rio+10: agenda 21, energy and development enrique ortega food engineering school state university of...
TRANSCRIPT
Rio+10: Agenda 21, Energy and Development
Enrique Ortega
Food Engineering School
State University of Campinas
Brazil
www.unicamp.br/fea/ortega
Porto Venere
28/09/2002
Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10):
• The Summit confirms Agenda 21 commitments;• Considers international collaboration, through
partnerships, as the main form to implement Agenda 21;
• Manifest the need to support poor farmers access to productive resources;
• But, in the other way, in contradiction with the majority of its recommendations, suggest that the enlargement of trade and the opening of frontiers are the basic and necessary procedures to obtain Sustainable Development.
Rio+10: discussion
• Why not to ask the motives of failure?
• Why to maintain the same proposals!
• Why not to recover the spirit that led to Rio 92!
• Let us discuss the concept of Development in ecological terms!
Energy, Ecology and Development
Observation 1: Nature works in cycles of production and consumption! Development concept changes along the cycle!
Observation 2:The micro-economy vision does not show the connection of anthropic systems with biosphere.
Agenda 21: Change of development paradigm
Proposal: We must change the paradigm of quantitative
growth to qualified human progress.
To face the global diminution of energy resources (water, oil, electricity, arable land, ozone layer) and the increase of population, pollution, poverty and the destruction of biodiversity and culture we must take immediate actions to humanize the Earth!
Agenda 21: Suggestions for concerned energy scientists
Suggestion 1: Start between us, collaboration North – South to support interesting ecological and social development projects in both hemispheres.
Suggestion 2: Do first interactions to promote fair prices and debt elimination.
Suggestion 3: Exchange results of these experiences in next Advances in Energy Studies Workshop.
First observation
Nature works in cycles of production and consumption! What we call “Development” is the part of consumption of those cycles.
Renewableenergy
resources
Plants and algaeof ecosystems
Mineralresources
Water Soil Biomass
Trophicchain
Residues Decom-posers
Energy and mass cyclein an ecosystem
Degraded energy
Just to remember how the trophic chain works. The producer uses the nature resources for its own benefit and also delivers stocks of improved energy to be used by different consumers, the wastes are recycled by decomposers.
Renewableenergies
Ecosystems(plants & algae)
Mineralresources
Water Soilorganicmatter
Local Bio-diversity
Energy and masscycle of an ecosystem
Degraded energy
Production, stocks e recycling.Now we see the diagram in a more simplified form. In a natural system almost all the matter is recycled and there are not material wastes. The trophic chain can be seen as a stock of biodiversity.
Renewableenergies
Natural &antropic ecosystems
Mineralresources
Stocks:biota, atmosphere,
population and humaninfra-struture
Energy and masscycle in an ecosystem
Degraded energy
Resumed diagram: Energy and Matter produce Work.This is more simplified energy flows diagram of a ecosystem, where nature resources interact with local biodiversity, that makes retribution to nature services.
Phos-phorous
Organicmatter
Oxigen
Carbondioxide
Water
Sun
Wind
Rain Rocks
Consumers Plants
Recycling
Run-off and seepage
Nutrients cycle in a ecosystem.
The nutrients in a natural ecosystem are recycled by consumers.
5. Stocks, internal cycles, inputs and outputs.
Renewableenergies
Energy and mass cycle ofan agrarian ecosystem
Forests
Mineralresources
Agriculture
Mineralresources
Riparian vegetation Wetlands
Mineralresources
Local Bio-diversity
Local Bio-diversity
Local Bio-diversity
recycling
recycling
product
product
product
Nonrenewableenergies
Example of a ecosystem with human intervention.
The forests deliver raw materials and services to agriculture.
Agriculture interacts with wetlands and riparian vegetation.
Internal recycling exists.
All the systems delivers several kind of outputs to other ecosystems.
Second observation
The micro-economy vision does not show the connection of anthropic systems with biosphere.
6. Micro-economics window.
Sistemaeconômico
humano
produtos(estoques)
culturaorganizada
infra-estrutura
residuos tratamento Resíduos
Energiasbásicas
águasolo
biomassabiodiversidade
atmosfera
minerais extraídos
recursos fósseis
reciclagem interações sócio-econômicas
The perception of micro economics is very limited, it ignores many flows of resources, their origins and the costs of their production. Besides that, ignores the value of recycling and does not know what to do with wastes.
7. The economic system within the Biosphere system.
EcossistemasSol
recursosminerais
gáslíquido
sólido
soloágua
biomassa
recursosminerais
recursosfósseis
The ecosystem makes slowly several energy stocks that become resources to economy. The economic system uses in few time what took many years for nature to produce (biodiversity, oil). Besides that the materials are depleted and the effect of aggressive feedback is negative to atmosphere.
Energiasrenováveis
Produtores
Q1
Q2
Sistema natural, alta diversidade e complexidade.
Tempo
Esto
qu
es
Q1 Q2
Ciclos de produção lenta e consumo rápido.
produção consumo
8. The producer – consumer system shows cyclic oscillations.
The oscillations occur due the different times of the phenomena involved. The production is usually slow and the consumption can be very rapid.
The nutrients decrease during production an become a limiting factor. The consumption returns the nutrients to the system.
