom the same amily are linked by

a plaque at the end o the pool o water,

which lists their amily members who also

died in the attack, orever binding the amily

together.

The Pentagon Memorial LandscapeWithin the Pentagon Memorial, 85 Crape

Myrtle trees are clustered around the Memo-

rial Units, but are not dedicated to any one

victim. These trees will grow up to 30 eet to

provide a canopy o shade over the Memo-

rial or years to come.

The Memorials stabilized gravel surace is

bordered on the western edge by an Age

Wall. The Age Wall grows one inch per year

in height above the perimeter bench relativeto the age lines. As visitors move through the

Memorial, the wall gets higher, growing rom

three inches (the age o Dana Falkenberg) to

71 inches (the age o John D. Yamnicky). The

Age Wall draws the eye to the Memorial or

drivers passing by on Washington Boulevard

and the adjacent Arlington County Bike Path,

while ensuring solitude or visitors. Orna-

mental grasses mark the boundaries o the

Memorial.

The Pentagon Memorial design wasdeveloped by Julie Beckman and Keith

Kaseman. Their vision or the Memorial was

selected rom more than 1,100 submissions

by a panel o architects, amily members,

and public fgures in the Washington, D.C.

area, including two ormer Secretaries o

Deense. The Pentagon Memorial is the frst

national memorial dedicated to the hor-

rifc events that unolded on September 11,

2001 events that claimed 184 lives at the

Pentagon, and thousands more around the

United States. The Pentagon Memorial is alsodedicated to uture generations that they

might reect upon and renew their aith in

shared American values.

Learn more at http://pentagonmemorial.org

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Flight 93 National MemorialIn the hours and days ollowing the crash

o Flight 93, the fnal chapter in the hor-

rible events o 9/11, a story o incredible

bravery and heroism emerged. Flight 93

was the only one o the hijacked planesthat ailed to reach its intended tar-

get. Flight 93 was just 20 minutes rom

Washington, DC, and had the passengers

and crewmembers not taken decisive ac-

tion, it is likely that the plane would have

been used to crash into the U.S. Capitol or

the White House causing unimaginable

destruction.

The ordinary people on board Flight

93 were anything but. They were men

and women, mothers, athers, and chil-dren. They were executives, technicians,

students, and retirees. They were young

and old, black and white, Americans and

oreign-born visitors. Yet despite these

apparent dierences, they all possessed

undeniable qualities o the human spirit

courage, bravery, selessness that en-

abled them to join together in an extraor-

dinary way and achieve the frst victory in

the war on terrorism.

The passengers and crew o Flight 93 will

be permanently honored at the Flight 93

National Memorial, set at the site where

their fnal struggle ended in a rural feld

near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The Flight

93 National Memorial was created by anact passed by Congress and signed by

President George W. Bush on September

24, 2002.

This peaceul place was not chosen by the

terrorists they had other targets or theirviolence and hate. This spot was chosen by

the passengers o Flight 93, who spared our

country rom even greater horrors.

Former First Lady Laura Bush

The MemorialWhen completed, the Flight 93 National Me-

morial will be the only unit o the national

park system chronicling the events and

personalities o September 11, 2001. Creat-

ing a place that not only remembers the 40heroes o Flight 93 but also inspires ordinary

citizens to act in their own heroic ways is

what the Flight 93 National Memorial is all

about. The components o the Memorial are:

The Sacred Groundis the heart o the Flight

93 National Memorial because it was here

that the plane with all 40 passengers and

crewmembers aboard crashed on Septem-

ber 11, 2001. A memorial plaza will oer a

viewing position o the meadow and hem-

lock grove, which absorbed much o thedevastating impact. The plaza will terminate

in a wall o names white marble panels

inscribed with each o the names o the

orty passengers and crew, parallel to a black

concrete walkway denoting the planes fnal

ight path. A series o benches and trees

will create a chapel-like setting or peaceul

contemplation.

The Field of Honoris the largest and most

prominent o the Memorials unique design

eatures. Measuring a hal-mile in diameter

and adjacent to the memorial plaza, the

bowl-shaped Field links the entire Memorial

through sightlines and pathways.

