research article physical and mechanical properties of...

Research ArticlePhysical and Mechanical Properties of CompositesMade with Aluminous Cement and Basalt Fibers Developed forHigh Temperature Application

Pavel Reiterman12 Ondlej HolIapek1 Marcel Jogl1 and Petr Konvalinka1

1Experimental Centre Faculty of Civil Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague Thakurova 7166 29 Prague 6 Czech Republic2University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings Czech Technical University in Prague Trinecka 1024273 43 Bustehrad Czech Republic

Correspondence should be addressed to Pavel Reiterman pavelreitermanfsvcvutcz

Received 2 March 2015 Revised 28 April 2015 Accepted 11 May 2015

Academic Editor Antonio G B de Lima

Copyright copy 2015 Pavel Reiterman et alThis is an open access article distributed under theCreativeCommonsAttribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Present paper deals with the experimental study of the composition of refractory fiber-reinforced aluminous cement basedcomposites and its response to gradual thermal loading Basalt fibers were applied in doses of 025 05 10 20 and 40 in volumeSimultaneously binder system based on the aluminous cement was modified by fine ground ceramic powder originated from theaccurate ceramic blocks production Ceramic powder was dosed as partial replacement of used cement of 5 10 15 20 and 25Influence of composition changes was evaluated by the results of physical and mechanical testing compressive strength flexuralstrength bulk density and fracture energy were determined on the different levels of temperature loading Increased dose of basaltfibers allows reaching expected higher values of fracture energy but with respect to results of compressive and flexural strengthdetermination as an optimal rate of basalt fibers dose was considered 025 in volume Fine ground ceramic powder application ledto extensive increase of residual mechanical parameters just up to replacement of 10 Higher replacement of aluminous cementreduced final values of bulk density but keptmechanical properties on the level ofmixtures without aluminous cement replacement

1 Introduction

The main aim of current technology is the developmentof new type of composites which are made to measureto required conditions A common problem of new typesof structures made from high performance materials istheir behaviour in certain specific conditions and situationsTypical example of such specific situation is fire lack of fireresistance can be expected especially in case of very subtleconcrete structures

Concrete undergoes sequences of structural changesby actual thermal load level First phase is the evacua-tion of physically bonded water taking place up to 200∘CLow permeability of high performance concrete (HPC)causes internal stresses incurred by accumulated steam

Sudden escape of steam is often reason of surface spalling ofhigh performance concrete (HPC)The behaviour of concretesurface layer of HPC with special consideration to spallingwas described in [1 2] This deficiency is necessary to besolved by another additional protection in the form of firetiling or other kind of arrangement

For Portland cement based concrete and other compos-ites the reaching of thermal load of 400∘C is significantwhen important product of hydration Ca(OH)

2-portlandite

decomposes to quick lime and CO2 Origin of lime during

temperature loading or some fire accident could be sourceof secondary internal stresses because of lime hydrationThat has an extensive sense of inconvenience of limestoneapplication as aggregate as well as fine ground additive tohigh temperature resistance concrete Another undesirable

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2015 Article ID 703029 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015703029

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

volume changes are attendant exhibition of quartz trans-formation after exceeding thermal rate of 573∘C Crackformation caused by the above mentioned changing usuallyhas devastating effect on traditional concrete because ofusually high volume of quartz in the mixture Residualmechanical parameters are achieving about 15 of originalvalues which is notably bellow designed requirements [3] Toreach sufficient resistance to high temperature of compositesis necessary to include into the composition design propertiesof all components as described

In connection to thermal loading was highlighted expan-sion caused by structural transformation of SiO

2and cement

hydrates because of its strong destructive effect But theinitial part of thermal loading of cement based compositesis affected by contraction due to water escaping whichincreases gradient of total volume changes Observableevidence of tensile strength exceeding is crack formationUsually different types of fibers are applied to reduce unde-sirable internal tension in concrete mixture To improve fireresistance of concrete authors in [4] studied the possibleapplication of PVAfibers on concrete and its residual strengthafter exposure to 600∘C Combustible fibers contribute toincreased fire resistance only by creating escaping channelsfor steam after their burning out [5] Steel fibers are often usedfor tunnel lining to improve spalling resistance which is incase of such structures required to protect bar reinforcementbut recrystallization of steel limits their application on highertemperatures than 600∘C and cannot ensure their permanentparameters

Development of fire barriers which are based on alu-minous cement has become an integral part of buildingindustry especially with regard to the current global politicaland security situation Aluminous cement has excellent char-acteristics in relation to the high temperatures in comparisonto traditional Portland cement But fundamental problemof aluminous cement production is its increased energyconsumption Production temperature of aluminous cementis higher than of commonly used Portland clinker

To reduce negative environmental impact of cementproduction there are very often applied several types ofadditives for traditional structural concrete such as fly ashsilica fume ground limestone and ground blast furnace slagUnsufficient chemical properties of these mineral additivesfundamentally limit their application on composites loadedto high temperature Cement replacement by fine groundceramic powder (FGCP) could be an interesting solutionfor refractory composites development although reactionmechanism is fundamentally different than in case of Port-land cement hydration FGCP is generated during ceramicproduction as waste material without any other practicalutilization yet

Ratio of aggregate in traditional structural concrete isabout 85 of concrete volume [6] Refractory compositesare usually formulated as fine grain concrete mixtures withrelatively high dose of aluminous cement which is necessaryassumption of good resistance to high temperature [7] Com-mon dose of aluminous cement for refractory composites isabout 30 in volume which well document their economicaland energy consumption Higher ratio of fine compounds in

concrete mixture allows the good space distribution of usedfibers [8] But for their efficient and full employment to reachthe adequate anchoring is important

Basalt Fibers Fundamental advance of nonmetal fibers pro-duction began during fifties of the twentieth century withdevelopment of aviation and according to special require-ments of army [9 10] Natural basalt is the worldwide spreadmaterial of volcanic origin primarily resistant to corrosion inacid and also in alkaline environment and is characterizedby excellent resistance to high and low temperatures fromminus260∘C to +750∘C An additional advantage of basalt isits high hardness (85 by Mohs) which greatly affects theincrease in concrete resistance to abrasion Basalt tiles areindispensable part of numbers of pieces of technology equip-ment in chemical andmetallurgical industry Igneous rocks asbasalt have a sufficient melting temperature just about 1500ndash1700∘C which allows their great industry application in formof fibers [8 11]

Basalt is consisting of number of oxides with essentialimpact on its final properties Dominant SiO

2is represented

by 433ndash470 of weight content of Al2O3is just about

110ndash130 CaO and MgO are both represented in caseof basalts of common chemical composition by 80ndash120and other oxides form just up to 5 of weight [12 13]Chemical properties especially content of SiO

2 influence the

possibility of processing to fibers Recommended limit up to46 SiO

2could ensure good workability of melted mixture

without undesirable crystallization during hardening [14]Basalt fibers are predominantly produced in form of

continual fiber which is cut to required length Intensivedevelopment of basalt fibers in form of textiles bars rovingand so forth is also caused by the absence of health risks whencompared to toxic asbestos fibers [15]With respect to currentrequirements for building materials the low price of basaltfibers when compared to glass or steel fibers is interestingSubstance of present fact lies in quite easy production processwhere it is not necessary to add other additives or admixturesor any necessary surface treatment [16 17]High dose of fibersreduces workability of fresh mixture [18]

