revolution and enlightenment keynote
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World History Revolution and Enlightenment KeynoteTRANSCRIPT
The Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment
The Impact of the Enlightenment
Colonial Empires and the American
Revolution
Revolution and Enlightenment, 1550-1800
The Scientific Revolution
Objectives:
Discuss how the Scientific
Revolution gave Europeans a new
way to view humankind’s place
in the universe
Background to the Revolution
These scientists relied on a few ancient authorities—
especially Aristotle—for their scientific knowledge
Renaissance humanists had mastered Greek as well as
Latin and thus had access to newly discovered works by Ptolemy, Archimedes, and
Plato
Background to the Revolution
Background to the Revolution
These scientists relied on a few ancient authorities—
especially Aristotle—for their scientific knowledge
Renaissance humanists had mastered Greek as well as
Latin and thus had access to newly discovered works by Ptolemy, Archimedes, and
Plato
Background to the Revolution
These scientists relied on a few ancient authorities—
especially Aristotle—for their scientific knowledge
Renaissance humanists had mastered Greek as well as
Latin and thus had access to newly discovered works by Ptolemy, Archimedes, and
Plato
The invention of new instruments, such as the
telescope and microscope, made fresh scientific discoveries possible
The study of mathematics was promoted in the Renaissance by the
rediscovery of ancient mathematicians
Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton
A Revolution in Astronomy
Secrets of nature were written in the language
of mathematics
Major discoveries in science and astronomy
overturned the conception of the universe held by
Westerners in the Middle Ages
The Ptolemaic SystemThis system is called
*geocentric because it places the earth at the center of the
universe
The universe is a series of concentric spheres
The earth is fixed motionless surrounded by crystal-like
transparent orbs of light
God dwells at the highest most exterior place of the universe
This system is called *geocentric because it places the earth at the center of the
universe
The universe is a series of concentric spheres
The earth is fixed motionless surrounded by crystal-like
transparent orbs of light
God dwells at the highest most exterior place of the universe
The Ptolemaic SystemThis system is called
*geocentric because it places the earth at the center of the
universe
The universe is a series of concentric spheres
The earth is fixed motionless surrounded by crystal-like
transparent orbs of light
God dwells at the highest most exterior place of the universe
Copernicus and KeplerCopernicus’ On the Revolution of
the Heavenly Spheres
*Heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe
offered a more accurate explanation than did the
Ptolemaic system
The spheres rotate around the sun
The moon around the earth and the earth around on its axis
Copernicus and KeplerCopernicus’ On the Revolution of
the Heavenly Spheres
*Heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe
offered a more accurate explanation than did the
Ptolemaic system
The spheres rotate around the sun
The moon around the earth and the earth around on its axis
Kepler used detailed
astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion
Kepler showed that the orbits of the
planets around the Sun were not
circular, rather elliptical
Kepler used detailed
astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion
Kepler showed that the orbits of the
planets around the Sun were not
circular, rather elliptical
Galileo*Galileo Galilei taught
mathematics and was the first European to make regular observations of
the heavens using a telescope
The Starry Messenger
The Copernican model and Galileo threatened
the Catholic Church
Galileo*Galileo Galilei taught
mathematics and was the first European to make regular observations of
the heavens using a telescope
The Starry Messenger
The Copernican model and Galileo threatened
the Catholic Church
NewtonMathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy (Principia)
The three laws of motion that govern the planetary
bodies
*universal law of gravitation
Every object in the universe is attracted to every other
object by a force called gravity
Newton’s ideas created a new picture of the
universe. It was now seen as one huge, regulated, uniform machine
that worked according to natural
laws
Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry
A revolution in medicine also began in
the 16th century
Ancient Greek, Galen
Relied on animals for his medical and
anatomical research
Andreas Vesalius
One the Fabric of the Human Body
He dissecting human bodies
Individual organs and general structure of the human body
He still clung to Galen’s erroneous idea that two kinds of blood flowed in the veins
and arteries
William Harvey
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
He showed that the heart—not the liver, as Galen had
thought—was the beginning point for the circulation of
blood in the body
He showed that blood makes a complete circuit through
the body
Science of chemistry arose in the 17th and
18th
Robert Boyle
controlled experiments and explored the
properties of gases
The volume of a gas varies with the pressure
exerted on it
Women and the Origins of Modern Science
Women as well as men were involved in the Scientific
Revolution
*Margaret Cavendish
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
She was critical of the growing belief that humans, through
science, were the masters of nature
Descartes and Reason*Rene Descartes, the father of
rationalism
Began by thinking and writing about the doubt and
uncertainty that seemed to be everywhere
Discourse on Method
“I think, therefore I am”
“The mind cannot be doubted but the body and material
world can, the two must be radically different
The Scientific Method
Scientific Method—a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing
evidence
*Francis Bacon, an English philosopher with few
scientific credentials, believed that instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorities,
scientists should use inductive reasoning
Objectives:
Discuss how the Scientific
Revolution gave Europeans a new
way to view humankind’s place
in the universe
The Enlightenment
Objectives:
1. Describe how eighteenth-century
intellectuals used the ideas of the Scientific
Revolution to reexamine all aspects of life
2. Relate how people gathered in salons to
discuss the ideas of the philosophes
Path to the Enlightenment
18th century philosophical movement of
intellectuals who were greatly impressed
with achievements of the Scientific Revolutions
Isaac Newton and John Locke
Newton: the world-machine
Locke: theory of knowledge and “tabula
rasa”
People believed that they could discover the natural laws to produce
an ideal society
Philosophes and Their Ideas
The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were called
*philosophes
Writers, professors, journalists, economists, etc.