The Entry Portalis the opening to the Flight93 National Memorial. The portal will be

marked by two parallel concrete walls that

trace the fnal trajectory o Flight 93 as it

descended toward the crash site.

Visitors approaching the Entry Portal will

pass through its twin walls along a symbolic

black walkway called the Flight Path. Imme-

diately visitors will be brought back to 10:03

a.m. on September 11, 2001 when Flight 93

careened in this direction toward a stand o

hemlock trees. Passing through the wall and

across a plaza, visitors will be standing at an

overlook with a sweeping view o the Field

o Honor. At the end o the walkway will be

a sloped glass plaque inscribed with thememorials mission statement.

A common feld one day. A feld o honor

orever. May all who visit this place remember

the collective acts o courage and sacrifce o

the passengers and crew, revere this hallowed

ground as the fnal resting place o those

heroes, and reect on the power o individuals

who choose to make a dierence.

Preamble to the Flight 93 National Memo-

rial Mission Statement

Mission statement at: www.nps.gov/ni/park-mgmt/missionstatement.htm

Creating a living memorial within the Me-

morial is the objective o planting 40 Memo-

rial Groves along the perimeter o one-halo the Field o Honor. Each grove will contain

40 trees, such as sugar or red maples, or a

total o 1,600 trees that radiate toward the

center o the Field. An alle o trees, a walk-

ing path, and a road or vehicles will rame

the Memorial Groves.

A large area just below the entry portal

overlooks the western edge o the impact

site o Flight 93 and provides a key vantage

point to view the entire Memorial site.

The Tower of Voices will dramatically mark

the main entrance to the Flight 93 National

Memorial rom Route 30. Reaching 93 eet

into the air, the Tower will eature 40 wind

chimes or each o the passengers and crew-

members and serve as an audible reminder

o their seless act o courage in the fnal

moments o Flight 93.

The Visitor Centerwill be located just inside

the Entry Portal, between the large concrete

walls designating the fnal ight path o

Flight 93. The Visitor Center will be one o

the educational and interpretive hubs o

the Memorial, where visitors can learn bothabout the Flight 93 story as well as about

the layout o the Memorial park. A portion o

the Visitor Center will be devoted to exhibits.

The Learning Centerwill be located a

short distance away. The Learning Center

will be able to host temporary or traveling

exhibitions about September 11, and its

spaces can be easily adapted or small or

large groups to host lectures, flms, or other

programs. Engaging exhibitions will be an

important part o the visitor experience.The drama and tragedy o Flight 93 will

be chronicled using the latest audio and

video technology, primary source materials,

photographs, and oral history testimony

rom those who were there, including amily

members, frst responders, volunteers, and

local residents.

Learn more at:

www.nps.gov/ni

www.honoright93.org

Entry Portal Courtesy: Paul Murdoch Architects and Alexsander Novak-Zemplinski

Tower o Voices Courtesy: Paul MurdochArchitects and Alexsander Novak-Zemplinski

Flight 93 National Memorial


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Foundations o IslamIslam (a word that literally means sur-

render to the will o God) arose in Arabia

with what Muslims believe are a series o

revelations to the Prophet Mohammed

rom the one and only God, the God o

Abraham and o Jesus.

These revelations, conveyed by the angel

Gabriel, are recorded in the Quran (some-

times titled Koran). Muslims believe that

these revelations, given to the greatest

and last o a chain o prophets stretching

rom Abraham through Jesus, complete

Gods message to humanity. The Hadith,

which recount Mohammeds sayings and

deeds as recorded by his contemporaries,

are another undamental source. A third

key element is the Sharia, the code o law

derived rom the Quran and the Hadith.

Islam is divided into two main branches,

Sunni and Shia. Soon ater the Prophets

death, the question arose o choosing a

new leader, or Caliph, or the Muslim com-

munity, or Ummah. Initially, his succes-

sors could be drawn rom the Prophets

contemporaries, but with time, this was

no longer possible.

Those who became the Shia held that anyleader must be a direct descendant o the

Prophet; those who became the Sunni ar-

gued that lineal descent was not required

i the candidate met other standards o

aith and knowledge.