Resistance to high temperatures alkali-resistance andextremely low absorbability allow wide application of basaltfibers on building industry and technical practise Long-term durability of basalt fibers and excellent mechanicaland shielding properties enable their application on nuclearplants structures [19 20]

Generally basalts contribute to improved properties ofconcrete because of similar physical properties as traditionalaggregates for example bulk density [21] Optimal andeffective dose of basalt fibers for fine grained concrete isabout 05 in volume The use of 1 to 2 of the fiber volumemay be beneficial in structural application where there is arequirement of high energy absorption capability improvedresistance against delamination spalling and fatigue modu-lus of rupture impact resistance and the fracture toughnessof the concrete [22]

Aluminous Cement High alumina cement contains the prin-cipal hydraulic minerals such as CA (calcium aluminate) and

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

CA2(calcium aluminate) History of high aluminous cement

production started in the twenties of the 20th century Rapidevolution of initialmechanical parameters was convenient forpostwar requirements of building industry at the time whichwas focused on the restoration of infrastructure Hydrationof aluminous cement could be expressed by the followingequations (1) and (2) by using traditional cement chemistrynomenclature (C = CaO S = SiO

2 H = H

2O A = Al

2O3)

CA+ 10H 997888rarr CAH10 (1)

2CA+ 11H 997888rarr C2AH8 +AH3 (2)

Hydrated high aluminous cement proves having sufficientresistance to chemical corrosion compared with Portlandcement because of absence of portlandite Progress of hydra-tion process of high aluminous cement is closely affected bytemperature [23] Unfortunately increased curing tempera-tures lead to metastable hydrates formation

Several collapses of load bearing structures made fromaluminous cement in the seventies and eighties intensifiedthe scientific research of aluminous cement hydration prod-ucts and their long-term properties Common problem ofaluminous cement lies in the risk of subsequent conversionof hydration products and decrease of composite mechan-ical parameters when temperature of hardening mixtureexceeds just about 35∘C Conversion of metastable hydratesis expressed by

3CAH10 997888rarr C3AH6 + 2AH3 + 18H (3)

3C2AH8 997888rarr 2C3AH6 +AH3 + 9H (4)

The core of the converse is the recrystallization of hexag-onal C

3AH6to its cubic form with higher specific density

Increasing of binder porosity then leads to loss of integrityof such concrete and to gradual decreasing of mechanicalparameters It should be noted that structural aluminouscement concrete has been prohibited because of the risk ofthe above described conversion and weakening that can takeplace under certain temperaturehumidity conditions [2324] Conversion of aluminous cement and loss of mechanicalproperties are usually accompanied by visual changes whenbinding part of such concrete turns to red [25]

The binder and its hydration product significantly controlfinal properties behavior and thermal resistance of com-posite in particular the contact zone between hydrationproducts and surface of aggregates and fibers is of importance[26] Despite restriction of aluminous cement for structuralelements production it stays to be an extremely importantmaterial for refractories development Final resistance to hightemperature of hydrated aluminous cement is determinedby the content of Al

2O3 Secar 71 (70 of Al

2O3) was used

because performed temperature loading exceeded 1000∘C

Fine Ground Ceramic Powder (FGCP) Nowadays questionof the influence of construction on quality of environ-ment is often discussed Therefore a number of laborato-ries are looking for solution of increasing negative impactclosely associated with cement and concrete production

Attention of a number of research organizations is focusedon the development of alternative binder systems and othersubstituents of cement in concrete

Actual decline of heavy industry as a producer of major-ity of commonly used additives such as fly ash silica fumeand ground blast furnace slag is an essential problembecauseof lack of additives with suitable chemical compositions Oneof the possibilities is using of fine ceramic powder generatedfrom the manufacture of accurate brick blocks [27] Thiswaste material has pozzolanic properties as is confirmed bymany of the buildings of ancient Rome [28 29]

Very important role in performance of concrete in severeenvironment is played by character of pore system Influenceof ceramic powder was studied in [30] to evaluate its utili-sation in the lime based plasters where positive impact onthermal properties was confirmed

Generally pozzolanic additives retard initial evolutionof mechanical properties but they provide very interestingvalues of long-term properties in relation to durabilitypredominantly in concrete technology is further applicationof various pozzolanic additive solutions to ensure suitablerheology mechanical parameters and durability propertiespresented by frost and chemical resistance [31]

Efficiency of each mineral additive is influenced by itsgranularity and shape of particles Often disadvantage ofsome mineral additives lies in the granularity and highspecific surface because of decreasing rheological propertiesof fresh paste

It is important to note that mechanism of hydration ofaluminous cement is different when compared to traditionalPortland cement as well as role of mineral additives instudied binder systemwith absence ofCa(OH)

2 Hydration of

aluminous cement in presence of reactive siliceous additivesis marked by the formation of stratlingite in AFm phaseclosely related to C

2AH8[23]Theoretically stratlingite could

be formed in the system CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O according to

(5)

C2AS+ 8H 997888rarr C2ASH8 (5)

Detailed description of aluminous cement hydration in pres-ence of siliceous componentswas researched in [32 33] Someresearch works were focused on study of various siliceousadditives [34ndash36] in aluminous cement but application ofFGCP is novel Retarding of initial mechanical parametersand reduction of hydration heat can be concluded fromsimilar focused research works Formation of stratlingitehas a high importance because of its stability in ambientcondition and good cementing properties [37] which ensureslong-term durability [38]

The objective of this paper was to develop aluminouscement based composite for high temperature applicationUndesirable environmental impact related to aluminouscement production was reduced by partial replacement byFGCP Secondary beneficial effect of FGCP application lies inpositive influence on processes of hydration and formationof stable C-A-S-H hydrates Prevention of conversion ofmetastable hydrates of pure aluminous cement is an essentialproblem of this binder system Basalt fibers were applied


to ensure suitable ductility and mechanical properties ofdesigned composite

2 Materials and Methods

21 Mixture Design FGCP was used as replacement ofaluminous cement gradually up to 25 However processof hydration of aluminous cement in presence of siliceouscomponents is highly dependent on actual chemical compo-sition and physical properties of binder components specificsurface (m2sdotkgminus1) and chemical analysis were determined

Experimental program was focused on the study of basicphysical mechanical and fracture properties of refractorycomposites with ceramic powder replacement and withdifferent amount of basalt fibers (025 05 10 20 and40)

Application of efficient plasticizer is necessary to preservegood workability and low rate of water-cement ratio Polycar-boxylate plasticizer was used in dose of 25 of binder basedon previous research Negative impact of mentioned organiccompound even its flammability was not confirmed [39]

Fine crushed basalt aggregates of two fractions 0ndash4mmand 2ndash5mm were designed into the composite composi-tion because their absence could reduce final mechanicalproperties Application of natural aggregates significantlycontributes to the economic aspects of composite materialsParticle size distribution of used basalt aggregates and FGCPwas investigated by using EU standard system of sievesPresent design of fine grain composites makes varied dose ofbasalt fibers possible including relatively high dose

