russo-japanese relations in the north pacific: the kuril islands dispute / paper

7/23/2019 Russo-Japanese Relations in the North Pacific: The Kuril Islands Dispute / Paper

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S^VVJ$HE[EANVN SN@EYMJAV MAYGN AJSYG [EFMLMF

Ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv * Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv Imv{~yn

C} Vncevymea E! Cefm~ 'V!E!C!-

ECYSEFY! Ygmv vy~i} emdv yj {sj|min e ygjsj~og v~s|n} jl ygn {nsymanay in|n`j{dnayv ygey ge|nfjaysmc~yni yj ygn f~ssnay vyeyn jl ygn S~vvj$He{eanvn ynssmyjsme` imv{~yn ma ygn ajsyg [efmlmf! Cnfe~vn ygnfjaynd{jses} vyeyn jl ellemsv mv cevni gne|m`} ja gmvyjsmfe` fèmdv eai mayns{snyeymjav jl nes`} ysneymnv my mvanfnvves} yj ~ainsvyeai gjw ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv imv{~yn {sjosnvvni gmvyjsmfe``}! Ygmv vy~i} cnomav c} m``~vyseymaogjw snèymjav cnywnna He{ea eai S~vvme lmsvy in|n`j{ni eai wgey sj`n ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv {è}ni ma ygnms nes`}snèymjavgm{! V{nfme` eyynaymja mv om|na yj ygn ywj nmogynnayg fnay~s} ysneymnv 'ygn Vgmdjie [efy eai ygn Ysney}jl Vy! [nynsvc~so- wgmfg esn jlyna fmyni ev `noe` {snfninafn ma ygn inceyn v~ssj~aimao ygn mvèaiv! Ygn anyvnfymja invfsmcnv gjw _jsì _es MM fjaysmc~yni yj ygn mvèaiv gmvyjs} eai ~`ymdeyn`} fgeaoni ygnms invyma}! Maygmv fjayny wn e`vj in{mfy ygn sj`n {è}ni c} ygn âmyni Vyeynv eai n{èma gjw dm`myes} vyseyno} eai vnf~smy}fjavminseymjav dmogy ge|n ~`ymdeyn`} fjaysmc~yni yj ygn {jvy$wes vyey~v u~j! Eiimymjae``} wn f`jvn`} nedmanygn vnsmnv jl n|nayv ~{ yj eai maf`~imao Vj|mny eaaneymja jl ygn mvèaiv! Ygn {na~`ymdeyn vnfymja eae`}vnv ygn

{jvy$wes vmy~eymja l~sygns eai {e}v n{`mfmy gnni yj ygn 5=>>$>< anojymeymjav ma @jaija wgmfg vew cjygfj~aysmnv fjdn yj ygn csmab jl vnyy`ndnay! Ygn lmae` vnfymja v~ddesmxnv ygn ve`mnay {jmayv ja cjyg vminv jl ygndjinsa eso~dnay eai c} imvf~vvmao `noe` {snfninafn eai gmvyjsmfe` fèmdv e`vj eyynd{yv yj n|e`~eyn wgey |e`~nygn B~sm` Mvèaiv dmogy snyema ma djinsa ymdnv! _myg ygn ndnsonafn jl ygn S~vvmea Lninseymja eai ygn nai jlygn Fjì _es ygn gj{n gev ndnsoni ygey e snvj`~ymja yj ygmv infeinv$jì fjal`mfy dmogy cn ey geai!

~vy ecj|n ygn Nesygv 9< mvèaiv eai mv`nyv ygey vysnyfg ajsyg lsjd Gjbbemij He{ea smogy ~{ yj ygn Bedfgeybe [namav~è ma ygnS~vvmea Les Nevy e {esy jl ygn eidmamvyseym|n snomja bajwa ev Bedfgeybe Bsem5! Ygmv esne mv fjddja`} snlnssni yj ev ygn

{efmlmf smao jl lmsn e snomja {sjan yj v~cvyeayme` vnmvdmf mavyecm`my} eai |j`feamf efym|my}! Ma lefy e a~dcns jl ygn mvèaiv esnefy~e``} ygn {nebv jl vyseyj|j`feajnv wgmfg {sjys~in lsjd ygn [efmlmf Jfnea! J|nse`` ygn snomja gev ea magjv{myec`n v~c$esfymff`mdeyn wmyg `jao gesvg wmaynsv eai |ns} vgjsy v~ddnsv! Ajanygn`nvv cjyg desman eai ynssnvysme` nfj`jo} efsjvv ygn esfgm{nèojmv nysndn`} im|nsvn eai ygn mvèaiv esn {esymf~ès`} wn`` bajwa ljs ygnms ec~aieafn jl |esmj~v vne$iwn``mao v{nfmnv maf`~imao

vn|nse` naindmf y}{nv jl vne`! Ygn vj~ygnsa mvèaiv ma {esymf~ès esn snajwani ljs ygnms |evy ysefyv jl {smvyman eai ~av{jm`ni ljsnvywgmfg mv vemi yj snvndc`n wgey Gjbbemijv èaivfe{n `jjbni `mbn cnljsn j|nsfjdn c} g~dea in|n`j{dnay! ]ny ygn B~sm` Mvèaivge|n nesani ygnms {èfn ma gmvyjs} ajy ljs ygnms aey~se` v{`naij~s c~y cnfe~vn ygn} esn ey ygn fjsn jl e `jaovyeaimao ynssmyjsme`fjal`mfy cnywnna S~vvme eai He{ea!

Invfsmcmao ygn nefy fgema jl n|nayv ygey gev `ni yj ygn {snvnay ie} {j`mymfe` vmy~eymja mv e |nsmyec`n ymogysj{n we`b! Ygn fge``naoncnomav wmyg ygn |ns} aedn jan ~vnv wgna invfsmcmao ygn B~sm` Esfgm{nèoj!3 S~vvme ~vnv ygn ynsd B~sm` Mvèaiv yj snlns yj e`` >3 mvèaiv yj wgmfgygn} ge|n aj fèmd js wgmfg ygn} ij ajy wmvg yj fèmd! E`ygj~og ygn djvy snfnay fgeaon jl vj|nsnmoay} jff~ssni wgna ygnVj|mny Les Nevy N{nimymjaes} ljsfnv eaanni ygn mvèaiv yjwesi ygn nai jl ygn Vnfjai _jsì _es ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv ge|n cnna eyygn fnaysn jl ygn He{eanvn$S~vvmea {j`mymfe` snèymjavgm{ ljs djsn ygea e fnay~s}! 'Jb~}ede 3;;6 [! 6?- Yj ygn ~amamymeyni ygmvimv{~yn de} cn vnna ev vjdnwgey jl ea eaefgsjamvd2 e inceyn ygey vgj~ì ge|n naini {sjd{y`} eai u~mny`} wmyg ygn nai _es!

Elyns e`` u~e`my} jl `mln ma ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv mv snèym|n`} {jjs eai ygn snomjav nfjajdmf |e`~n `mnv {smdesm`} ma ygnms lmvgmaosnvns|nv! _gm`n my de} cn eso~ni ygey ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv wnsn vyseynomfe``} |e`~ec`n i~smao ygn Fjì _es v~fg {sefymfe`fjavminseymjav ij ajy lmo~sn ma ygn djinsa eso~dnay! Ygn fjaynd{jses} ynssmyjsme` imv{~yn gev inonanseyni les naj~og ygey

5 E Bsem mv e lninse` v~chnfy jl ygn S~vvmea Lninseymja! _gm`n S~vvme mv fjaynd{jsesm`} im|mini mayj 76 v~chnfyv ja`} = jl ygn vn esn efy~e``} Bsemv! @noe``}gjwn|ns ygnsn mv `myy`n js aj imllnsnafn cnywnna e Bsem eai ea Jcèvy wgmfg mv eajygns y}{n jl eidmamvyseym|n snomja! Ygn Bedfgeybe Bsem wev ljsdni ev e snv~`yjl e dnsons cnywnna ygn Bedfgeybe Jcèvy eai ygn Bjs}eb E~yjajdj~v Jbs~o! Ljs e djsn nge~vym|n eae`}vmv jl ygn {snfmvn aey~sn jl S~vvmea `noe` vyeynv eaicjimnv ma ygn {jvy$vj|mny nse ygn sneins mv snlnssni yj Ygn [jvy$Vj|mny _esv8 Sncn``mja, Nygamf Fjal`mfy, eai Aeymjagjji ma ygn Fe~fev~vc} Fgsmvyj{g Xsfgns! 'A]^ [snvv3;;? [! 3?- Lmae``} ygn sneins vgj~ì ajy snyema lsjd ygn ecj|n effj~ay js effjd{ea}mao n{èaeymja ygey ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv esn {esy jl ygn Bedfgeybe Bsem!