Ater bloody struggles, the Sunni became

(and remain) the majority sect. (The Shia

are dominant in Iran.) The Caliphate the

institutionalized leadership o the Um-

mah thus was a Sunni institution that

continued until 1924, frst under Araband eventually under Ottoman Turkish

control.

Many Muslims look back at the century

ater the revelations to the Prophet Mo-

hammed as a golden age.

Rise o Islamist ExtremismThe ensuing centuries ater the golden

age o Islam saw the rise in power o Euro-

pean nations and then the United States

o America, with Western culture andvalues becoming dominant on the world

stage. The dominance o Western powers

and ideals led to eelings o resentment

among Muslims, many o whom elt op-

pressed, many o whom lived in poverty,

many o whom embraced values at odds

with those o a Western culture that they

elt had become increasingly materialistic.

Islam is both a aith and a code o con-

duct or all aspects o lie. For many Mus-

lims, a good government would be one

guided by the moral principles o their

aith. This does not necessarily translate

into a desire or clerical rule and the aboli-

tion o a secular state. It does mean that

some Muslims tend to be uncomortable

with distinctions between religion and

state, though Muslim rulers throughout

history have readily separated the two.

To extremists, such divisions, as well as

the existence o parliaments and legisla-

tion, only prove these rulers to be alse

Muslims usurping Gods authority over

all aspects o lie. Periodically, the Islamic

world has seen surges o what is oten

labeled undamentalism.

Denouncing waywardness among the

aithul, some clerics have appealed or a

return to observance o the literal teach-

ings o the Quran and Hadith. One scholar

rom the ourteenth century rom whom

Osama bin Laden quoted, Ibn Taimiyyah,

condemned both corrupt rulers and the

clerics who ailed to criticize them. He

urged Muslims to read the Quran and

the Hadith or themselves, not to depend

solely on learned interpreters like himsel

but to hold one another to account or the

quality o their observance.

The Islamist extremist version o history

blames the decline rom Islams golden

age on the rulers and people who turned

away rom the true path o their religion,

thereby leaving Islam vulnerable to en-croaching oreign powers eager to steal

their land, wealth, and even their souls.

A Declaration o War by al QaedaIn February 1998, the 40-year-old Saudi

exile Osama bin Laden and a ugitive

Egyptian physician, Ayman al Zawahiri,

arranged rom their Aghan headquarters

o al Qaeda or an Arabic newspaper in

London to publish what they termed

a atwa issued in the name o a World

Islamic Front. A atwa is normally an in-terpretation o Islamic law by a respected

Islamic authority. Neither bin Laden, Za-

wahiri, nor the three others who signed

this statement were scholars o Islamic

law. Claiming that America had declared

war against God and his messenger, they

called or the murder o any American,

anywhere on earth, as the individual duty

or every Muslim who can do it in any

country in which it is possible to do it.

Ayman al Zawahiri & Osama bin Laden. Credit: AP.

The Quran

Each o the planes that crashed

into the World Trade Center had a

jet uel capacity o nearly 24,000

gallons.

All civilian air trafc was banned

rom landing on U.S. soil or two

days.

Among the atalities were 346

New York City Fire Department

frefghters, 23 New York City

Police Department ofcers, and 37

Port Authority Police Department

ofcers.

Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an

investment bank on the 101st-

105th oors o One World Trade

Center, lost more employees than

any other frm: 658.

Approximately 16,000 people

were below the impact zones in

the World Trade Center at the time

o the attacks, most o whom

evacuated beore the towers

collapsed.

7 WTC, 6 WTC, 5 WTC, 4 WTC the

WTC Marriott Hotel (3 WTC) and St.

Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church

were also destroyed in the attacks.

Mohamed Attas luggage, which

did not make it onto American

Airlines Flight 11, contained a will

and 757/767 ight manuals.

Unlike many stereotypes o

hijackers or terrorists, most o the

attackers were educated and

came rom well-to-do

backgrounds.

The New York Stock Exchange, the

American Stock Exchange and

NASDAQ did not open on

September 11 and remainedclosed until September 17.

2,880 victims compensation

awards were issued to the amilies

o those killed.