Dose of basalt fibers of length 12mm was graduallyincreased in the logarithmical sets from the minimum of025 just up to 40 of mixture volume This reinforcing wasapplied for each modification of binder by FGCP Detailedcomposition of all studied composites is shown in Table 1Sets of prismatic specimens of dimensions 40times 40times 160mm3were produced for following testing

22 Temperature Loading Gradual temperature loading wasperformed in the automatic electric furnace at the 10∘Cminheating rate After reaching required level (600∘C or 1000∘C)samples were after other three hours spontaneously cooleddown Figure 1 clearly describes whole temperature loadingprocess in time Reference specimens to thermal loaded oneswere dried at 105∘C for 24 hours (to evaporate free water frominner pore structure) before testing

23 Investigated Parameters The investigated parameterswere determined on dried samples at 105∘C and then afterthermal loading (600∘C and 1000∘C) Bulk density of stud-ied composites was investigated on the base of the actualweight and accurate dimensions of specimens Changes ofbulk density are related to structural transformation andmineralogical changes during heating [31]

All tests of mechanical properties were carried outaccording to the standard CSN EN 196-1 [40] on pris-matic specimens 40 times 40 times 160mm3 Flexural strength119891tm measurement was organized as a three-point test with

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

1000 ∘C600 ∘C

Figure 1 Temperature loading scheme

supports distance of 100mm and was calculated by helpof the maximum reached force Because of determinationof fracture energy specimens were equipped with notch ofjust 15mm depth For this testing we used universal loadingmachine MTS 100 allowing us to control experiment by thedeformation speed which was set up to 02mmmin

The compressive strength (119891cm) test was performed ontwo fragments left after flexural test The area under com-pressive load (40 times 40mm2) has been demarcated by theloading device From the numerical output of flexural testvalues of fracture energy 119866

119891(Jsdotmminus2) were finally calculated

as a property suitable to evaluate flexural behaviour of fiber-reinforced composites because of exactly expressed work (J)necessary to break tested cross section [41] highlighted areaat Figure 2 For the determination of fracture energy RILEMrecommendation (6) was used [42] Each set of specimenswas presented by just three pieces except for compressivestrength 119891cm which is average from six performed measur-ings

119866

119891=

1119886 sdot (119887 minus 119899)

int

120575max

0119865 (120575) 119889120575

(6)

119866

119891 fracture energy (Jsdotmminus2) 119865 force (N) 120575 deflection (mm)119886 width (m) 119887 height (m) and 119899 depth of notch (m)

3 Results and Discussion

Detailed chemical composition of used aluminous cementand applied FGCP is shown in Table 2 as well as values ofspecific surface High fineness of studied cement supplemen-tary material determines its suitable reactivity

Particle size distribution of used basalt aggregates andFGCP is shown in Figure 3 Grading of basalt aggregatespresents optimal composition FGCP contains relatively highamount of coarser particles which is documented by thesieve test Just about 70 of grains of FGCP are smaller than0125mm

The values presented in Table 3 are means from threesamples (except for compressive strength 119891cm which is


Table 1 Composition of studied composites

Basalt fibers () Basalt aggregates (kgsdotmminus3) Fine components (kgsdotmminus3) Liquids (kgsdotmminus3)00 025 05 10 20 40

04mm 25mm Cement Secar 71 FGCP Water Plasticizer Sika 10350(kg)

725(kg)

145(kg)

290(kg)

580(kg)

1160(kg)

R-0 A-0 B-0 C-0 D-0 E-0 880 220 900 0 224 2275R-5 A-5 B-5 C-5 D-5 E-5 880 220 855 45 224 2275R-10 A-10 B-10 C-10 D-10 E-10 880 220 810 90 224 2275R-15 A-15 B-15 C-15 D-15 E-15 880 220 765 135 224 2275R-20 A-20 B-20 C-20 D-20 E-20 880 220 720 180 224 2275R-25 A-20 B-25 C-25 D-25 E-25 880 220 675 225 224 2275

F(120575)

120575

Gf

Figure 2 Expression of fracture energy

00 3 54 104213

333

845100

100100

4433

7373797

8567 90449577 9987

00

200

400

600

800

1000

0 0063 0125 025 05 1 2 4 8

Cum

ulat

ive p

assin

g (

)

Sieve size (mm)

Basalt aggregateFGCP

Figure 3 Granularity of used fine grounded ceramic powder andused basalt aggregate

average from six performed tests) which were loaded upto two high temperature levels Reference set of specimenswere dried to 105∘C to equilibrium weight to limit negativeimpact of the steam evacuating during the heating processwhich could cause undesirable spalling and cracks formationThen intended samples were heated up to 600∘C and 1000∘C

Table 2 Chemical properties of used aluminous cement and FGCP

Chemical properties Secar 71 FGCPAl2O3 7080 1398CaO 2750 818SiO2 058 6345Fe2O3 042 539Na2O 027 090MgO 021 mdashK2O 006 243TiO2 mdash 077Specific surface area 381m2

sdotkgminus1 336m2sdotkgminus1

Besides absolute values relative values [] are added relatedto the reference samples dried to 105∘C for each mixture

We can observe (Figure 4) the gradual decay of bulkdensity due to effect of high temperature when physicallybounded water is evaporated first Increase of temperatureleads to further decrease of bulk density which is causedby partial chemical decomposition of hydration productsApplication of FGCP as aluminous cement replacement ledto slight reduction of bulk density of heated and nonheatedsamples

With increasing dose of basalt fibers the bulk densityis getting down which is probably caused by air-entrainingeffect of extreme high amount of fibers but it is veryinteresting that higher dose of basalt fibers reduces residualvalues too Dose of 050 of basalt fibers seems to be optimalaccording to total and residual values of bulk density

Flexural strength was essentially affected by the basaltsfibers application Increased amount of used fibers led toincrease of flexural strength but not exactly according to theirtotal dosage Final values of flexural strength of mixtureswith fibers application do not differ much (Figure 5) Finalvalues in case of the lowest (025) and the highest (40)dosage are rather similar so for such formulated mixturesthe dosage of 40 in volume is economically limiting Itis probably caused by imperfect space distribution of usedfibers in such formulated mixture composition with coarseraggregateswhich iswell documented on the results of fractureenergy determination described below


Table 3 Results of basic mechanical parameters measurement

105∘C 600∘C 1000∘C120588 119891tm 119891cm 120588 119891tm 119891cm 120588 119891tm 119891cm