Ygn} esn efy~e``} {esy jl ygn Vebge`ma Jcèvy c~y ygn ajsygnsadjvy mvèaiv ygndvn`|nv esn ma |ns} f`jvn {sjmdmy} yj ygn Bedfgeybe Bsem! 3 Sneinsv esn ei|mvni ygey ygsj~ogj~y ygn fj~svn jl ygmv vy~i} ygn e~ygjs ~vnv ygn ynsd B~sm` Esfgm{nèoj eai B~sm` Mvèaiv maynsfgeaonec`} yj snlns yj ygnonjose{gmf naymsny} jl ygn mvèai fgema! Ygn ynsd Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv mv ~vni ja`} wmyg snoesi yj ygn vj~ygnsadjvy 9 mv èaiv fèmdni ev vj|nsnmoa He{eanvnynssmyjs}! _myg snv{nfy yj ygn S~vvmea {jvmymja eai evvjfmeyni aedmao fja|naymjav ygn ynsd B~sm` Mvèaiv mv nd{`j}ni e{j`mymfe``} ma ygmv {e{ns eai mv ajymaynaini yj naijsvn js {sjdjyn ea} {esymf~ès imv{~yeay!


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seymjae` eso~dnayv eai fev~mvymf n{èaeymjav fea aj `jaons v~llmfmnay`} invfsmcn ygn cnge|mj~s jl nmygns fj~ays} js ygnmsfjssnv{jaimao ynssmyjsme` fèmdv!

M! Eaynfninayv jl ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv Imv{~yn8 He{eav Nw{eaimao Nd{msn

y wj~ì vnnd ygey ygn e~ygjsv jl gmvyjs} èson`} eosnn ygey He{ea wev lmsvy yj vny ljjy ja wgey ygn} ajw snoesi ev ygnmsm``nomymdeyn`} jff~{mni Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv! Ja e de{ ieymao cefb yj ygn vnfjai$ge`l jl ygn 5? yg fnay~s} ygn B~sm` Mvèaivesn f`nes`} in{mfyni e`jaovmin Vebge`ma eai ygn vj~ygnsa ym{ jl ygn Bedfgeybe {namav~è!

Effjsimao yj gmvyjsmfe` ieye ma 5Bedfgeybe eai fj``nfy maljsdeymja ecj~y He{ea ma {sn{eseymja ljs fjddnsfn!< Fjddnsfme` maynsnvy ma He{ea i~smao ygmv {nsmjiwev sno~ès`} vyjbni c} wmì s~dj~sv fmymao e fj~ays} jl ~acn`mn|ec`n wne`yg ?ma f`jvn {sjmdmy} yj S~vvme!7 Ygmv {sjd{yniygn maynsnvy jl dnsfgeay gj~vnv ma Vy! [nynsvc~so yj {nymymja ygn Vnaeyn ygsj~og Onanse` Csm~v ljs {nsdmvvmja yj ysein wmyg He{eaeai ygn Nevy Maimnv!= Sne`mxmao ygey ygn Vmcnsmea Fjddeai imi ajy efy~e``} ge|n v~llmfmnay maljsdeymja snoesimao ygn snomja ygn

yves wev ei|mvni yj vnai e yned jl onjinvmvyv yj ygn Les Nevy ljs ygn {~s{jvn jl snfjaaemvveafn eai v{nfmlmfe``} ljs lmaimao eweyns sj~yn yj He{ea!5; N{`jseymja jl ygn B~sm` mvèai fgema fjayma~ni elyns ygn ineyg jl [nyns ygn Osney ma 5?3> {smdesm`} ljsfjddnsfme` cnanlmy! 'Heavna 5=7= [! =6-

Ygn aeym|n {nj{`n jl ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv esn bajwa ev ygn Ema~! Yjie} ygnsn esn aj maimonaj~v Ema~ `nly ja ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv c~ynvymdeynv sn|ne` ygey vjdn 39;;; He{eanvn sn{jsy Ema~ eafnvys}!55 Ma eiimymja yj ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv vmoamlmfeay Ema~ {j{~èymjave`vj snvmini ma Vebge`ma eai Gjbbemij! 'G~ivja 5=== [! 33;- [! >7 Mcmi!= Mcmi!5; Mcmi!55 Ygn B~sm`n Mvèaiv Imv{~yn Fevn A~dcns 7 Ednsmfea am|nsvmy}! Rgyy{8**www5!ednsmfea!ni~*yni*mfn*b~sm`n!gydT '5;!; Ygn Amanynnayg Fnay~s}! Fedcsmion âm|nsvmy} [snvv Anw ]jsb A]! 5=7=! [! =959_E@BNS Csnyy @!8 Ygn Fjau~nvy jl Ema~ @eaiv8 Nfj`jo} eai F~`y~sn ma He{eanvn N{eavmja 5>=;57;;! am|nsvmy} jl Fe`mljsame [snvv 3;;>l5>GJ_N@@ Ie|mi @!8 Onjose{gmnv jl Minaymy} ma Amanynnayg$Fnay~s} He{ea! âm|nsvmy} jl Fe`mljsame [snvv 3;;>! [! 59; 5


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ygnms cescesmea minaymy}5

Ygn {smafm{e` nfn{ymja yj Deyv~denv imvvmdmèymja {j` mf} wev ygn Ema~ fjdd~amy} ja Nyjsjl~ ygnmvèaiv ma ygn vj~ygns B~sm`v ygey desbni ygn cjsins cnywnna Nxjfgm eai S~vvme! Vgjo~ae` jllmfme`v gei{sjdjyni ygn evvmdmèymja jl ygn Nyjsjl~ Ema~ i~smao ygn lmsvy {nsmji jl imsnfy eidmamvyseymja ev edneav yj vnf~sn He{eanvn vj|nsnmoay} j|ns ygn vj~ygnsa B~sm`v eai ygn snvy jl ygn Nxjfgm!5=

C} ygn 5??; ygn S~vvmeav gei fjd{`nyni ygnms {sn`mdmaes} n{`jseymja eai gei cnna ja e`djvy n|ns} mvèai ma ygn B~sm` fgema !3;Inv{myn ygnms se{mi ei|eafn ygn S~vvmeav wnsn vym`` ajy n{`mfmy`} ewesn jl He{eav gjì ja ygn vj~ygnsa B~sm`v! Ygn} dnsn`}evv~dni ygey cevni ja ygn Ema~v yseimao {eyynsav e dehjs fjddnsfme` {jwns d~vy `mn vjdnwgnsn yj ygn vj~yg! 'Heavna 5=7= [!=9-

Ygn G~aoesmea ajc`ndea Djsmyx |ja Cna}jwvb} èaini ja ygn vj~ygnsa He{eanvn mvèai jl Ewe ma 5??5! \ja Cna}jwvb} eae{{esnay nvfe{nn lsjd nm`n ma Bedfgeybe wev ygn lmsvy yj e`nsy ygn He{eanvn yj e {jvvmc`n S~vvmea {snvnafn ma ygn ajsyg!E`ygj~og vjdn djinsa vfgjèsv fjavmins fnsyema {esyv jl |ja Cna}jwvb}v ynvymdja} v{~smj~v '|ja Cna}jwvb} mv e`vj bajwa yjge|n nd{`j}ni ygn {vn~ija}dv in$Cnan| Cnm{jvb eai Geacnaojsj- gmv {snvnafn ma vj~ygnsa He{ea eai gmv sn{jsyv jl ~{smvmaoma Bedfgeybe esn onanse``} snoesini ev gmvyjsmfe` ys~yg! Gn fedn yj He{ea cnesmao ygn anwv ygey S~vvme wev {èaamao e dehjsjllnavm|n ja Nxj 'Gjbbemij- lsjd ljsymlmfeymjav ma ygn B~sm`v35! E`ygj~og ygnsn wev `myy`n v~cvyeafn yj |ja Cna}jwvb}v fèmdvygn} cnfedn l~sygns imvyjsyni ma yseavdmvvmja eai snv~`yni ma e ojji ine` jl eèsd edjao ygjvn wgj `nesani lsjd ygnd!33'@navna 5=>; [! 56- Ja ygn jygns geai ygmv n{mvjin vns|ni yj vymd~èyn ljsnmoa {j`mf} ygmabmao edjaovy He{eanvn mayn``nfy~e`v wgj cnoea wesamao ecj~y ygn {jynayme` jl ygn S~vvmea ygsney eai vyesyni ei|jfeymao ljs vysjaons desmymdn inlnavnv yj ygnajsyg!36 âins Feygnsman ygn Osney ygn S~vvmea ei|eafn fjayma~ni ~aeceyni eai my wevay `jao ~aym` ygn Nd{msn eyynd{yni yjljsde`mxn snèymjav wmyg He{ea! Ygn lmsvy j|nsy~sn fedn ev {esy jl ea n{nimymja è~afgni ma 57;3 wgmfg wev maynaini yj nynaiS~vvmea desmymdn fjayefy wmyg ygn [efmlmf Fjevy39! Ygn fe{yema jl ygn n{nimymja Ambjèm Snxeaj| wev om|na e {nsvjae` `nyynslsjd E`neains ygn M ljsde``} snu~nvymao ygn {sm|m`non jl ysein3> wmyg He{ea e`jao wmyg e |esmny} jl ysmc~ynv invymani ljs ygnHe{eav s~`mao n`myn! Gjwn|ns gn wev bn{y wemymao ma Aeoevebm Gescj~s ljs e`djvy ? djaygv cnywnna Jfyjcns 57;9 eai E{sm`57;> cnljsn gmv jllns wev ljsde``} snhnfyni! ^{ja ge|mao cnna maljsdni jl ygmv Snxeaj| sn{jsyni`} sndesbni yj e He{eanvnjllmfme` ygey ygn S~vvmea oj|nsadnay imi ajy wmvg ljs He{ea yj nynai gns mal`~nafn cn}jai ygn wnvynsa nysndmy} jlDeyv~den!3< Ygn 57;;v e`vj vew e fgeaon jl eidmamvyseym|n oj|nsadnay ma Gjbbemij wgmfg v~cvnu~nay`} csj~ogy ygn AjsygnsaYnssmyjsmnv 'B~aevgmsm eai Nyjsjl~ maf`~ini- l~sygns ~ains imsnfy fjddeai jl ygn Vgjo~aeyn! I~smao ygmv {nsmji {sjosedv jlvnyy`ndnay eai v~cvmimxeymja ljs ygn Ema~ ygsj~og ygn {sj|mvmja jl f`jygmao ljji dnye` eai sjei fjavys~fymja wnsn fessmni j~yma ygn gj{n jl vj`miml}mao He{eanvn fjaysj` eai nsnfymao cessmnsv yj S~vvmea malm`yseymja vj~yg lsjd ^s~{{~!3? Ma snv{javn yjHe{eav c`~ay snl~ve` yj ysein wmyg ygn S~vvmea Nd{msn ywj }j~ao `mn~ynaeayv wnsn nafj~seoni yj fess} j~y e vnsmnv jl semiv ma ygn He{eanvn fjaysj``ni B~sm`v! E`ygj~og ygnvn seygns {e`ys} javè~ogyv wnsn èson`} ygn wjsb jl snanoein vjìmnsv eai imi ajy

