revolt and reform
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Revolt and Reform. Europe: 1848 Ch. 21. Food Riots in Ireland, 1846. Wave 3 --- the Climax --- 1848 The Watershed of the 19 th Century. Everywhere BUT… (see map) Issues same as 1789 – end of Ancien Regime But now irrepressible – 1848 – beginning of new age Why? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Revolt and ReformEurope: 1848
Ch. 21
Wave 3 --- the Climax --- 1848 The Watershed of the 19th Century Everywhere BUT… (see map)
• Issues same as 1789 – end of Ancien Regime
• But now irrepressible – 1848 – beginning of new age
Why?• Severe food shortages (e.g. potato
blight, poor grain harvests)• Financial crises / business failures /
unemployment• Living conditions deteriorating in cities• Nationalism (e.g. Germany / Italy /
Eastern Europe)
Wave 3 : France February 1848 King Louis Philippe and Chief Minister, Guizot refuse to
bring electoral reform (bourgeois monarchy)• February 22-23 – street riots• February 24 – Louis Philippe (like Charles X) abdicates
Provisional Government declares “2nd Republic” Louis Blanc: worker rep. pushes for National
Workshops Unemployment relief – women excluded – by June
200,000 non-working men in Paris April = Constituent Assembly – Lamartine - anti-socialism
Gov’t closes National Workshops “June Days”: New Revolution, seems class warfare –
prefigures Russia • Gen. Cavaignac instates dictatorship and crushes
revolt (10,000 dead) – victory for conservatives Constituent Assembly calls universal suffrage vote:
• Landslide for Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – Napoleon’s nephew
Louis Napoléon, The President
France: From President to Authoritarian Louis Napoleon “The Pretender” –
the Legend• consolidated support (though with the Assembly) Middle class: he was a strong authority vs. socialists and workers
Army: he later used it to control assembly
Church: he increased role in education – army defends Rome
Peasants: he promised support, though actually revoked the vote at first
December 1851: Coup d’etat vs. Assembly• Louis Napoleon re-“elected” president
From Authoritarian to Emperor
Modifying the Constitution• Louis Napoleon becomes head of the armed forces
• Dissolves Legislative Assembly – new Legislative Corps with controlled elections every ten years
• Restores universal suffrage
December 1852• Plebiscite “elects” Emperor Napoleon III• l’Empire, c’est la paix “The Empire means peace”
Emperor Napoléon III
Wave 3 : Austrian Empire 1848• Vienna, March 1848 --- begins in Hungary Louis Kossuth: Speech on liberties 3/3 Vienna riot by workers and students 3/13 Ferdinand I (1835-48) capitulates – offers reforms
Metternich flees in disguise! --- TOTAL CHAOS
• Berlin, March 15, 1848 riots• Hungary, March 15, 1848 – constitutional
separatism (led by Kossuth)• Bohemia, March 1848 – Prague Conference &
Austroslavism (Windishgrätz crushes rebellion)• Italy March 23 Charles Albert of Sardinia (Savoy)
declares war on Austria BUT – revolutionary groups fail – b/c Hungary
filled with minority Serbs, Croats, Romanians vs. Hungary• October: Ferdinand abdicates for nephew Franz
Joseph – 18 years old (1848-1916) restored as emperor --- Russia helps subdue Hungary
Wave 3: Risorgimento in Italy Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
• Young Italy, 1831 = creation of Italian republic• Duties of Man “O my Brother! Love your
Country. Our Country is our home.”• Cristina Belgioioso – published Italian
newspaper from Paris Revolutions
• Sicily – Lombardy – Venetia • King Charles Albert of Piedmont leads war of
liberation vs. Austria BUT…defeated March 1849 – abdicates-Victor Emmanuel II now KING
• Revolutionaryies turn to Pope Pius IX…BUT Count Rossi assassinated, Pius fless and ROMAN REPUBLIC est. under Mazzini and Garibaldi – FRANCE liberates Rome in July 3
Revolutions FAIL– only Piedmont keeps liberal constitution
Wave 3 : Berlin & German Confederation 1848
• Pre 1848 – liberals pro constitutional monarchy• After France – liberals revolt in Berlin• Frederick William IV (1840-1861) vacillates
Offers to be part of new German State --- not enough
April 1849 dissolves assembly, proclaims own constitution
• German States call National Assembly in Frankfurt: revolutionary Kleindeutsch vs. Grossdeutsch
• March 1849 National Assembly elects King Fred. Wm of Prussia as emperor of new German State (Austria / Schleswig-Holstein not included) Fred. Wm. reasserts royal authority – but not as
emperor! Austria demands Prussian allegiance, Prussia caves “Humiliation of Olmutz” German Confederation re-
established UNITY = TOTAL FAILURE
Some Reasons for Failure of 1848 Revolutionaries split ranks – liberals
vs. radicals• No universal male suffrage (except France)• Liberals fear social revolution
Ethnic issues not addressed• Esp. in Austria: use ethnic tension in
Hungary against Hungarian nationalist movement