(kgsdotmminus3) (MPa) (MPa) (kgsdotmminus3)() (MPa)() (MPa)() (kgsdotmminus3)() (MPa)() (MPa)()R-0 2330 52 477 2260 970 21 404 311 652 2185 938 15 288 188 394R-5 2326 54 469 2216 953 42 778 394 840 2151 925 23 426 226 482R-10 2327 55 485 2250 967 38 691 405 835 2199 945 20 364 209 431R-15 2320 67 503 2247 969 41 612 450 895 2195 946 22 328 215 427R-20 2355 82 533 2258 959 50 610 492 923 2232 948 20 244 235 441R-25 2291 79 489 2201 961 44 557 412 843 2182 952 33 418 299 611A-0 2280 132 1135 2175 954 57 432 683 602 2130 934 34 258 271 239A-5 2326 158 1325 2164 930 65 411 742 560 2155 926 30 190 285 215A-10 2370 167 1330 2178 919 74 443 891 670 2167 914 43 257 377 283A-15 2360 160 1303 2189 928 86 538 870 668 2125 900 43 269 388 298A-20 2340 151 1260 2153 920 79 523 853 677 2135 912 48 318 378 300A-25 2345 135 970 2140 913 65 481 626 645 2125 906 32 237 315 325B-0 2440 119 1005 2320 951 59 496 641 638 2270 930 37 311 362 360B-5 2441 128 953 2320 950 63 492 636 667 2280 934 38 297 408 428B-10 2425 131 917 2284 942 65 496 598 652 2255 930 36 275 396 432B-15 2402 129 845 2238 932 58 450 562 665 2237 931 36 279 344 407B-20 2342 125 821 2215 946 57 456 548 667 2205 942 34 272 351 428B-25 2306 129 802 2135 926 61 473 520 648 2125 922 32 248 352 439C-0 2250 134 939 2180 969 62 463 527 561 2120 964 37 276 264 281C-5 2408 123 957 2275 945 58 472 559 584 2223 923 37 301 311 325C-10 2415 120 987 2287 947 58 483 536 543 2217 918 39 325 323 327C-15 2342 116 945 2225 950 60 517 514 544 2135 912 41 353 286 303C-20 2312 112 921 2198 951 55 491 503 546 2108 912 40 357 281 305C-25 2247 107 890 2104 936 50 467 487 547 2067 920 38 355 276 310D-0 2400 123 941 2225 927 66 537 586 623 2210 921 38 309 298 317D-5 2343 141 900 2196 937 71 504 551 612 2165 924 38 270 271 301D-10 2332 139 932 2210 948 73 525 579 621 2151 922 37 266 295 317D-15 2265 136 902 2138 944 69 507 546 605 2125 938 40 294 243 269D-20 2264 134 979 2130 941 68 507 623 636 2095 925 42 313 324 331D-25 2275 123 994 2120 932 69 561 644 648 2083 916 42 341 333 335E-0 2186 180 991 2072 948 98 544 588 593 1954 894 39 217 211 213E-5 2095 189 875 1940 926 77 407 428 489 1886 900 40 212 200 229E-10 2064 193 824 1905 923 81 420 407 494 1845 894 42 218 224 272E-15 2002 189 798 1898 948 85 450 397 497 1815 907 36 190 189 237E-20 2005 183 784 1870 933 69 377 379 483 1810 903 41 224 208 265E-25 1996 179 770 1840 922 65 363 354 460 1801 902 44 246 218 283

Very interesting finding offers the evaluation of impact ofFGCP replacement on studied composites in relation to flex-ural strength results which often pay for important materialparameters Residual values of flexural strength of each set ofmixtures exhibit nearly similar results which well documentgreat potential of studied additive for wider utilization Bycomparison of relative values of flexural strength we canobserve increasing stability of all studied mixtures

Final values of compressive strengthwell correspondwithflexural strength results Application of basalt fibers increasedtotal values of compressive strength but higher dose of basaltfiber led to reduction of this parameter however as well as in

case of flexural strength seeming to be not effective (Figures5 and 6) Objective of refractory composites is the evaluationof residual values which were in case of compressive strengthpositively affected by FGCP application Increasing of mix-ture stability marked on relative values is more extensivein sets of mixture with lower dose of fibers Generally finalresults of compressive strength are quite similar both interms of ceramic powder replacement and in terms of basaltfibers applicationwhich ismore optimistic predominantly forstudied additive because of explicit savings

Investigation of fracture properties serves usually tocomplement experimental program for better description of


170018001900200021002200230024002500

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

Bulk

den

sity

(kg

m3)

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

Figure 4 Impact of different composition and temperature loading on bulk density

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

02468

101214161820

Flex

ural

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Figure 5 Impact of different composition and temperature loading on flexural strength

A-0

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)

Figure 6 Impact of different composition and temperature loading on compressive strength

ongoing changes because of extensive sensitiveness of presentmethodology The fracture energy values reflect the failuremechanism and deformation properties of studied compos-ites and especially can describe the failure mode (fragile orsoft) and the softening part of stress-strain diagram Resultsof previous research [43] exhibited that besides exact evalua-tion of composition changes investigation of fracture energycould document the microstructural changes due to high

temperature impact which is noticeable in Figure 7 Originalbrittle behavior of studied composites evinced apparentsoftening Detailed results of fracture energy determinationare shown in Table 4 a graphical illustration in Figure 8

Determination of fracture energy brought valuable infor-mation about impact of different composition of studiedmixtures which were not entirely obvious especially for fiberapplication On the background of fracture energy results


Table 4 Fracture energy of studied composites

Mixture Basalt fibervolume ()

FGCPreplacement ()

Fracture energy (Jsdotmminus2)105∘C 600∘C 1000∘C

R-0

0

0 501 476 396R-5 5 658 604 523R-10 10 684 635 586R-15 15 753 655 556R-20 20 878 723 512R-25 25 705 554 534A-0

025

0 1103 604 229A-5 5 1359 687 529A-10 10 1794 820 661A-15 15 2092 939 707A-20 20 1852 843 780A-25 25 1604 793 779B-0

050

0 2755 1283 825B-5 5 3152 1354 892B-10 10 3024 1428 956B-15 15 2958 1289 687B-20 20 2815 1174 725B-25 25 3038 1484 706C-0

10

0 2070 714 639C-5 5 2186 1126 687C-10 10 2152 995 650C-15 15 2160 869 612C-20 20 2276 856 621C-25 25 2388 947 729D-0

20

0 1272 943 570D-5 5 1827 1095 639D-10 10 1799 1182 725D-15 15 1658 1218 642D-20 20 1423 954 589D-25 25 1334 894 673E-0

40

0 1152 810 640E-5 5 1216 755 724E-10 10 1321 685 658E-15 15 1255 574 528E-20 20 1023 623 600E-25 25 997 597 526

we can well compare efficiency of fiber employment undertesting

Dose of 050 of basalt fibers is considerably the bestvariation of applied amount of fibers which is not closely incompliance with flexural and compressive strength resultsOn the other side the set of mixtures with 050 of basaltfibers exhibited the biggest decay of fracture energy due totemperature loading nevertheless they are still slightly higherthan other investigated mixtures Residual values of fractureenergy after loading up to 600∘C are about 10 higher as wellas for 1000∘C temperature load

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Forc

e (N

)

Deflection (mm)

105∘C600∘C1000∘C

Figure 7 Changes of mechanical behaviour due to temperatureloading (example)

Optimal space distribution of fibers contributed partiallyto residual resistance It has an essential sense for mixturecomposition optimization and for increasing of economicalparameters of developed composites Decrease of fractureproperties of sets of mixtures ldquoCrdquo ldquoDrdquo and ldquoErdquo (10 20 and40 of basalt fibers) was caused by deficient of cohesivenessof used fibers and binder matrix which was powered by linedistribution of fibers Then during loading they were notadequately bonded and slipped out the structure