sn{snvnay ljsde` S~vvmea {j`mf}37

ygn} {sj|jbni e fjd{eseym|n`} djsn vnsmj~v snv{javn! He{ea fj~aynsni c} vyeymjamao janygj~veai vjìmnsv ja js anes ygn mvèaiv ma eaymfm{eymja jl fjal`mfy! 'Heavna 5=7= [! 7?- Aj fjal`mfy deynsme`mxni gjwn|ns eaie`ygj~og dehjs oj|nsadnay lmo~snv jl ygn S~vvmea Fjddeai ma ygn Les Nevy n{snvvni ea maynsnvy ma inlmamao e djsn {nsdeanaycj~aies} cnywnna cjyg fj~aysmnv ygnms {`nev imi ajy nafj~ayns d~fg se{{jsy edjao ygn He{eanvn!

Ygmv csmnl n{mvjin efy~e``} vns|ni yj i~`` S~vvmea maynsnvy ma He{ea ljs e {nsmji jl ymdn eai ja`} ygn jff~ssnafn jl ygn LmsvyJ{m~d _es {sjd{yni e vnsmj~v sn|mvmja jl {j`mf}! 'Heavna 5=7= [! 3


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efsjvv ygn ^se` dj~ayemav65 wev e dehjs djym|eyjs ma eyynd{ymao yj csjbns e ysein sn`eymjavgm{ wmyg He{ea! Gjwn|ns c}fjaysevy ygn He{eanvn fjavminsni S~vvmea defgmaeymjav ma ygn ajsyg ev wesm`} ev ygn} snoesini ygn Csmymvg maf~svmja yj ygn vj~yg!'Heavna 5=7= [! 3


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fj~ì om|n smvn yj l~sygns {sjc`ndv wmyg S~vvme ev my wj~ì csmao He{ea f`jvns yj S~vvmev ynssmyjs} ma Vmcnsme eai ygn Desmymdn{sj|mafnv!93 Ma 57?9 He{eanvn snvminayv `m|mao ja ygn mvèai jl Vebge`ma wnsn sn{eysmeyni maymdeymao e l~y~sn ynssmyjsme` eosnndnaycnywnna ygn ywj {jwnsv! Ma 57?> ljsdns {smvjans y~sani im{`jdeymf na|j} Najdjyj Yebnebm wev imv{eyfgni yj S~vvme yj ljsonea eosnndnay! 'Hnavna 5=7= [! ?9;- Ygn snv~`ymao ysney} nllnfym|n`} fe``ni ljs He{ea yj fnin gns maynsnvyv ma Vebge`ma ma nfgeaonljs ygn naymsny} jl ygn B~sm` Mvèai fgema! Vfgjèsv jlyna fmyn ygmv ysney} wgna eyynd{ymao yj nvyec`mvg `noe` eai gmvyjsmfe`{snfninafn ljs {snfmvn`} wgmfg mvèaiv vgj~ì cn snoesini ev ygn B~sm`v eai wgmfg vgj~ì cn fjavminsni ~ains ygn ynsdAjsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv 'm!n! gmvyjsmfe``} e`we}v {esy jl He{ea eai an|ns ljsde``} fjavminsni {esy jl ygn B~sm`v-! My wev e`vj jan jlygn lmsvy eosnndnayv He{ea dein wmyg e _nvynsa {jwns wgnsn vgn wev ysneyni lems`} eai wev ajy ljsfni yj debn g~dm`meymao

fjafnvvmjav!96 Gjwn|ns ey ygn ymdn ygn He{eanvn fèmd yj ygnvn mvèaiv wev èson`} maynaini ev e {j`mymfe` vyseyeond yj demayemaygn fj~ays}v {snvymon! Ygn Dnhm oj|nsadnay imi ajy weay yj cn vnna ev oseaymao ynssmyjsme` fjafnvvmjav ~a`nvv ygn} wnsn ja evysmfy u~mi${sj$u~j cevmv eai ygnsnljsn mavmvyni ja myv smogy yj ygn B~sm`v ma nfgeaon ljs Vebge`ma! 'Heavna 5=7= [! ?9;- Ev ygn5=yg fnay~s} {sjosnvvni He{ea cnfedn mafsnevmao`} evvnsym|n eai md{nsme`mvymf eai wev vjja snoesini ev e bn} lefyjs ma wjsì{j`mymfv!99 Ygn jsmomav jl ygn lmsvy S~vvj$He{eanvn _es ma 5=;> fea cn ysefni cefb yj ygn fjal`mfymao md{nsme` edcmymjav jl cjygfj~aysmnv eai ygnms {j`mymfe` nayeao`ndnayv ma ygn Les Nevy! He{eav anwlj~ai {jwns eai md{nsme` yndnsmy} wev wn`fjdni c} ygnjì o~esi jl ygn o`jce` {j`mymfe` jsins eai ljsde`mxni c} ygn nvyec`mvgdnay jl ygn Eao`j$He{eanvn e``meafn ma 5=;3! Ygnfjavnu~nafnv jl ygmv dm`myes} {efy wnsn les$snefgmao eai vjdn gmvyjsmeav n|na v~oonvy ygey my dmogy ge|n {è}ni e sj`n maljdnaymao ygn Lmsvy _jsì _es! 'Heavna 5=7= [! ??9- _gm`n ygnsn wev vjdn mamyme` imveosnndnay edjaovy mal`~nayme` He{eanvn{j`mymfmeav ecj~y wgnygns e {nefn ysney} wmyg ygn Csmymvg Nd{msn wj~ì cn djsn cnanlmfme` ygea vmoamao jan wmyg S~vvme ygnEao`j$He{eanvn effjsi wev n|nay~e``} inynsdmani yj cn djsn ma `man wmyg aeymjae` maynsnvyv! Ey ygn ymdn ygnvn maynsnvyv sn|j`|nif`jvn`} esj~ai ygn fjaynvy ljs mal`~nafn ma Nevy Evme eai wnsn n{`mfmy`} ljsd~èyni c} ygn Imny ev ygn vnf~smao jl aeymjaeìnlnafn ygsj~og ygn {sjynfymja jl Bjsnea main{nainafn!9> _gey He{ea invmsni lsjd S~vvme wev n{`mfmy snfjoamymja jl gns