9/11FactsUnderstanding 9/11


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Three months later, when interviewed in

Aghanistan by ABC-TV, bin Laden enlarged

on these themes. He claimed it was more

important or Muslims to kill Americans

than to kill other infdels. It is ar better or

anyone to kill a single American soldier

than to squander his eorts on other activi-

ties, he said. Asked whether he approved

o terrorism and o attacks on civilians, he

replied: We believe that the worst thievesin the world today and the worst terrorists

are the Americans. Nothing could stop you

except perhaps retaliation in kind. We do

not have to dierentiate between military

or civilian. As ar as we are concerned, they

are all targets.

How did bin Laden with his call or the

indiscriminate killing o Americans win

thousands o ollowers and some degree o

approval rom millions more? The history,

culture, and body o belies rom which binLaden has shaped and spread his message

are largely unknown to many Americans.

Seizing on symbols o Islams past great-

ness, he promised to restore pride to people

who consider themselves the victims o

successive oreign masters. He used cultural

and religious allusions to the holy Quran

and some o its interpreters. He appealed to

people disoriented by enormous change as

they conront modernity and globalization.

His rhetoric selectively drew rom multiple

sources and centers on recurrent themes

Islam, history, and the regions political

and economic malaise. He also stressed

several grievances against the United States

throughout some segments o the Muslim

world. He inveighed against the presence

o U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, the homeo Islams holiest sites. He spoke o the

suering o the Iraqi people as a result o

sanctions imposed ater the Gul War, and

he protested U.S. support o Israel.

Bin Ladens WorldviewDespite his claims to universal leadership,

bin Laden oered an extreme view o Is-

lamic history designed to appeal mainly to

Arabs and Sunnis. He drew on undamental-

ists who blame the eventual destruction o

the Caliphate on leaders who abandoned

the pure path o religious devotion. He re-

peatedly called on his ollowers to embrace

martyrdom since the walls o oppression

and humiliation cannot be demolished

except in a rain o bullets. For those yearn-

ing or a lost sense o order in an older,

more tranquil world, he oered his Caliph-

ate as an imagined alternative to todaysuncertainty. For others, he oered simplistic

conspiracies to explain their world.

Bin Laden also relied heavily on the Egyp-

tian writer Sayyid Qutb, a member o the

Muslim Brotherhood executed in 1966 on

charges o attempting to overthrow the

government. Qutb mixed Islamic scholar-

ship with a very superfcial acquaintance

with Western history and thought. Sent

by the Egyptian government to study in

the United States in the late 1940s, Qutbreturned with an enormous loathing o

Western society and history. He dismissed

Western achievements as entirely material,

arguing that Western society possesses

nothing that will satisy its own conscience

and justiy its existence.

Many Americans have wondered, Why do

they hate us? Some also ask , What can

we do to stop these attacks?

Bin Laden and al Qaeda have given an-

swers to both these questions. To the frst,

they say that America had attacked Islam;

America is responsible or all conicts

involving Muslims. Thus Americans are

blamed when Israelis fght with Palestin-

ians, when Russians fght with Chechens,when Indians fght with Kashmiri Muslims,

and when the Philippine government

fghts ethnic Muslims in its southern

islands. America is also held responsible

or the governments o Muslim countries,

derided by al Q aeda as your agents. Bin

Laden stated atly, Our fght ag ainst these

governments is not separate rom our

fght against you. These charges ound a

ready audience among millions o

THEWORLDTRADECENTER(WTC)

FactsandFigures

7 buildings in the complex

110 stories in each twin tower 1,368 eet high the North Tower (1 WTC)

1,362 eet high the South Tower (2 WTC)

3 WTC: Marriott Hotel 22 Floors

4 WTC: 9 Floors

5 WTC: 9 Floors

6 WTC: US Customs House 8 Floors

7 WTC: 47 Floors

12,000,000 square eet o rentable space in the World Trade Center

1 acre o rentable space on each oor o the Twin Towers

7 underground levels included services, shopping, and a subway station

200,000 tons o steel used in the construction o the Twin Towers

425,000 cubic yards o concrete used in the construction o the WTC complex 43,600 windows in the Twin Towers

99 elevators in each tower

70 eet o oundation excavated so the Twin Towers could rest on solid bedrock

3,500 people worked at the site during peak construction

250,000 tons the weight o each o the Twin Towers

U.S.S. Cole ater October 2000 attack. Courtesy Department o Deense.