Investigation of fracture energy confirmed results of basicmechanical test given to FGCP application Binder matrixmodified by addition of FGCP exhibited sufficient bondproperties For mixtures with lower content of basalt fibers(025 and 050) values of fracture energy are getting higherwith FGCP dosage as well as for mixtures without fibersBecause content of silica in FGCP is the general contributionof studied additive to residual properties noticeable partic-ularly for composites loaded up to 600∘C influencing ofresidual values of fracture properties after 1000∘C is quitesimilar for all sets of mixtures

4 Conclusion

Residual properties of high temperature resistant compositeswith different composition were investigated in performedexperimental program Attention was paid to determinationof influence of basalt fibers dose and to study of FGCP as alu-minous cement replacement The motivation was to develophigh temperature resistant fiber-reinforced composite withreduced environmental impact Basic physical mechanicaland fracture properties before and after temperature loadingwere measured in order to evaluate the system behaviour

The most suitable and economic option is 10 replace-ment of aluminous cement by FGCP and application of basaltfibers dose 025 in volume in terms of all investigated


R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Frac

ture

ener

gy (J

m2)

Figure 8 Impact of different composition and temperature loading on fracture energy

residual parameters after exposure to 1000∘C Increaseddose of basalt fibers did not exhibit increasing flexural andcompressive strength as well as fracture energy which wasprobably caused by defective spatial distribution of fibers

Application of FGCP as a cement supplementarymaterialseems to be very effective FGCP significantly contributesto keeping the stability of all studied properties after hightemperature loading which was declared on the results ofstudied residual properties measurement in comparison toreference mixtures There is an expressive environmentalbenefit too with respect to economic aspects of used highaluminous cement and mentioned additive

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests

Acknowledgments

This research work was financially supported by CzechScience Foundation over Project no P104120791 which isgratefully acknowledged The authors appreciate the assis-tance given by employees of Experimental Centre of Facultyof Civil Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague

References

[1] R Cerny J Podebradska J Toman et al ldquoHigh temperatureproperties of fibre reinforced cement compositesrdquo in Proceed-ings of the International Conference on Application of CodesDesign and Regulations pp 403ndash412 July 2005

[2] Y Fu and L Li ldquoStudy on mechanism of thermal spallingin concrete exposed to elevated temperaturesrdquo Materials andStructures vol 44 no 1 pp 361ndash376 2011

[3] Y B Jiao H B Liu X Q Wang Y W Zhang G B Luoand Y F Gong ldquoTemperature effect on mechanical propertiesand damage identification of concrete structurerdquo Advances inMaterials Science and Engineering vol 2014 Article ID 19136010 pages 2014

[4] E Vejmelkova and R Cerny ldquoThermal properties of PVA-Fiberreinforced cement composites at high temperaturesrdquo AppliedMechanics and Materials vol 377 pp 45ndash49 2013

[5] Z J Li XM Zhou and B Shen ldquoFiber-cement extrudates withperlite subjected to high temperaturesrdquo Journal of Materials inCivil Engineering vol 16 no 3 pp 221ndash229 2004

[6] A M Neville Properties of Concrete Prentice Hall 5th edition2012

[7] E Vejmelkova P Konvalinka P Padevet and R CernyldquoThermophysical andmechanical properties of fiber-reinforcedcomposite material subjected to high temperaturesrdquo Journal ofCivil Engineering and Management vol 16 no 3 pp 395ndash4002010

[8] C JiangK Fan FWu andDChen ldquoExperimental study on themechanical properties and microstructure of chopped basaltfibre reinforced concreterdquoMaterials andDesign vol 58 pp 187ndash193 2014

[9] P Banibayat and A Patnaik ldquoVariability of mechanical prop-erties of basalt fiber reinforced polymer bars manufactured bywet-layup methodrdquoMaterials and Design vol 56 pp 898ndash9062014

[10] Y Ma T Sugahara Y Yang and H Hamada ldquoA study on theenergy absorption properties of carbonaramid fiber filamentwinding composite tuberdquo Composite Structures vol 123 pp301ndash311 2015

[11] V Slivka and M Vavro ldquoThe significance of textural andstructural properties of north-moravian basaltoids for themanufacture ofmineral fibresrdquoCeramics vol 40 no 4 pp 149ndash159 1996

[12] T Jung and R V Subramanian ldquoStrengthening of basalt fiber byalumina additionrdquo ScriptaMetallurgica et Materiala vol 28 no4 pp 527ndash532 1993

[13] B Perevozchikova A Pisciotta B Osovetsky E Menshikovand K Kazymov ldquoQuality evaluation of the kuluevskaya basaltoutcrop for the production of mineral fiber Southern UralsRussiardquo Energy Procedia vol 59 pp 309ndash314 2014

[14] S I Gutnikov M S Manylov Y V Lipatov B I Lazoryakand K V Pokholok ldquoEffect of the reduction treatment on thebasalt continuous fiber crystallization propertiesrdquo Journal ofNon-Crystalline Solids vol 368 no 1 pp 45ndash50 2013

[15] M Mateo C Perez-Carraminana and S Chinchon ldquoVarietiesof asbestos in buildings and risks associated with the work of


deconstructionrdquo Informes de la Construccion vol 65 no 531pp 311ndash324 2013

[16] G Landucci F Rossi C Nicolella and S Zanelli ldquoDesign andtesting of innovative materials for passive fire protectionrdquo FireSafety Journal vol 44 no 8 pp 1103ndash1109 2009

[17] V Dhand G Mittal K Y Rhee S Park and D Hui ldquoAshort review on basalt fiber reinforced polymer compositesrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 73 pp 166ndash180 2015

[18] M Jogl P Reiterman O Holcapek and J Kotrsquoatkova ldquoEffectsof high temperature treatment on the mechanical properties ofbasalt fiber reinforced aluminous compositesrdquoAppliedMechan-ics and Materials vol 732 pp 111ndash114 2015

[19] V A Rybin A V Utkin and N I Baklanova ldquoAlkali resistancemicrostructural and mechanical performance of zirconia-coated basalt fibersrdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 53 pp1ndash8 2013

[20] S Basturk H Uyanık and Z Kazancı ldquoAn analytical model forpredicting the deflection of laminated basalt composite platesunder dynamic loadsrdquo Composite Structures vol 116 pp 273ndash285 2014

[21] J Krassowska and A Lapko ldquoThe influence of basalt fibers onthe shear and flexural capacity of reinforced concrete continu-ous beamsrdquo in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference forPhD Students in Civil Engineering (CE-PhD rsquo12) Cluj-NapocaRomania November 2012

[22] P K Mehta and P J Monteiro Concrete MicrostructureProperties and Materials 2006

[23] P C Hewlett Ed Learsquos Chemistry of Cement and ConcreteElsevier Oxford UK 4th edition 2004

[24] O Holcapek P Reiterman F Vogel E Vejmelkova and PKonvalinka ldquoMechanical properties of aluminous paste athigh temperaturerdquo in Research and Applications in StructureEngineering Mechanics and Computation CRC Press LeidenThe Netherlands Balkema Cape Town South Africa 2013

[25] T M Kula M D Meiser and R E Tressler ldquoCuring temper-ature and humidity effects on the strength of an aluminouscementrdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 10 no 4 pp 491ndash497 1980