maynsnvyv ma Bjsne eai Fgmae wgmfg S~vvme dmogy ge|n oseayni ma nfgeaon ljs snfjoamymja jl gns maynsnvyv ma Deafg~sme! 'Heavna5=7= [! ??>- C~y inv{myn `naoyg} anojymeymjav ygn ywj vminv wnsn ~aec`n yj essm|n ey ea ~ainsvyeaimao eai He{ea cnfednfja|mafni ygey gns {jvmymja ma Bjsne wj~ì cn |~ànsec`n vj `jao ev S~vvmea mal`~nafn sndemani {snijdmaeay ma vj~ygnsaDeafg~sme!9< C~y ygmv sne`mxeymja mv ajy wgey `ni yj wes ev ygnsn wev vym`` e osney ine` jl ~afnsyemay} ecj~y wgnygns e wes wmygS~vvme fj~ì cn wja js RmlT He{ea wev nfjajdmfe``} {sn{esni yj lmaeafn my!9? Ev my y~sav j~y ygn jsmoma jl lmsvy S~vvj$He{eanvn_es mv cnvy eyysmc~yni ajy yj vjdn isedeymf nynsae` n|nay c~y yj ygn v`jw eff~d~èymja jl ijdnvymf {snvv~sn! Cnomaamao ma ygnnes`} 5=;;v e v~cvyeayme` {sj$wes dj|ndnay mamymeyni c} ygn fj~ays}v mayn``monayvme fjdcmani wmyg vnaveymjae`mvy sn{jsymao ecj~yygn S~vvmea {snvnafn ma Deafg~sme ojy ygn wes is~d cneymao! Ygn dj|ndnay e`vj snfnm|ni v~{{jsy lsjd a~dnsj~v dmii`n$nfgn`ja jllmfme`v ma ygn Ljsnmoa Dmamvys} ev wn`` ev vn|na mal`~nayme` Yjb}j Md{nsme` âm|nsvmy} {sjlnvvjsv wgj vnay e `nyyns yj[smdn Dmamvyns Beyv~e Yes fmymao ygn anni ljs l~aiednaye` vnyy`ndnay jl ygn Deafg~smea {sjc`nd!97 _myg |ns} lnw efym|n`}v{nebmao eoemavy ygn wes my wev ajy `jao cnljsn {eysmjymvd dm`myesmvd eai md{nsme`mvd gn`{ni vwn``ni {sj$wes vnaymdnay l~sygns!L~sygnsdjsnHe{eav hmaojmvymf `nea i~smao ygmv {nsmji wev snoesini ev nvvnayme` ljs ygn nmvynafn jl ygn aeymja!9= Ygn S~vvj$He{eanvn wes wev weoni vj`n`} ljs ygn {~s{jvn jl demayemamao He{eav {snvymon eai gei `myy`n yj ij wmyg ea} invmsn ljs ynssmyjsmeòema js deyynsv jl fjddnsfme` ysein! Ygn wes wev ajy {sji~fni c} nfjajdmf {snvv~snv c~y c} ygn v naymdnay mavmin eai j~yvmin

ygn oj|nsadnay ygey my wev ygn ja`} e`ynsaeym|n ml ygn fj~ays} wnsn yj sndema e |mec`n naymy} ev e djinsa {jwns!>;He{ea wev vfjsni e u~mfb eai infmvm|n |mfyjs} ma ygn wes eoemavy S~vvme! Ev e snv~`y ajy ja`} imi vgn demayema ygn B~sm`v c~y ygnYsney} jl [jsyvdj~yg vmoani ma 5=;> e`vj ewesini gns fjaysj` jl Vebge`ma Mvèai vj~yg jl >; A ev wn`` ev ygn v~cvyeayme` smogyv mavj~ygnsa Deafg~sme ljsdns`} nahj}ni c} ygn S~vvmeav! Yg~v ma ygn lmsvy lnw }nesv jl ygn ywnaymnyg fnay~s} e anw ceèafn jl{jwns ma ajsygnevy Evme>5 gei ndnsoni eai He{ea {è}ni ea nvvnayme` ml ajy bn}>3 sj`n ma ygmv anw snomjae` i}aedmf! Gjwn|nsygmv vyeyn jl ellemsv wj~ì ajy èvy! Ygn ei|nay jl _jsì _es MM wj~ì csmao `jvv eai v~llnsmao ygey ygn He{eanvn ma ygnms anwlj~aievvnsym|nanvv fj~ì cesn`} mdeoman!

MM! Ygn Vnfjai _jsì8 Eaaneymja eai ygn Debmaov jl e Ynssmyjsme` Imv{~yn

gn Vj|mny âmja cnfedn ljsde``} ma|j`|ni ma Vnfjai _jsì _es c} dneav jl ygn an~yse`my} {efy fjaf`~ini cnywnna\}efgnvè| Dj`jyj| eai Hjefgmd |ja Smccnaysj{ ma E~o~vy 5=6=! Gjwn|ns ygmv eosnndnay wev ajy invymani yj èvy eaija 33ai jl H~an 5=95 Aexm Onsdea} cnoea yj {~vg cn}jai ygn {sn|mj~v`} eosnni ~{ja cjsins! ]ny wgm`n Vj|mny âmja wev

{~ddn``ni gesi c} Onsdea} lsjd ygn _nvy gns nevynsa lèab sndemani fjd{eseym|n`} fe`d inv{myn myv snèym|n {sjmdmy} yj e

dehjs Emv {jwns! Ygn Vj|mny âmja ja`} naynsni ygn [efmlmf ygneysn ja ygn 7yg

jl E~o~vy 5=9> wgna vgn infèsni wes ja He{ea!Ywj ie}v nes`mns ygn eyjdmf cjdc gei cnna isj{{ni ja Gmsjvgmde eai Aeoevebm wev cjdcni ja ygn = yg! Ygn Vj|mny âmjav

93 Mcmi!96 Mcmi! [! ?9599 Mcmi! [! ??>9>HEAVNA, Desm~v C!8 Ygn Fedcsmion Gmvyjs} jl He{ea \j`! > Ygn Amanynnayg Fnay~s}! Fedcsmion âm|nsvmy} [snvv Anw ]jsb A]! 5=7=! [! ??99< Mcmi! [! ??>9? Mcmi! [! ??>97 Mcmi! [! ??>9= Mcmi! [! ??; Mcmi! [! ???>5N@@NDEA Cs~fn E! AMFGJ@V Dmfgen` S! , J^MDNY Deyygnw H! 8 E Gmvyjsmfe` Snn|e`~eymja jl Ednsmfev Sj`n ma ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv Imv{~yn [efmlmf

Ellemsv \j`! ?5 Aj! 9 '_mayns 5==75===- [! 9=;>3HEAVNA, Desm~v C!8 Ygn Fedcsmion Gmvyjs} jl He{ea \j`! > Ygn Amanynnayg Fnay~s}! Fedcsmion âm|nsvmy} [snvv Anw ]jsb A]! 5=7=! [! ???

Y


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wgmfg n|nay~e``} cnfedn ygn {j`mymfe` cefbcjan jl ygnms jff~{eymja jl ygn B~sm`vcnoea wmyg ygn Femsj fjalnsnafn gnì ma 5=96! E`ygj~og ygn Vj|mny âmja wev ajy ma eyynaieafn ey ygmv {esymf~ès n|nay my wevgnsn ygey dnaymja wev lmsvy dein wmyg snoesi yj {jvy$wes ynssmyjsme` efu~mvmymjav!>9 ^{ja myv fjaf`~vmja wev mvv~ni ygn lj``jwmaoinfèseymja8

Ygn ygsnn osney E``mnv esn lmogymao ygmv wes yj snvysema eai {~amvg ygn eoosnvvmja jl He{ea! Ygn} fj|nyaj oema ljs ygndvn`|nv eai ge|n aj ygj~ogy jl ynssmyjsme` n{eavmja! My mv ygnms {~s{jvn ygey He{ea vge``cn vysm{{ni jl e`` ygn Mvèaiv ma ygn [efmlmf wgmfg vgn gev vnmxni js jff~{mni vmafn ygn cnomaamao jl ygnlmsvy _jsì _es ma 5=59 eai ygey e`` ygn ynssmyjsmnv ygey He{ea gev vyj`na lsjd ygn Fgmanvn v~fg evDeafg~sme Ljsdjve eai [nvfeijsnv vge`` cn snvyjsni yj ygn Sn{~c`mf jl Fgmae! He{ea wm`` e`vj cnn{n``ni lsjd e`` jygns ynssmyjsmnv wgmfg vgn gev yebna c} |mj`nafn js osnni!>>

Ygn |eo~n wjsimao eai fjafn{y~e` èsonvvn 'n{n``ni lsjd e`` ynssmyjsmnv wgmfg vgn gev yebna c} osnni- jl ygmv in fèseymja wj~ì{sj|n e ~vnl~` eso~dnayeym|n lsednwjsb ljs cjyg vminv ma ygnms l~y~sn inceynv ecj~y ygn mvèaiv!