Most were French with a few important English thinkers
Three key thinkers: Montesquieu, Voltaire, and
Diderot
Montesquieu
Came from French nobility, writing The Spirit of the Laws
Tried to use the scientific method to find the natural laws that
govern the social and political relationships of human beings
Wrote on governments: republics, despotism, and
monarchies
*separation of power
Voltaire
Came from prosperous middle-class
wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays, and
histories
especially well known for his criticism of
Christianity
*deism
DiderotAuthor of the first
Encyclopedia
He wrote the text to “change the general way
of thinking”
Many articles attacked religious superstition
and supported religious toleration
Consumed by doctors, clergy, teachers, and
lawyers
Toward A New Social Science
EconomicsThe Physocrats, a French
group interested in identifying the natural economic laws that
govern human society
*Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
wrote on *laissez-faire, “let it be” — the state should not
interfere in economic matters
The Later Enlightenment
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind
People adopted laws and governments to preserve
private property
The Social Contract
Entire societies agree to be governed by its general will
The Growth of ReadingThe number of published titles issued each year by
French publishers rose from 300 in 1750 to about
1,600 in the 1780s
Along with magazines came daily newspapers—a relatively cheap and even
free publication at coffeehouses
Social World of the Enlightenment
The Salon
Salons were elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class in
which writers and artists gathered together with aristocrats, government
officials, and wealthy middle-class people
Religion in the Enlightenment
Most Europeans in the 18th century were still
Christians
Catholic parish churches remained an important
center of life
New movements emerged, particularly
Methodism
*John Wesley, an Anglican minister, had a mystical
experience in which “the gift of God’s grace” assured him
of salvation
He street preached, especially to lower classes
Methodism led to the abolition of slavery and gave the lower and middle classes in English society a sense of
purpose and community
Objectives:
1. Describe how eighteenth-century
intellectuals used the ideas of the Scientific
Revolution to reexamine all aspects of life
2. Relate how people gathered in salons to
discuss the ideas of the philosophes
The Impact of the Enlightenment
Objectives:
1. Discuss how Enlightenment beliefs
were reflected in the art, music, and literature of
the time
2. Summarize how Enlightenment thought
influenced the politics of Europe in the eighteenth
century
The ArtsArchitecture and Art
The ideas of the Enlightenment also had an impact on European culture
The palace of Louis XIV at Versailles, in France, had
made an enormous impact on Europe
grandiose residences emerged, blending the secular and the sacred
By 1730, a new artistic style spread all over
Europe: *rococo
Unlike the baroque style, rococo
emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action—a highly secular style
Its lightness and charm spoke of the pursuit of
pleasure, happiness, and love
Music*Johann Sebastian Bach, a renowned
organist as well as a composer
Mass in B Minor
Handel, a German who spent most of career in
England
He is probably best known for his religious music, namely Messiah
Bach and Handel perfected the baroque
style
Classicism style emerged in the late
18th century
The style is best demonstrated by
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
While there are many examples, he is most
known for Don Giovanni
Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism
The philosophes believed in natural
rights for all people: law, religious worship,
speech, press, and property
They argued that nations should be
governed by enlightened rulers
Some Absolutist Rulers attempted to practice
*Enlightened absolutism
Prussia, Austria, and Russia will be examples
Did they allow freedom of speech, press, the
right to private property?
Prussia: Army and Bureaucracy
Frederick William I strove to maintain a
highly efficient bureaucracy of civil
service workers
His other major concern was the army, creating
the fourth largest in Europe
Frederick “II” the Great was one of the
best educated and most cultured
monarchs in the 18th century
He abolished the use of torture, granted limited freedom of speech and press
The Austrian EmpireThe sprawling empire and its
composite of different ethnicities, languages, religions, and cultures
made it difficult to rule
Joseph II attempted to reform, creating a society based on
reason
His reform programs largely failed
His successors undid almost all of his reforms
Russia under Catherine the Great
Catherine the Great (r. 1762-96) was familiar with the works of the philosophes and seemed to
favor enlightened reforms
She promised to reform the law code, that all are equal before
the law
She continually postponed the application of this law due to
“war”
Enlightened Absolutism?