When the biomass decreases the consumers can retreat, change of area or hibernate.
The cycle repeats with a rhythmic frequency.
Energiasrenováveis
Produtores
Q1
Q2
sistema natural, complexo com ação humana
Tempo
Esto
ques
Q1Q2
Gráfico 2
Diagrama 2
NutrientesMateriaisrenováveis
reciclagem
9. Natural and anthropic systems evolve.
Here we can see a system with human intervention.The oscillation can increase until a certain maximum disequilibria is attained, after that the cycles can diminish (Mayan Empires) or population can extinguish (Eastern Island).
Occur several situations: 1. adaptation;2. increase of growth; 3. decrease of growth (due to resources diminution);4. senescence(adjustment to low resources); 1. recovering (or adaptation).
Energiasrenováveis Produtores
Q1
Q2
Sistema predominantemente humano, baseado em recursos fósseis,complexo, não sustentável.
NutrientesMateriaisrenováveis
Resíduos
Recursos nãorenováveis
Tempo
Esto
qu
es
Prosperous way down
Blade runner future
10. Macro-oscillation petroleum oil - mankind.
In this diagram we can see a much more bigger oscillation that occurs when mankind learn to use several non renewable energy stocks not used before (woods, minerals, soils, charcoal, oil, gas).
But these resources are not forever they are non renewable, and the development becomes also non renewable.
The oil price is kipped low at great military, political and environmental costs in order to subsidy the industrial economy.
Agenda 21: Energy and Development
To face the global diminution of energy stocks and the increase of population, pollution, poverty and the destruction of biodiversity and culture we must take immediate actions to humanize the Earth!
We must change the paradigm of quantitative growth to qualified human progress.
Our dear colleague, H.T. Odum (1924-2002), proposed us to understand, discuss and help humanity to implement the best way down.
First suggestion:
Start between us, collaboration North – South to support interesting ecological and social development projects in both hemispheres.
sistemas demúltiplasfunções
trat.reuso
M+S1
treat.reuso
M+S2
trat.reuso
M+S3 M+S4
trat.reuso
M+S5
trabalhohumano
Reciclagem
Sistema urbanoconsumidor
processamentode produtoscriação animalprodução vegetal
sistema rural
Água e outros recursosambientais
EIR= F = M+S = 4 I I I
R= R = 0,5 to 0,9 I+F
13. Ecological systems with short chains and closed circuits
The city (consumer) is close to farmer (producer) and recycling is possible
M+S1 M+S3
M+S4
Porcos
M+S7
M+S6
Sistemaconsumidor
engorda deanimais
extração deóleo
produçãode soja
siitema rural
EIR= M+S = 40 I I
R= R = 0,05 to 0,10 I + F
M+S2
sistemaurbano
M+S5
processamentoe distribuição
M+S
óleo
refinação deóleo
M+S
óleo
produtosderivados de
óleo
tratamento deágua e
resíduos
Resíduossistemaurbano
M+Sa
extração
M+Sb
processamento
Ecossistemas
M+Sc
tratamento deresíduos
águaar
14. Intensive systems where consumption is far away production.
The system cannot close its material circuits and losses productivity and develop dangerous over-eutrophication. Low level of a resource in one place and excess in the other.
16. Alternatives emergy/energy comparison.
Processoeconômico
Processoalternativo
Recursos nãorenováveis locais
Recursosrenováveis
locais
Ecossistema
F2
Y2
N2
R2
R
N
Y
} F
ServiçosS
Recursoscomprados
M
We can calculate the emergy indices of different options and discuss the pertinence of each one in many dimensions (social, environmental, political, ethical).
Second suggestion:
Interact to promote fair prices and debt elimination process.
$
$
Preço
Preço
País central
País periférico
Materias primas
Produtos industriais
Controle central dos preços:estabelecimento unidirecionaldas relações de intercâmbio
Recursosmonetários
Recursos monetários
Pouca ou nula participação daperiferia na discussão de preços.
24. Richness flow through prices and interest fixing control
The central countries fix the prices of raw materials and industrial products, as well as the international interest rates. We need a new position to change these procedures.
19. Richness go to industry and commerce.
0
20
40
60
80
100
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 19901980
%
Parcela de comercialização
Custos de produção
Parcela do produtor
The income of farmers are diminishing and the profit of traders growing.
20. The energy from oil makes the raw materials prices decrease.
The energy from petroleum let a temporary pproduction increase, because its cost is set down by political and military means.
Resultado do programa de simulação do modelo mini-mundo, umaversão atualizada do modelo do sistema que usa, ao mesmo tempo,
recursos: renováveis e não renováveis (Odum, 2000).
Recursosrenováveis
Reserva derecursos nãorenováveis
Bens
Mundo
ProdutoNacional
Bruto
Produção
Bens
Reservas deRecursos
Taxa máxima de produção
$ CirculanteProdução
Preços =
Tempo
$
combustíveise minerais
fontesrenováveis de
energiaconsumidor
$ dinheiro
resíduos
trabalho demanutenção
agricultura e plantações florestais
Florestas Alagados
Albedo
23. Preserved ecosystems have an important role in recycling.
The quality of wastes recycled is important.
Final suggestion
To exchange our results of these experiences of collaboration North-South in next congress
…. in any southern country!
….. perhaps Brazil.