Ey ygn Yngsea fjalnsnafn gnì ma Infndcns jl 5=96 Vye`ma snmynseyni ea nes`mns {`nion yj hjma ygn e``mnv ma ygn wes eoemavy He{ea

jafn Onsdea} wev inlneyni!>? Djsn md{jsyeay`} Oe`na [nssev wsmynv ma ygn Hj~sae` jl Dm`myes} Gmvyjs} ygey ey ygmv dnnymao ygn FFV vj~ogyDjvfjwv {sjdmvn my wj~ì hjma ygn [efmlmf fjal`mfy ey vjdn l~y~sn {jmay {sj|min mayn``monafn maljsdeymja eai cevn effnvv lj s ygnEdnsmfea dm`myes} ma Vmcnsme eai om|n vjdn maimfeymja wgnygns ygn Vj|mnyv wj~ì{sj|min imsnfy js maimsnfy evvmvyeafn yj ea ma|evmja jl ygnajsygnsa B~sm`nv!>7 RNd{gevmv eiiniT [nssev fjayma~nv fmymao ygn Fjdcmani Vyell [èaansv8 Ygnms 3ai Infndcns e{{semve` vyeyniygey RmTa ygn n|nay jl ygn ^!V!V!S! naynsmao ygn wes j{nseymjav ma ygn Ajsyg [efmlmf de} evv~dn les osneyns md{jsyeafn eai de}ma|j`|n e dehjs snin{`j}dnay jl ljsfnv!>= Vgjsy`} elyns ygn Yngsea v~ddmy Sjjvn|n`y mv vemi yj ge|n sn{jsyni yj ygn [efmlmf _esFj~afm`9 Mcmi!>> Mcmi! [! 9=5 , AHJSJON, @ewsnafn D!8 Ygn He{ea$Vj|mny âmja Ynssmyjsme` Imv{~yn8 Ea E{{semve` Evmea V~s|n} \j`! 3> Aj! > 'De} 5=7>- [! >;3> Onanse` C~fbans wev maynsnvyni ma lmaimao e ajsygnsa sj~yn yj He{ea ma jsins yj nvyec`mvg ebmai jl c~llns xjan maynaini yj {sn|nay vnsmj~v eyyefbv ja md{jsyeay cevnv eai jygns mavye`èymjav!7 Ygn Hj~sae` jl Dm`myes} Gmvyjs} \j`! Ygn Hj~sae` jl Dm`myes} Gmvyjs} \j`!


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osney fmsf`n sj~yn yj He{ea lsjd ygn âmyni Vyeynv=5 eai wj~ì ygnsnljsn v~cvyeayme``} sni~fn dm`neon ja ems |j}eonv lj``jwmaoRygeyT sj~yn!=3 Ja ygn jygns geai Fj`jan` Fges`nv Cjanvynn` |jmfni gmv lns|nay j{{jvmymja yj imv{jvmao jl ygn mvèaiv om|naygnms `jfeymja ja ygn Osney Fmsf`n Sj~yn!=6Gn fjddnayni ja Sjjvn|n`yv infmvmja ev lj``jwv8

â`nvv wn bmi j~svn`|nv wn bajw ieda wn`` ygn ja`} Evmeymf nand} wn esn o~esimao eoemavy mv S~vvme!Ygnsnljsn wg} v{nai e`` ygn dna eai ljsy~an wn ge|n yj ony vnf~smy} ma ygn [efmlmf eai ygna ajy debnygn nlljsy yj gjì e cevn anes ygn jc|mj~v v{smaocjesi jl ygn djvy {jvvmc`n sj~yn jl eyyefb eoemavy ~v!

Cjanvynn`v {`ne wev èson`} ma `man wmyg ygn eljsndnaymjani j{mamja jl ygn H_[F c~y my gei `myy`n nllnfy ja nafj~seomao ygn

maynsnvy jl gmv v~{nsmjsv!Ma dmi$H~`} 5=9> [snvminay Gess} Ys~dea dny Vye`ma ma [jyvied yj lmae`mxn fnsyema j~yvyeaimao mvv~nv jl ygn wes! Ygn dnnymaosnv~`yni ma ygn [jyvied [sjfèdeymja wgmfg vym{~èyni RygeyT ygn ynsdv jl ygn Femsj Infèseymja vge`` cn fessmni j~y eaiHe{eanvn vj|nsnmoay} vge`` cn `mdmyni yj ygn mvèaiv jl Gjavg~ Gjbbemij B}~vg~ Vgmbjb~ eai v~fg dmajs mvèaiv ev wn RygnE``mni [jwnsvT inynsdman!=9 He{ea gjwn|ns wev ajy {sn{esni yj effn{y ygn [jyvied [sjfèdeymja eai wgm`n ygn} in`mcnseyniygn l~`` dneamao jl ygn [sjfèdeymjav wesamao cnfedn e{{esnay ma ygn invys~fymja jl Gmsjvgmde!=> Elyns ygn Vj|mny âmjainfèsni wes ja He{ea ja E~o~vy 7yg ygn jygnswmvn yn{mi H_[F v~oonvyni ygey Ednsmfea ljsfnv osec [esed~vgmsj js ygn mvèaijl Deyv~we ma jsins yj evvmvy ea} anojymeymja ljs {jvy$wes emslmnì smogyv ygnsnma!=< V~cvnu~nay`} Fj`jan` Cjanvynn` wev evbniyj isew ~{ e isely jl Onanse` Jsins Aj! 5 inyem`mao ygn v~ssnains jl ygn He{eanvn Esdni Ljsfnv! =? '[nssev 5==? [! 77- Eiimymjae``} ygmv ijf~dnay wj~ì e`vj invmoaeyn ygn jllmfme` jff~{eymja xjanv ljs ygn E``mni [jwnsv ma {jvywes He{ea! My mvsn{jsyni ygey Cjanvynn` lmamvgni wsmymao ygn lmsvy md{jsyeay {eseose{gv jl ygn ijf~dnay ma jan ge`l$gj~s eai ygey ygn lmsvy iselydein aj dnaymja jl ygn B~sm`nv ma ygn esnev yj cn jff~{mni! =7 Ygmv jdmvvmja wj~ì èyns cn eyysmc~yni yj ygn gevyn ma wgmfgygn jsins wev wsmyyna==c~y yebmao mayj effj~ay Cjanvynn`v |mnw ja ygn deyyns my vnndv djsn `mbn`} ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv wnsn `nlyj~y c} invmoa seygns ygea c} effminay! 'Oe``mffgmj 5==5 [! 79 , [nssev 5==? [! 77- Cjanvynn` wev ec`n yj lmamvg ygn lmsvy isely jlOnanse` Jsins Aj! 5 vj u~mfb`} cnfe~vn gn c~m`y ~{ja ygn {sj|mvmjae` j{nseymjae` cj~aiesmnv isewa ey [jyvied! 5;; Ygnvncj~aiesmnv {èfni e`` c~y ygn ajsygnsa$djvy mvèaiv wmygma ygn Ednsmfea xjan! [nssev ygnsnljsn j{manv ygey Cjanvynn` de} ge|nin`mcnseyn`} jdmyyni ygn B~sm`nv ma ygn gj{n ygn [jyvied j{nseymjae` cj~aiesmnv wj~ì nafj~seon fjddeainsv yj cney ygnVj|mnyv yj ygn {~afg!5;5 Cnljsn ygn lmae` |nsvmja jl Onanse` Jsins Aj! 5 wev mvv~ni e lmae` eyynd{y wev dein c} ygn anwVnfsnyes} jl _es Hjga DfF`j} yj n`mfmy v~{{jsy ljs ygn jff~{eymja jl ey `nevy vjdn jl ygn mvèaiv! 5;3 Gn nafj~aynsni snvmvyeafnlsjd Vnfsnyes} jl Vyeyn Hednv C}sanv wgj vemi ygey Ednsmfe gei e`snei} eosnni yj om|n ygn B~sm`nv yj ygn S~vvmeav 5;6 eai wevaj `jaons ma e {jvmymja yj snysefy ygey infmvmja! N|nay~e``} ygn ae|} e`vj wnmogni ma ma v~{{jsy jl DfF`j} wgmfg ljsfni C}sanv yjsn`nay eai ~`ymdeyn`} fjafnin ygn jff~{eymja jl ygn B~sm`nv vj~yg jl ygn jff~{eymjae` cj~aies} ygey gei cnna eosnni ~{ja ey[jyvied!5;9Lj``jwmao ~{ ja ygnvn in|n`j{dnayv DfF`j} ei|mvni ae|} vyell yj inynsdman wgmfg mvèai ygn ^!V! weayni ljs eaemscevn!5;> ^`ymdeyn`} gmv nlljsyv wj~ì {sj|n l~ym`n gjwn|ns!