[26] G A Khoury ldquoEffect of fire on concrete and concrete struc-turesrdquo Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials vol 2no 4 pp 429ndash447 2000

[27] E Vejmelkova M Keppert P Rovnanıkova M OndracekZ Kersner and R Cerny ldquoProperties of high performanceconcrete containing fine-ground ceramics as supplementarycementitious materialrdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol34 no 1 pp 55ndash61 2012

[28] M Drdacky F Fratini D Frankeova and Z Slızkova ldquoTheRoman mortars used in the construction of the Ponte diAugusto (Narni Italy)mdasha comprehensive assessmentrdquo Con-struction and Building Materials vol 38 pp 1117ndash1128 2013

[29] M D Jackson E N Landis P F Brune et al ldquoMechanicalresilience and cementitious processes in Imperial Roman archi-tecturalmortarrdquoProceedings of theNational Academy of Sciencesof the United States of America vol 111 no 52 pp 18484ndash184892014

[30] E Vejmelkova M Keppert P Rovnanıkova Z Kersner and RCerny ldquoProperties of lime composites containing a new typeof pozzolana for the improvement of strength and durabilityrdquoComposites Part B Engineering vol 43 no 8 pp 3534ndash35402012

[31] L Bodnarova T Jarolim J Valek J Brozovsky and R HelaldquoSelected properties of cementitous composites with Portlandcements and blended Portland cements in extreme conditionsrdquoApplied Mechanics and Materials vol 507 pp 443ndash448 2014

[32] J M R Mercury A H de Aza X Turrillas and P PenaldquoCalcium aluminate cements hydration Part II effect of silicaand alumina additionsrdquo Boletın de la Sociedad Espanola deCeramica y Vidrio vol 42 no 6 pp 361ndash368 2003

[33] A H Lopez J L G Calvo J G Olmo S Petit and MC Alonso ldquoMicrostructural evolution of calcium aluminatecements hydration with silica fume and fly ash additionsby scanning electron microscopy and mid and near-infraredspectroscopyrdquo Journal of the American Ceramic Society vol 91no 4 pp 1258ndash1265 2008

[34] E Breval ldquoC3

A hydrationrdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol6 no 1 pp 129ndash137 1976

[35] L Fernandez-Carrasco M T Blanco-Varela F Puertas TVazquez F P Glasser and E Lachowski ldquoHydration of highalumina cement in the presence of alkalisrdquo Advances in CementResearch vol 12 no 4 pp 143ndash152 2000

[36] B Pacewska M Nowacka I Wilinska W Kubissa and VAntonovich ldquoStudies on the influence of spent FCC catalyst onhydration of calcium aluminate cements at ambient tempera-turerdquo Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry vol 105 no1 pp 129ndash140 2011

[37] M Cyr M Trinh B Husson and G Casaux-Ginestet ldquoEffectof cement type on metakaolin efficiencyrdquo Cement and ConcreteResearch vol 64 pp 63ndash72 2014

[38] J Ding Y Fu and J J Beaudoin ldquoStratlingite formation in highalumina cementmdashsilica fume systems Significance of sodiumionsrdquoCement and Concrete Research vol 25 no 6 pp 1311ndash13191995

[39] M Jogl P ReitermanOHolcapek and J Kotrsquoatkova ldquoInfluenceof high-temperature on polycarboxylate superplasticizer inaluminous cement based fibre compositesrdquoAdvanced MaterialsResearch vol 982 pp 125ndash129 2014

[40] Czech StandardCSNEN 196-1Methods of testing cementmdashPart1 Determination of strength 2005

[41] N Kabay ldquoAbrasion resistance and fracture energy of concreteswith basalt fiberrdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 50pp 95ndash101 2014

[42] RILEM ldquoDetermination of the fracture energy of mortars andconcrete by means of free-point bend test on notched beamsrdquoMaterials and Structures vol 18 no 106 pp 285ndash290 1985

[43] O Holcapek P Reiterman and P Konvalinka ldquoFracture char-acteristics of refractory composites containing metakaolin andceramic fibersrdquo Advances in Mechanical Engineering vol 7 no3 pp 1ndash13 2015

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


volume changes are attendant exhibition of quartz trans-formation after exceeding thermal rate of 573∘C Crackformation caused by the above mentioned changing usuallyhas devastating effect on traditional concrete because ofusually high volume of quartz in the mixture Residualmechanical parameters are achieving about 15 of originalvalues which is notably bellow designed requirements [3] Toreach sufficient resistance to high temperature of compositesis necessary to include into the composition design propertiesof all components as described

In connection to thermal loading was highlighted expan-sion caused by structural transformation of SiO

2and cement

hydrates because of its strong destructive effect But theinitial part of thermal loading of cement based compositesis affected by contraction due to water escaping whichincreases gradient of total volume changes Observableevidence of tensile strength exceeding is crack formationUsually different types of fibers are applied to reduce unde-sirable internal tension in concrete mixture To improve fireresistance of concrete authors in [4] studied the possibleapplication of PVAfibers on concrete and its residual strengthafter exposure to 600∘C Combustible fibers contribute toincreased fire resistance only by creating escaping channelsfor steam after their burning out [5] Steel fibers are often usedfor tunnel lining to improve spalling resistance which is incase of such structures required to protect bar reinforcementbut recrystallization of steel limits their application on highertemperatures than 600∘C and cannot ensure their permanentparameters

Development of fire barriers which are based on alu-minous cement has become an integral part of buildingindustry especially with regard to the current global politicaland security situation Aluminous cement has excellent char-acteristics in relation to the high temperatures in comparisonto traditional Portland cement But fundamental problemof aluminous cement production is its increased energyconsumption Production temperature of aluminous cementis higher than of commonly used Portland clinker

To reduce negative environmental impact of cementproduction there are very often applied several types ofadditives for traditional structural concrete such as fly ashsilica fume ground limestone and ground blast furnace slagUnsufficient chemical properties of these mineral additivesfundamentally limit their application on composites loadedto high temperature Cement replacement by fine groundceramic powder (FGCP) could be an interesting solutionfor refractory composites development although reactionmechanism is fundamentally different than in case of Port-land cement hydration FGCP is generated during ceramicproduction as waste material without any other practicalutilization yet

Ratio of aggregate in traditional structural concrete isabout 85 of concrete volume [6] Refractory compositesare usually formulated as fine grain concrete mixtures withrelatively high dose of aluminous cement which is necessaryassumption of good resistance to high temperature [7] Com-mon dose of aluminous cement for refractory composites isabout 30 in volume which well document their economicaland energy consumption Higher ratio of fine compounds in

concrete mixture allows the good space distribution of usedfibers [8] But for their efficient and full employment to reachthe adequate anchoring is important

Basalt Fibers Fundamental advance of nonmetal fibers pro-duction began during fifties of the twentieth century withdevelopment of aviation and according to special require-ments of army [9 10] Natural basalt is the worldwide spreadmaterial of volcanic origin primarily resistant to corrosion inacid and also in alkaline environment and is characterizedby excellent resistance to high and low temperatures fromminus260∘C to +750∘C An additional advantage of basalt isits high hardness (85 by Mohs) which greatly affects theincrease in concrete resistance to abrasion Basalt tiles areindispensable part of numbers of pieces of technology equip-ment in chemical andmetallurgical industry Igneous rocks asbasalt have a sufficient melting temperature just about 1500ndash1700∘C which allows their great industry application in formof fibers [8 11]