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PPLEMENTTOTHEWASHINGTONTIMES

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REEMEMBERING911 Arabs and Muslims angry at the United States

because o issues ranging rom Iraq to Palestine

to Americas support or their countries repres-

sive rulers.

Bin Ladens grievance with the United States may

have started in reaction to specifc U.S. policies

but it quickly became ar deeper. To the second

question, what America could do, al Qaedas

answer was that America should abandon theMiddle East, convert to Islam, and end the immo-

rality and godlessness o its society and culture:

It is saddening to tell you that you are the worst

civilization witnessed by the history o mankind.

I the United States did not comply, it would be

at war with the Islamic nation, a nation that al

Qaedas leaders said desires death more than

you desire lie.

Terrorist and al Qaeda Attacks on the

United States

1993, World Trade Center BombingOn Friday, February 26, 1993, at 12:18 pm, a

small cell o terrorists, with links to a local radical

mosque and broader Islamist terror networks,

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9/11 NATIONAL DAY OF SERVICE

AND REMEMBRANCE

MyGoodDeed, which represents the inter-ests o many 9/11 organizations, was the

frst group to ormally call or September

11 to be designated as a ederally-recog-

nized National Day o Service and Remem-

brance. Progress was made early when, in

2002, President George W. Bush declared

September 11 Patriot Day to honor both

the victims and heroes o the September

11 attacks, and highlighted the spirit o

service by launching USA Freedom Corps.

In 2004, Congress unanimously passedH. Con. Res. 473, expressing the sense o

Congress that September 11 should be a

national day o service and compassion. In

2008 President Bush amended the Patriot

Day proclamation to specifcally include

volunteering as an appropriate orm

o remembrance. In 2009, Congress, in a

bi-partisan, bi-cameral action, passed the

Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act,

which or the frst time authorized the

President o the United States to ormally

designate 9/11 as a National Day o Ser-

vice and Remembrance. On September

11, 2009 President Obama amended the

Patriot Day proclamation to ofcially and

permanently make 9/11 a National Day o

Service and Remembrance, as requested

by Congress and the 9/11 community.

Learn more at: www.911dayoservice.org

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REMEMBERING911

detonated approximately 1,200 pounds

o explosives in a rental van in the under-

ground parking garage at the World Trade

Center (WTC), below the Vista Hotel (3 WTC).

The terrorists ed the area ater setting the

bomb to explode. The explosion created a

fve-story crater in the sub-grade levels o

the towers and undermined the oor o the

adjoining hotel.

The terrorist attack on the WTC killed six

people: our members o the Port Authoritys

World Trade Department, a Windows on the

World employee; and a visitor to the com-

plex. Over a thousand people were injured,

including 88 frefghters, 35 police ofcers,

and one EMS worker.

1998 Bombings o the U.S.

Embassies in Kenya and TanzaniaOn the morning o August 7 bomb-laden

trucks drove into the U.S. Embassies about10:30 a.m. in Nairobi, Kenya and 10:39 a.m. in

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

The attack on the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi

destroyed the Embassy and killed 12 Ameri-

cans and 201 others, almost all Kenyans.

Over 4,000 people were injured. The attack

on the U.S. Embassy in Dar es Salaam killed

11 more people, none o them Americans.

Interviewed later about the deaths o the

Aricans, bin Laden answered when it be-comes apparent that it would be impossible

to repel these Americans without assault-

ing them, even i this involved the killing o

Muslims, this is permissible under Islam.

Asked i he had indeed masterminded these

bombings, bin Laden said that the World

Islamic Front or jihad against Jews and Cru-

saders had issued a crystal clear atwa. I

the instigation or jihad against the Jews and

the Americans to liberate the holy places is

considered a crime, he said, let history be a

witness that I am a criminal.

2000, U.S.S. ColeOn Thursday, October 12, 2000, while reuel-

ing at a port in Aden, Yemen, the U.S. Navy

destroyer Cole was attacked by two suicide

bombers navigating a small motorboat

ull o explosives. The explosion occurred

around 11:18 a.m. local time, killing 17 crew-

members and wounding 39 others.