Ja E~o~vy 5>yg 5=9> ygn lmae` |nsvmja jl Onanse` Jsins Aj! 5 wev vnay yj Djvfjw ljs e{{sj|e`! '[nssev 5==? [! 77- Ygn lmae`sn|mvmja imi ajy v{nfml} yj wgjd He{eanvn ysjj{v ja ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv wj~ì v~ssnains c~y dnaymjani ja`} Deafg~sme Bjsneeai Vebge`ma!5; Ygn Hj~sae` jl Dm`myes} Gmvyjs} \j`! - [! >;3=>OE@@MFFGMJ Desf8 Ygn B~sm`nv Fjaysj|nsv}8 ^!V! Im{`jdef} ma ygn Vj|mny$He{ea Cjsins Imv{~yn 5=95$5=> Ygn Hj~sae` jl Dm`myes} Gmvyjs} \j`!


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cnna {sn|mj~v`} imvf~vvni! Gn snu~nvyni yj maf`~in ma ygn snomja jl v~ssnains j l ygn He{eanvn esdni ljsfnv yj Vj|mny ysjj{v ygnajsygnsa {esy jl ygn mvèai jl Gjbbemij!5;= Vye`ma sn{jsyni`} fjavminsni ygmv indeai yj cn djinvy eai wesani ygey S~vvmea{~c`mf j{mamja wj~ì cn vnsmj~v`} jllnaini ml ygn S~vvmea ysjj{v wj~ì ajy ge|n ea jff~{eymja snomja ma vjdn {esy jl ygn He{eanvn {sj{ns ynssmyjs}!55; Ygey Vye`ma wj~ì debn v~fg e gnly} indeai elyns ge|mao e`snei} eosnni ~{ja vysmfy`} inlmani{sj|mvmjae` jff~{eymja xjanv ey [jyvied vnndv jii! Ma lefy my mv {jvvmc`n ygey Vye`ma dmogy ge|n efy~e``} gei ecvj`~yn`} ajmaynsnvy ma ygn ajsygnsa {esy jl Gjbbemij! Mavynei my vnndv ygmv anw indeai fj~ì ge|n cnna e s~vn maynaini yj debn gmv jygnssnu~nvy ljs ygn naymsny} jl ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv vnnd dmì ma fjd{esmvja! Ys~dea ~aij~cyni`} vgjfbni c} ygn najsdmy} jl Vye`mavindeai wj~ì ygnsnc} cn nafj~seoni yj oseay ygn vnndmao`} vde``ns fjafnvvmja jl ygn B~sm` Esfgm{nèoj! Ml ygmv wev mainni

Vye`mav oedcmy my wjsbni! Ys~dea snl~vni j~ysmogy yj oseay S~vvme e fjafnvvmja ma Gjbbemij c~y gn imi eosnn yj sn|mvn Onanse`Jsins Aj! 5 ev lj``jwv8 Ygn vnamjs He{eanvn fjddeainsv eai e`` osj~ai vne ems eai e~m`mes} ljsfnv wmygma Deafg~sme Bjsne ajsyg jl 67 inosnnv ajsyg èymy~in Besel~yj RVebge`maT eai ygn B~sm`n Mvèaivvge`` v~ssnains yj ygn Fjddeains$ma$Fgmnl jl Vj|mnyLjsfnv ma ygn Les Nevy!555 Vye`ma wev vym`` ajy veymvlmni gjwn|ns eai ja ygn 33 ai jl E~o~vy gn vnay wjsi yj Ys~dea ygey gn wevv~s{smvni ygey gmv snu~nvy ljs ygn ajsygnsa {esy jl Gjbbemij gei cnna snl~vni! Ma snv{javn Ys~dea dein e l~sygns djimlmfeymjayj Onanse` Jsins Aj! 5 ygey gn gj{ni wj~ì lmae``} veymvl} Vj|mny indeaiv! Ygn ijf~dnay ajw snei ev lj``jwv8 Ygn vnamjsHe{eanvn fjddeainsv eai e`` osj~ai vne ems eai e~m`mes} ljsfnv wmygma Deafg~sme Bjsne ajsyg jl 67 inosnnv ajsyg èymy~inBesel~yj RVebge`maT eai e``ygn B~sm`n Mvèaiv vge`` v~ssnains yj ygn Fjddeains$ma$Fgmnl jl Vj|mny Ljsfnv ma ygn Les Nevy! 553'Nd{gevmv eiini-

Ygn lmae` dnvveon ygey wev imv{eyfgni yj Vye`ma oseaymao gmd e`` jl ygn B~sm`v e`vj fjayemani e { sj|mvj maynaini yj vnf~sn l~y~sneffnvv ljs ygn âmyni Vyeynv oj|nsadnay yj ems cevn smogyv ljs èai eai vne emsfsely ja vjdn jan jl ygn B~sm`n Mvèaiv {snlnsec`}ma ygn fnayse` osj~{ ljs dm`myes} {~s{jvnv eai ljs fjddnsfme` ~vn!556 Vye`ma snv{jaini yj ygmv snu~nvy wmyg ygn lj``jwmao8

Indeaiv jl v~fg e aey~sn esn ~v~e``} èmi cnljsn e fjau~nsni vyeyn js v~fg ea e``mni vyeyn wgmfg mv maaj {jvmymja yj inlnai wmyg myv jwa dneav fnsyema {esyv jl myv ynssmyjs}! M ij ajy cn`mn|n ygn Vj|mnyâmja fj~ì cn maf`~ini edjao v~fg vyeynv559

Ygmv eavwns wev eaymfm{eyni c} ygn dm`myes} csevv eai my wev onanse``} snoesini ev vjdnygmao ajy ynssmc`} md{jsyeay55>c} vnamjs{j`mf} {èaansv ev wn`` ev c} ygn Vyeyn In{esydnay! 'Oe``mffgmj 5==5 [! 7OE@@MFFGMJ Desf8 Ygn B~sm`nv Fjaysj|nsv}8 ^!V! Im{`jdef} ma ygn Vj|mny$He{ea Cjsins Imv{~yn 5=95$5=>


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Inv{myn Ys~deav jchnfymjav Vye`ma {snvvni gesi mayj ygn B~sm`v ja ygn 57 yg jl E~o~vy! Ygn evve~`y cnoea ey Vgmd~vg~ Mvèai`jfeyni ey ygn ajsygnsa nai jl ygn fgema! Inv{myn v~llnsmao esj~ai 3;;; fev~e`ymnv wgm`n eyynd{ymao yj vnf~sn e cnefggnei ygnSni Esd} wsnvyni fjaysj` jl ygn mvèai lsjd ygn He{eanvn c} ygn 35vy jl E~o~vy eai ygn sndemains jl ygn esfgm{nèoj ln`` c} ygn9yg jl Vn{yndcns! '[nssev 5==? [! 7=- H~vy ywj ie}v nes`mns He{ea gei vmoani ygn Mavys~dnay jl V~ssnains ygn ljsde` fe{my~èymjajl ygn Nd{msn jl He{ea yj ygn E``mni [jwnsv ecjesi ygn ^VV Dmvvj~sm! C} ygn 3; yg Djvfjw gei ~amèynse``} infèsni ygey e`` ygnB~sm`v maf`~imao ygn Gecjdemv eai Vgmbjyea wnsn ajw Vj|mny ynssmyjs}!533 C} 5=9? ygn Vj|mny fjavymy~ymja gei cnna ednaini yjmaf`~in ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv ev ea maynose` fjd{janay jl ygn S~vvmea Vj|mny Lninseyni Vjfme`mvy Sn{~c`mf! 536 Ev les ev ygn âmyniVyeynv wev fjafnsani ygn Vj|mny jff~{eymja 'eai eaaneymja- jl ygn B~sm`v wev ajy mddnimeyn`} dj~sani ev e yefymfe` js mainni

n|na e {j`mymfe` `jvv! Ljs d~fg jl ygn [efmlmf _es ^!V! dm`myes} maynsnvy ma ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv sndemani `~bnwesd inv{myn ygnmsjc|mj~v vyseynomf |e`~n ev ea nvvnayme` vyn{{mao$vyjan ljs e ajsygnsa e{{sjefg yj He{ea {sj{ns! [èaansv eai vyseynomvyv geievvmoani {smjsmy} yj ygn wes ma N~sj{n eai dea} ma vnamjs dm`myes} feisnv wnsn jl ygn j{mamja ygey yj ndcesb ja v~cvyeayme`j{nseymjav ma ygn ajsyg [efmlmf ygneysn wj~ì sn{snvnay e vnsmj~v dmve``jfeymja jl |e`~ec`n dm`myes} snvj~sfnv! '[nssev 5==? [! 7=l-MlOnsdea} wnsn yj sndema ~acneyna ygn nd{gevmv ja ygn Ajsyg [efmlmf de} ge|n fjd{n``ni e v~cvyeayme` inè} ma N~sj{n539e inè} ygey Csmyema ma {esymf~ès wev bnna ja e|jmimao! L~sygns vyseynomf j|nsvmogy jl ygn ajsyg [efmlmf wev ma imvesse}! Aj janjllmfns wev invmoaeyni ev ygn snomjav v~{sndn fjddeains eai ygn snv{javmcm`mymnv wnsn vgesni c} Eidmse` Fgnvyns Amdmyx eaiOnanse` Hjga In_myy! Inv{myn ygnms vbm`` eai {sjdmanafn ev dm`myes} `neinsv ygn {ems fj~ì ajy jllns e ~amlmni |mvmja ljs ygnajsyg [efmlmf ygneysn53> wgmfg ~aij~cyni`} `ni yj ygn deyyns jl ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv cnmao sn`noeyni yj ygn {nsm{gns}! N|na ma ygnmddnimeyn elynsdeyg jl ygn _es ygn âmyni Vyeynv wev djsn fjafnsani wmyg demayemamao fjaysj` j|ns He{eav ljsdns deaieynvma ygn fnayse` [efmlmf53536 Mcmi! [! 9=>539[NSSEV Oe`na Sjons8 _n ge|n j{nani ygn ijjs yj Yjb}j8 âmyni Vyeynv [èav yj Vnmxn ygn B~sm`n Mvèaiv 5=965=9> Ygn Hj~sae` jl Dm`myes} Gmvyjs} \j`!