Basalt is consisting of number of oxides with essentialimpact on its final properties Dominant SiO

2is represented

by 433ndash470 of weight content of Al2O3is just about

110ndash130 CaO and MgO are both represented in caseof basalts of common chemical composition by 80ndash120and other oxides form just up to 5 of weight [12 13]Chemical properties especially content of SiO

2 influence the

possibility of processing to fibers Recommended limit up to46 SiO

2could ensure good workability of melted mixture

without undesirable crystallization during hardening [14]Basalt fibers are predominantly produced in form of

continual fiber which is cut to required length Intensivedevelopment of basalt fibers in form of textiles bars rovingand so forth is also caused by the absence of health risks whencompared to toxic asbestos fibers [15]With respect to currentrequirements for building materials the low price of basaltfibers when compared to glass or steel fibers is interestingSubstance of present fact lies in quite easy production processwhere it is not necessary to add other additives or admixturesor any necessary surface treatment [16 17]High dose of fibersreduces workability of fresh mixture [18]

Resistance to high temperatures alkali-resistance andextremely low absorbability allow wide application of basaltfibers on building industry and technical practise Long-term durability of basalt fibers and excellent mechanicaland shielding properties enable their application on nuclearplants structures [19 20]

Generally basalts contribute to improved properties ofconcrete because of similar physical properties as traditionalaggregates for example bulk density [21] Optimal andeffective dose of basalt fibers for fine grained concrete isabout 05 in volume The use of 1 to 2 of the fiber volumemay be beneficial in structural application where there is arequirement of high energy absorption capability improvedresistance against delamination spalling and fatigue modu-lus of rupture impact resistance and the fracture toughnessof the concrete [22]

Aluminous Cement High alumina cement contains the prin-cipal hydraulic minerals such as CA (calcium aluminate) and




2 H = H

2O A = Al

2O3)

CA+ 10H 997888rarr CAH10 (1)

2CA+ 11H 997888rarr C2AH8 +AH3 (2)



3CAH10 997888rarr C3AH6 + 2AH3 + 18H (3)

3C2AH8 997888rarr 2C3AH6 +AH3 + 9H (4)






2O3) was used









2 Hydration of




(5)















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

1000 ∘C600 ∘C






119866

119891=

1119886 sdot (119887 minus 119899)

int

120575max

0119865 (120575) 119889120575

(6)

119866










725(kg)

145(kg)

290(kg)

580(kg)

1160(kg)


F(120575)

120575

Gf


00 3 54 104213

333

845100

100100

4433

7373797

8567 90449577 9987

00

200

400

600

800

1000

0 0063 0125 025 05 1 2 4 8

Cum

ulat

ive p

assin

g (

)

Sieve size (mm)




















170018001900200021002200230024002500

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

Bulk

den

sity

(kg

m3)

1000∘C600∘C105∘C


R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

02468

101214161820

Flex

ural

stre

ngth

(MPa

)


A-0

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)








FGCPreplacement ()


R-0

0

0 501 476 396R-5 5 658 604 523R-10 10 684 635 586R-15 15 753 655 556R-20 20 878 723 512R-25 25 705 554 534A-0

025

0 1103 604 229A-5 5 1359 687 529A-10 10 1794 820 661A-15 15 2092 939 707A-20 20 1852 843 780A-25 25 1604 793 779B-0

050

0 2755 1283 825B-5 5 3152 1354 892B-10 10 3024 1428 956B-15 15 2958 1289 687B-20 20 2815 1174 725B-25 25 3038 1484 706C-0

10

0 2070 714 639C-5 5 2186 1126 687C-10 10 2152 995 650C-15 15 2160 869 612C-20 20 2276 856 621C-25 25 2388 947 729D-0

20

0 1272 943 570D-5 5 1827 1095 639D-10 10 1799 1182 725D-15 15 1658 1218 642D-20 20 1423 954 589D-25 25 1334 894 673E-0

40

0 1152 810 640E-5 5 1216 755 724E-10 10 1321 685 658E-15 15 1255 574 528E-20 20 1023 623 600E-25 25 997 597 526



0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Forc

e (N

)

Deflection (mm)

105∘C600∘C1000∘C




4 Conclusion




R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Frac

ture

ener

gy (J

m2)






Acknowledgments


References






















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






2 H = H

2O A = Al

2O3)

CA+ 10H 997888rarr CAH10 (1)

2CA+ 11H 997888rarr C2AH8 +AH3 (2)



3CAH10 997888rarr C3AH6 + 2AH3 + 18H (3)

3C2AH8 997888rarr 2C3AH6 +AH3 + 9H (4)






2O3) was used









2 Hydration of




(5)















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

1000 ∘C600 ∘C






119866

119891=

1119886 sdot (119887 minus 119899)

int

120575max

0119865 (120575) 119889120575

(6)

119866










725(kg)

145(kg)

290(kg)

580(kg)

1160(kg)


F(120575)

120575

Gf


00 3 54 104213

333

845100

100100

4433

7373797

8567 90449577 9987

00

200

400

600

800

1000

0 0063 0125 025 05 1 2 4 8

Cum

ulat

ive p

assin

g (

)

Sieve size (mm)




















170018001900200021002200230024002500

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

Bulk

den

sity

(kg

m3)

1000∘C600∘C105∘C


R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

02468

101214161820

Flex

ural

stre

ngth

(MPa

)


A-0

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)








FGCPreplacement ()


R-0

0

0 501 476 396R-5 5 658 604 523R-10 10 684 635 586R-15 15 753 655 556R-20 20 878 723 512R-25 25 705 554 534A-0

025

0 1103 604 229A-5 5 1359 687 529A-10 10 1794 820 661A-15 15 2092 939 707A-20 20 1852 843 780A-25 25 1604 793 779B-0

050

0 2755 1283 825B-5 5 3152 1354 892B-10 10 3024 1428 956B-15 15 2958 1289 687B-20 20 2815 1174 725B-25 25 3038 1484 706C-0

10

0 2070 714 639C-5 5 2186 1126 687C-10 10 2152 995 650C-15 15 2160 869 612C-20 20 2276 856 621C-25 25 2388 947 729D-0

20

0 1272 943 570D-5 5 1827 1095 639D-10 10 1799 1182 725D-15 15 1658 1218 642D-20 20 1423 954 589D-25 25 1334 894 673E-0

40

0 1152 810 640E-5 5 1216 755 724E-10 10 1321 685 658E-15 15 1255 574 528E-20 20 1023 623 600E-25 25 997 597 526



0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Forc

e (N

)

Deflection (mm)

105∘C600∘C1000∘C




4 Conclusion




R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Frac

ture

ener

gy (J

m2)






Acknowledgments


References






















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials














0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400Time (min)

Tem

pera

ture

(∘C)

1000 ∘C600 ∘C






119866

119891=

1119886 sdot (119887 minus 119899)

int

120575max

0119865 (120575) 119889120575

(6)

119866










725(kg)

145(kg)

290(kg)

580(kg)

1160(kg)