Witnesses later said the boat, which sidled

up along the ships port side, came so closeprior to the explosion that sailors aboard the

USS Cole exchanged greetings with the two

suicide bombers, who stood at attention just

beore the explosives detonated. The explo-

sion occurred as crewmembers had begun

lining up or lunch in the galley, and blew a

hole 40 eet wide in the side o the ship. The

blast was likely caused, CIA ofcials believe,

by a shape charge, explosives molded into

the hull o the boat.

The tragic events o September 11, 2001

changed the U.S., and the world, orever. For

those who were old enough to watch thoseevents unold, that day and the atermath

o the attacks has let an indelible mark. For

those too young to remember, the legacy

o 9/11 shapes their lives as a central event

in history.

Many schools will want to commemorate

the 10th Anniversary o September 11,

2001 and fnd ways to honor and remem-

ber those who lost their lives. HISTORY

oers this guide to provide suggestions or

9/11 activities and commemorations.

ALL SCHOOL ACTIVITIES:1. Organize an all-school assembly with

simple readings or announcements

about why we should remember 9/11

and those who lost their lives. Since

September 11th alls on a Sunday,

schools may want to organize these

assemblies on Friday, September 9th or

Monday, September 12th.

2. Many communities were aected by

9/11 and lost amily and riends in thistragedy. I any children at your school

lost amily members or riends, dedicate

a memorial or plant a tree to honor

those who were lost.

3. Many brave Americans rom frefght-

ers to police to everyday citizens cou-

rageously helped others on 9/11 and

in the atermath o the attacks. Schools

may want to establish a Community

Spirit Award to honor those in your

community who have contributed

to making your school a better place.These awards can be oered in honor

o the outpouring o sacrifce and gen-

erosity ater 9/11 that so many Ameri-

cans remember.

4. Collect small contributions or the

National September 11 Memorial & Mu-

seum, the Flight 93 National Memorial,

the National 9/11 Pentagon Memo-

rial, or another 9/11 Memorial o your

choice.

5. Another way to honor the memory

o 9/11 is or students to donate time

through service projects. Visit Service

Nation or Operation Honor Cards to get

started, or organize a service project at

your school or nearby.

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES:1. In classroom time, have students

review a timeline o what occurred on

September 11, 2001. Review on a map

where and when the 9/11 attacks took

place. Advanced high school and col-

lege students can also review the 9/11

Commission Report.

2. Have students take time or a ree-writ-

ing exercise about what they remember

about 9/11/2001, or what they have

learned about that day rom others.Have students share these writings, i

they eel comortable, in a larger class or

group.

3. Creative projects can be an eective

way or students to work through their

emotions about difcult topics such

as 9/11. Working in small groups, have

students design a mural or poster

about 9/11 and what it means to them.

Students may also want to design their

own 9/11 memorial.

4. Have students locate newspaper

articles published in the days ater 9/11

online or at the library and create a 9/11

scrapbook or notebook. The New York

State Archives 9/11 Memory & History

site has great tips or preserving relateditems: www.nyshrab.org/memory/in-

dex.shtml

5. Middle school and high school students

can play a role in preserving the history

o 9/11 by interviewing community

members about their memories o

what happened that day. You may want

to link with a local history museum or

historic society to organize a 9/11 oral

history project.

9/11 ORGANIZATIONS AND WEBSITES

HISTORY: www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks

Videos, Interactives, & Photos: www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks/interactives

National September 11 Memorial & Museum:

www. national911memorial.org & http://makehistory.national911memorial.org9/11 Commission: www.9-11commission.gov

9/11 National Day of Service: www.911dayoservice.org

9/11 Timeline: http://timeline.national911memorial.org

A & E Flight 93: www.aetv.com/ight_93/index.jsp

Bio Channel: www.biography.com/profles-o-9-11/index.jsp

Center for History and New Media: http://911digitalarchive.org

Flight 93 National Memorial:

www.nps.gov/ni/index.htm & www.honoright93.org

National 9/11 Pentagon Memorial:http://pentagonmemorial.org & http://pentagon.spacelist.org

September 11 Education Trust: www.wtcug.org

Smithsonian Institution: http://americanhistory.si.edu/september11

remembering9 11 nie

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