E


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ajsygnsa vnev! Ygn ^VVS snfm{sjfeyni ma bmai! Vj|mny Ljsnmoa Dmamvyns \! D! Dj`jyj| fe``ni ljs ygn ajsde`mxeymja jl snèymjavwmyg He{ea ja ygn 53yg jl Vn{yndcns 5=>9! Effjsimao yj ea esymf`n {~c`mvgni ma [se|ie Djvfjwv ja`} {snfjaimymja wev ean{snvvmja jl wm``maoanvv lsjd ygn He{eanvn!59? My mv i~smao ygnvn anojymeymjav wgmfg cnoea ma 5=>> ma @jaija ygey lj~s mvèaivsny~sa cnfedn ygn fjsn {j`mf} jl ygn He{eanvn oj|nsadnay597 ygey nai~snv yj ygmv ie}!

Ey lmsvy ygn He{eanvn anojymeymao {jvmymja ey ygn javny jl ygn ye`bv ma 5=>>5=>< wev ygey Gecjdemv eai Vgmbjyea wnsn fèmdni~afjaimymjae``} eai ygey ygn gmvyjsmfe` fèmd yj ygn vj~ygnsa B~sm`v imi ajy ge|n yj cn dny ljs vnyy`ndnay yj cn snefgni!59=Fjd{esni yj He{eav djinsa vyeafn ja ygn mvv~n ygmv {jvmymja mv v~cvyeayme``} djsn mai~ònay jl ygn Vj|mny jff~{eymja jl

B~aevgmsm eai Nyjsjl~! Gjwn|ns fjal`mfymao effj~ayv jl ygnvn anojymeymjav ij nmvy ma ygn `mynsey~sn! Oe``mffgmj m``~vyseynv ygnvedn n{mvjin ev lj``jwv8

Ma nes`} 5=>> ev {esy jl ygmv anw e{{sjefg yj ygn Vj|mny âmja Ljsnmoa Dmamvyns Vgmondmyv~ Dedjs~~ainsyjjb yj fjaf`~in e {nefn ysney} wmyg Djvfjw ygey wj~ì sny~sa Nyjsjl~ B~aevgmsm Vgmbjyeaeai ygn Gecjdemv yj He{ea! E`ygj~og ygn He{eanvn oj|nsadnay invmsni ygn sny~sa jl e`` jl ygn B~sm`nvygn Ljsnmoa Dmamvys} ljf~vni myv eyynaymja ja ygn lj~s mvèaiv f`jvnvy yj He{ea! Ygn He{eanvn evvnsyniygnms fèmd yj ygn vj$fe``ni Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv ja ygn osj~aiv ygey He{eav vj|nsnmoay} j|ns Nyjsjl~eai B~aevgmsm gei ma|esmec`} cnna snfjoamxni c} S~vvme ma nes`mns anojymeymjav! Djsnj|ns ygn mvèaivgei e`we}v cnna eidmamvynsni ev {esy jl Gjbbemij! Yg~v ygn} wnsn ajy `noe``} fjavminsni B~sm`nMvèaiv eai ygnms imv{jvmymja fj~ì ajy ge|n cnna ellnfyni c} ygn ]e`ye eosnndnayv! Ev ljs ygnGecjdemv eai Vgmbjyea ygn He{eanvn eso~ni ygey ygnvn mvèaiv wnsn ajy n|na {esy jl ygn B~sm`nvfgema!5>;

Ma gmv effj~ay In\m`èlseafe jllnsv l~sygns mavmogyv wgmfg maimfeyn ygey He{eav ynssmyjsme` edcmymjav dmogy ge|n n|na vysnyfgnicn}jai ygn B~sm` Esfgm{nèoj8

Ygn He{eanvn vyseyno} ey ygn j~yvny ma @jaija wev yj vnnb ygn sny~sa jl e`` ynssmyjs} vnmxni c} ygn^VVS i~smao ygn wes maf`~imao ygn Vj~ygnsa Vebge`ma ygn naymsn B~sm`n Fgema eai Vgmbjyea Mvèaiveai ygn Gecjdem osj~{ jl mv`nyv ygey he{ea imi ajy fjavmins {esy jl ygn B~sm`n fgema! He{eav cjy yjd`man wev ygn sny~sa jl Vgmbjyea eai ygn Gecjdemv wmygj~y snfjoamymja jl Vj|mny vj|nsnmoay} j|ns ea}ynssmyjs} my sn`mau~mvgni ma ygn Vea Lseafmvfj [nefn Ysney}! Ygn Vj|mny vyseyno} wev yj vnnb ygn dm`myes}an~yse`mxeymja jl He{ea c~y ~`ymdeyn`} yj sny~sa Vgmbjyea eai ygn Gecjdemv ev {esy jl e yjye`vnyy`ndnay maf`~imao e {nefn ysney}!

Defb eai JGesnfjaynai ygey Yjb}jv indeaiv ljs ygn ajsygnsa B~sm`nv eai vj~ygnsa Vebge`ma wev `myy`n djsn ygea ea edcmyfèmd5>5 wgmfg ~`ymdeyn`} gei `myy`n md{efy ja ygn efy~e` y~saj~y jl ygn anojymeymjav! My mv `mbn`} ygey ygn imllnsmao effj~ayv jllnsniecj|n esn e`` |e`mi mayns{snyeymjav jl gmvyjsmfe` ijf~dnayv eai dndjseaie ygey ja`} e{{nes imllnsnay cnfe~vn ygn He{eanvnoj|nsadnay wev efy~e``} inn{`} im|mini5>3 ja ygn mvv~n! My mv e`vj f`nes ygey He{ea wev sno~ès`} snfnm|mao fj~avn` lsjd ygnâmyni Vyeynv i~smao ygn anojymeymjav wgmfg ~aij~cyni`} e`vj mal`~nafni ygn nynay eai deoamy~in jl ygnms ynssmyjsme` fèmdvi~smao ygn fj~svn jl ygnms imvf~vvmjav wmyg ygn Vj|mnyv!

Ygn 5=>>$>< ye`bv cnywnna He{ea eai S~vvme fedn ~ains f`jvn vfs~yma} lsjd ygn âmyni Vyeynv ljs e d~`ymy~in jl snevjav! Vgjsy`}elyns ygn vmoamao jl ygn Vea Lseafmvfj [nefn Ysney} I~``nv n{èmani i~smao e gnesmao cnljsn ygn ^V Vnaeyn ygey ygn eosnndnaysn{snvnayni ygn lmsvy ljsde` efy c} ygn âmyni Vyeynv wgmfg snfjoamxnv j~s yjye` lsnnijd lsjd ea} jc`moeymjav ygey vynd lsjd ]e`ye!5>6 Ygmv vyeyndnay snl`nfyni He{eav anw vyey~v ev e l~y~sn e``} jl ygn âmyni Vyeynv eai e`vj vny {snfninafn ljs ]e`ye yj cnimvsnoesini ev ygn lmae` j~y`man jl {jvywes ynssmyjsme` e{{jsymjadnay ev ygn ^VVS wj~ì èyns fèmd! Ma ys~yg ygn ^V wev e`vjonyymao ans|j~v ecj~y ygn osjwmao Vj|mny v{gnsn jl mal`~nafn! C} ygn ymdn jl ygn S~vvj$He{eanvn ye`bv ma ygn dmi$5=>;v Vj|mnydm`myes} fe{ecm`mymnv ma ygn ajsyg [efmlmf eai ygn Evmea ygneysn gei md{sj|ni yj v~fg e inosnn ygey ygnms {snvnafn ja ygn B~sm`Mvèaiv gei cnfjdn e fsnimc`n ygsney! E sn|nsve` ma ygn ^V dm`myes}v {j`mf} jl maimllnsnafn yjwesi ygn mvèaiv vyesyni ma 5=9?wgna {èaansv sne`mxni ygey ma ygn n|nay jl gjvym`mymnv S~vvmea v~cdesmanv Rfj~ìT v~son ~ainynfyni ygsj~og ygn vysemyv vn{eseymaoygn B~sm`nv eai seaon mayj ygn [efmlmf yj {sn} ja e``mni vgm{{mao èanv! 5>9 L~sygns Ednsmfea cevnv eai jygns dm`myes} mavye`èymjavma ajsygnsa He{ea wnsn wmygma nev} vysmbmao imvyeafn jl Vj|mny emslmnìv ja ygn mvèaiv! Jan ^V fjddeains mv ajyni yj ge|nsndesbni ygey RVj|mny emsfselyT esn vj f`jvn wn fea vnn ygnms {èanv ja ygn emsvysm{v lsjd ygn ems j|ns He{ea! 5>> Ygn âmyni Vyeynv wev l~sygns ysj~c`ni c} ygn imsnfymja jl ijdnvymf {j`mymfv ma He{ea ey ygn ymdn! [esymf~ès`} imvysnvvmao ma ygmv snoesi wev e{nsfnm|ni ysnai yjwesi an~yse`mvd5>5DEFB Eaisnw eai JGESN Desyma8 Djvfjw$Yjb}j eai ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv Imv{~yn!Evmea V~s|n} \j`! 6; Aj! 9 'E{s! 5==;- [! 6795>3 Mcmi!5>6OE@@MFFGMJ Desf8 Ygn B~sm`nv Fjaysj|nsv}8 ^!V! Im{`jdef} ma ygn Vj|mny$He{ea Cjsins Imv{~yn 5=95$5=>