Only Joseph II truly attempted to apply the radical changes
that the enlightened philosophers proposed
All three rulers were chiefly guided by a concern for the
power and well-being of their states
Ultimately, 18th century monarchs sought a balance of
power, preventing any one from dominating the others
War of the Austrian Succession
In 1740, a major war broke out in connection with the succession to the Austrian
throne
Maria Theresa took the throne when her father,
Charles V, died
Prussia invaded because a women ruled Austria. France
allied with Prussia.
Austria allied itself with Great Britain
The War expanded and was fought in other parts of the world, the far east, India, and North America
The Seven Years’ WarNew Allies
A great reversal occurred in alliances
France allied with Austria
Russia allied with FranceBritain allied with
Prussia
The reversal was precipitated by colonial rivalries between Britain
and France
The War in Europe
Europe witnessed the clash of the two major alliances: the British
and prussians against the Austrians,
Russians, and French
This conflict spread, creating a global war
The War in India and North America
The struggle between Britain and France in the rest of the
world had more decisive results
The greatest conflicts arose in the North America
French North America was run by the French government as a vast trading area: fur, leather,
fish, and timber
The British and French fought over two primary
areas in North America: the water ways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Ohio River
valley
The French were able to gain the support of the Indians. As
traders and not settler, the French viewed by the Indians
with less hostility than the British
Objectives:
1. Discuss how Enlightenment beliefs
were reflected in the art, music, and literature of
the time
2. Summarize how Enlightenment thought
influenced the politics of Europe in the eighteenth
century
Colonial Empires and the American Revolution
Objectives:
1. Explain how the colonies of Latin America and British North America
were developing in ways that differed from their
European mother countries
2. Analyze why the American colonies
revolted against Great Britain and formed a new
nation
Colonial Empires in Latin America
In the 16th century, Portugal came to dominate *Brazil
Spain established an enormous colonial empire in the western hemisphere
A new civilization arose which we call Latin
America
Latin America was a multiracial society
Intermarriage between Europeans
and Native Americans—
*mestizos
African slaves and Europeans—*Mulattoes
Economic Foundations
One source of wealth came from abundant supplies of
gold and silver, which were sent to Europe
Farming was the long lasting and most
rewarding source of prosperity for Latin
America
Trade provided another avenue for profit:
sugar, tobacco, diamonds, and animal
hides
Both Spain and Portugal closely
regulated the trade of their American colonies
to keep others out
State and ChurchColonial officials in Latin
America had much freedom in carrying out imperial policies
Spanish and Portuguese rulers were determined to Christianize
the native peoples
The Catholic Church, through Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits, gained great influence
These missionaries converted people, taught trades, and encouraged to grow crops
Britain and British North America
A new dynasty came to power—the *Hanoverians
George I, from the German state of Hanover, became
king
*Robert Walpole served a s head of cabinet (Prime
Minister) pursued a peaceful foreign policy
The American Revolution
After the Seven Years’ War, British leaders wanted to get
new revenues from the colonies—a source to fund the cost of
war and defense of the colonies
1765, Stamp Act, required on all printed materials,
newspapers, etc.
Rebellion erupted
The War BeginsThe colonies organized the
First Continental Congress of 1774 to consider to “take up arms and organize militias”
War erupted in 1775 at Lexington and Concord,
Massachusetts
1776, Second Continental Congress approved a
declaration of independence written by Thomas Jefferson,
an “Enlightened” thinker
Foreign Support and British Defeat
Of great importance to the colonies’ cause was
support from foreign countries during their
rebellion
The French supplied arms and money to the rebels
from the beginning of the war
Spain and the Dutch Republic also entered the
war against Great Britain
The Treaty of Paris, signed in
1783, recognized the independence of the American
colonies
The Birth of a New Nation
The states feared concentrated power and each one was primarily concerned
for its own interests
The Articles of Confederation did little to provide for a
strong central government
The Constitutional convention in 1787 drafted a
new national government
The ConstitutionThe new system created a federal system in which power would be shared
between the national government and the state
governments
The federal government’s powers were broken into three separate branches to prevent a monarchy:
executive, legislative, and Judicial
The Bill of Rights
The new congress created a “Bill of Rights”—10
amendments (changes) to the constitution granting
freedom of religion, speech, press, etc.
Many of these rights directly derived from the
European intellectual during the Enlightenment
Objectives:
1. Explain how the colonies of Latin America and British North America
were developing in ways that differed from their
European mother countries
2. Analyze why the American colonies
revolted against Great Britain and formed a new
nation