F(120575)

120575

Gf


00 3 54 104213

333

845100

100100

4433

7373797

8567 90449577 9987

00

200

400

600

800

1000

0 0063 0125 025 05 1 2 4 8

Cum

ulat

ive p

assin

g (

)

Sieve size (mm)




















170018001900200021002200230024002500

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

Bulk

den

sity

(kg

m3)

1000∘C600∘C105∘C


R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

02468

101214161820

Flex

ural

stre

ngth

(MPa

)


A-0

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)








FGCPreplacement ()


R-0

0

0 501 476 396R-5 5 658 604 523R-10 10 684 635 586R-15 15 753 655 556R-20 20 878 723 512R-25 25 705 554 534A-0

025

0 1103 604 229A-5 5 1359 687 529A-10 10 1794 820 661A-15 15 2092 939 707A-20 20 1852 843 780A-25 25 1604 793 779B-0

050

0 2755 1283 825B-5 5 3152 1354 892B-10 10 3024 1428 956B-15 15 2958 1289 687B-20 20 2815 1174 725B-25 25 3038 1484 706C-0

10

0 2070 714 639C-5 5 2186 1126 687C-10 10 2152 995 650C-15 15 2160 869 612C-20 20 2276 856 621C-25 25 2388 947 729D-0

20

0 1272 943 570D-5 5 1827 1095 639D-10 10 1799 1182 725D-15 15 1658 1218 642D-20 20 1423 954 589D-25 25 1334 894 673E-0

40

0 1152 810 640E-5 5 1216 755 724E-10 10 1321 685 658E-15 15 1255 574 528E-20 20 1023 623 600E-25 25 997 597 526



0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Forc

e (N

)

Deflection (mm)

105∘C600∘C1000∘C




4 Conclusion




R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Frac

ture

ener

gy (J

m2)






Acknowledgments


References






















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







725(kg)

145(kg)

290(kg)

580(kg)

1160(kg)


F(120575)

120575

Gf


00 3 54 104213

333

845100

100100

4433

7373797

8567 90449577 9987

00

200

400

600

800

1000

0 0063 0125 025 05 1 2 4 8

Cum

ulat

ive p

assin

g (

)

Sieve size (mm)




















170018001900200021002200230024002500

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

Bulk

den

sity

(kg

m3)

1000∘C600∘C105∘C


R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

02468

101214161820

Flex

ural

stre

ngth

(MPa

)


A-0

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)








FGCPreplacement ()


R-0

0

0 501 476 396R-5 5 658 604 523R-10 10 684 635 586R-15 15 753 655 556R-20 20 878 723 512R-25 25 705 554 534A-0

025

0 1103 604 229A-5 5 1359 687 529A-10 10 1794 820 661A-15 15 2092 939 707A-20 20 1852 843 780A-25 25 1604 793 779B-0

050

0 2755 1283 825B-5 5 3152 1354 892B-10 10 3024 1428 956B-15 15 2958 1289 687B-20 20 2815 1174 725B-25 25 3038 1484 706C-0

10

0 2070 714 639C-5 5 2186 1126 687C-10 10 2152 995 650C-15 15 2160 869 612C-20 20 2276 856 621C-25 25 2388 947 729D-0

20

0 1272 943 570D-5 5 1827 1095 639D-10 10 1799 1182 725D-15 15 1658 1218 642D-20 20 1423 954 589D-25 25 1334 894 673E-0

40

0 1152 810 640E-5 5 1216 755 724E-10 10 1321 685 658E-15 15 1255 574 528E-20 20 1023 623 600E-25 25 997 597 526



0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Forc

e (N

)

Deflection (mm)

105∘C600∘C1000∘C




4 Conclusion




R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Frac

ture

ener

gy (J

m2)






Acknowledgments


References






















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials












170018001900200021002200230024002500

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

Bulk

den

sity

(kg

m3)

1000∘C600∘C105∘C


R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

02468

101214161820

Flex

ural

stre

ngth

(MPa

)


A-0

R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Com

pres

sive s

treng

th (M

Pa)








FGCPreplacement ()


R-0

0

0 501 476 396R-5 5 658 604 523R-10 10 684 635 586R-15 15 753 655 556R-20 20 878 723 512R-25 25 705 554 534A-0

025

0 1103 604 229A-5 5 1359 687 529A-10 10 1794 820 661A-15 15 2092 939 707A-20 20 1852 843 780A-25 25 1604 793 779B-0

050

0 2755 1283 825B-5 5 3152 1354 892B-10 10 3024 1428 956B-15 15 2958 1289 687B-20 20 2815 1174 725B-25 25 3038 1484 706C-0

10

0 2070 714 639C-5 5 2186 1126 687C-10 10 2152 995 650C-15 15 2160 869 612C-20 20 2276 856 621C-25 25 2388 947 729D-0

20

0 1272 943 570D-5 5 1827 1095 639D-10 10 1799 1182 725D-15 15 1658 1218 642D-20 20 1423 954 589D-25 25 1334 894 673E-0

40

0 1152 810 640E-5 5 1216 755 724E-10 10 1321 685 658E-15 15 1255 574 528E-20 20 1023 623 600E-25 25 997 597 526



0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Forc

e (N

)

Deflection (mm)

105∘C600∘C1000∘C




4 Conclusion




R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Frac

ture

ener

gy (J

m2)






Acknowledgments


References






















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






FGCPreplacement ()


R-0

0

0 501 476 396R-5 5 658 604 523R-10 10 684 635 586R-15 15 753 655 556R-20 20 878 723 512R-25 25 705 554 534A-0

025

0 1103 604 229A-5 5 1359 687 529A-10 10 1794 820 661A-15 15 2092 939 707A-20 20 1852 843 780A-25 25 1604 793 779B-0

050

0 2755 1283 825B-5 5 3152 1354 892B-10 10 3024 1428 956B-15 15 2958 1289 687B-20 20 2815 1174 725B-25 25 3038 1484 706C-0

10

0 2070 714 639C-5 5 2186 1126 687C-10 10 2152 995 650C-15 15 2160 869 612C-20 20 2276 856 621C-25 25 2388 947 729D-0

20

0 1272 943 570D-5 5 1827 1095 639D-10 10 1799 1182 725D-15 15 1658 1218 642D-20 20 1423 954 589D-25 25 1334 894 673E-0

40

0 1152 810 640E-5 5 1216 755 724E-10 10 1321 685 658E-15 15 1255 574 528E-20 20 1023 623 600E-25 25 997 597 526



0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Forc

e (N

)

Deflection (mm)

105∘C600∘C1000∘C




4 Conclusion




R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Frac

ture

ener

gy (J

m2)






Acknowledgments


References






















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




R-0

R-5

R-10

R-15

R-20

R-25 A-0

A-5

A-10

A-15

A-20

A-25 B-0

B-5

B-10

B-15

B-20

B-25 C-0

C-5

C-10

C-15

C-20

C-25 D-0

D-5

D-10

D-15

D-20

D-25

E-0

E-5

E-10

E-15

E-20

E-25

1000∘C600∘C105∘C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Frac

ture

ener

gy (J

m2)






Acknowledgments


References






















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials









































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



research article physical and mechanical properties of...

Documents