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inlnavn ljsfnv!5>?V{nfme` Na|j} I~``nv èyns fèmdni ygey gn wev ynssmc`} imve{{jmayni ey ygn we} ygmaov ge|n cnna ojmao maHe{ea! Ygnsn gev ajy cnna ea} sncmsyg ma djse` vysnaoyg ev ma ygn |evn jl Onsdea}! 5>7 I~``nv wev e`vj c~sinani c} fjafnsavjl wgey e sny~sa jl ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv yj He{ea dmogy dnea ljs Ednsmfea ynssmyjsme` maynsnvyv ma ygn snomja! Ev ygn Fjì _es ma ygnEvme$[efmlmf maynavmlmni ^V jff~{mni Jbmaewe wev cnfjdmao ea mafsnevmao`} |e`~ec`n evvny! Mainni I~``nv gmdvn`l mv bajwa yjge|n fèmdni ygey ygn S}~b}~v RJbmaeweT wnsn djsn |e`~ec`n yj ygn âmyni Vyeynv ygea ygn B~sm`nv wnsn yj ygn Vj|mny âmja!5>=Ygmv fmsf~dvyeafn wev dein n|na djsn {sjc`ndeymf c} ygn sne`mxeymja ygey ygn ^V imi ajy ge|n e vysjao cevmv ljs myv snynaymj a jlJbmaewe5 Vj|mny Edcevveijs Hefjc De`mb ma ea nlljsy yj snefg eai nai~smao vnyy`ndnay gei jllnsni He{ea ygn sny~sajl ygn Gecjdemv eai Vgmbjyea ml He{ea wj~ì eosnn yj bnn{ ygn mvèaiv indm`myesmxni eai f`jvni yj ljsnmoa vgm{v! 5 , Oe``mffgmj 5==5 [! =


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ynssmyjsme` mvv~n sndemani ~asnvj`|ni Ednsmfev {jvvnvvmja jl Jbmaewe wev ~a{snfninayni eai ygnsnljsn djsn imllmf~`y yjfjaynvy! E fjalminayme` {j`` fjai~fyni c} ygn Vyeyn In{esydnay gei vgjwa ygey {~c`mf j{mamja ma He{ea wev j{{jvni yj ^Vdm`myes} cevnv ma ygn fj~ays} eai vnamjs jllmfme`v v~fg ev [smdn Dmamvyns Geyj}ede n|na {~c`mf`} fsmymfmxni ygn ^V ma ygmv snoesi!'Oe``mffgmj 5==5 [! =7- E`ygj~og ygn âmyni Vyeynv mavmvyni ygey my snfjoamxni He{eav snvmi~e` vj|nsnmoay}5?5 j|ns Jbmaewe eaigei {sjdmvni yj geai cefb ygn mvèai jafn my wev aj `jaons annini ljs hjmay Ednsmfea $He{eanvn inlnavn5?3 ygnms gjì ja ygnmvèai wev yna~j~v eai ~`ymdeyn`} gmaoni ja ygn j~yfjdn jl ygn anojymeymjav ma @jaija! _gey I~``nv wj~ì èyns sne`mxn mv ygeyygn He{eanvn gei efy~e``}}ny vnn wgey gn gei e`snei} fjdn yj snoesi ev ygn nvvnayme` ys~yg8 5?6 ea}RfTjd{sjdmvn vj`~ymjav yjygn ynssmyjsme` mvv~n wj~ì ja`} ma|myn yj~ogns indeaiv lsjd S~vvme eai `nei yj l~sygns fjafnvvmjav!5?9

^V oseai vyseyno} ey ygn cnomaamao jl ygn Fjì _es wmyg snoesi yj He{ea wev {smdesm`} yj {sn|nay se{{sjfgndnay wmyg ygnfjdd~amvy c`jf5?> eai yj isew gns f`jvns ev ea e``}! Fjavnu~nay`} ea} vnyy`ndnay wmyg ygn Vj|mny âmja j|ns ygn B~sm` Mvèaivwj~ì ygnsnljsn fjavymy~yn e ij~c`n$c`jw yj ^V maynsnvyv! E ynssmyjsme` fjafnvvmja 'wgnsnc} S~vvme wj~ì bnn{ jan js ywj jl ygnjff~{mni mvèaiv- wj~ì nynai ygn Vj|mny v{gnsn jl mal`~nafn eai e`vj {sj|min ygn ^VVS e v~cvyeayme` vyseynomf eai dm`myes}ei|eayeon ma ygn snomja! C~y n|na ea eosnndnay ygey wj~ì vnn e`` jl ygn mvèaiv sny~sani yj He{ea fj~ì vym`` cn inysmdnaye` yj ^Vmaynsnvyv! My dmogy nafj~seon He{eanvn an~yse`my} js n|na wnebna ygn {sn|mj~v`} nvyec`mvgni ^V$He{eanvn Vnf~smy} Eosnndnay!Eiimymjae``} ea} ajsde`mxeymja jl S~vvj$He{eanvn snèymjav wj~ì e`vj ge|n sedmlmfeymjav ljs ygn osneyns Evme$[efmlmf snomja8

Fjaf`~vmja jl e {nefn ysney} wj~ì {~y ja ygn eonaie ygn u~nvymja jl ajsde`mxmao snèymjav cnywnnaHe{ea eai fjdd~amvy Fgmae! Ygey yjj wev ~aeffn{yec`n yj ygn âmyni Vyeynv2 Fgmaev mayns|naymja maygn Bjsnea _es gei dein my e {smdn yesony ljs ^!V! fjayemadnay vyseyno}! Ma Vn{yndcns 5=>9 ygn }nescnljsn ygn He{eanvn$Vj|mny {nefn anojymeymjav cnoea ygn fsmvmv j|ns ygn Yemwea$fjaysj``ni Fgmanvnjllvgjsn mvèaiv jl U~ndj} eai Deyv~ gei ns~{yni! I~``nv indesfgnj|ns Jbmaewe wev invmoani yj{sn|nay ea} Vj|mny$He{eanvn se{{sjfgndnayaj deyyns wgmfg mvèai ynssmyjsmnv wnsn ma|j`|ni! Ygn lj~s

mvèaiv fèmd wev e wnion, vny ma {èfn cnfe~vn jl ygn fjì wes!5?;6573 Mcmi!576IN\M@@ELSEAFE Smfgesi8 He{ea eai ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv Imv{~yn8 [evy [snvnay eai L~y~sn Evmea V~s|n} \j`! 66 Aj! 57> Mcmi!


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5?

M\! Imvf~vvmja Eae`}vmv , Snfjddnaieymjav

Vmafn ygn jllmfme` lem`~sn jl ygn Hjmay Infèseymja ma 5= wev e imsnfy |mjèymja jl ygn an~yse`my} {efy fjaf`~ini cnywnna He{ea eai ygn^VVS ma 5=95! L~sygns He{ea e`vj {jmayv j~y ygey wgey ygn} fèmd ev ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv gev ev e deyyns jl lefy e`we}v cnna

~ains ygn vj|nsnmoa fjaysj` jl He{ea! Ygmv eso~dnay ojnv cefb yj ygn lmsvy ysneymnv vmoani cnywnna He{ea eai S~vvme ma 57>> eai57?> wgmfg f`nes`} invmoaeyn ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv ev {esy jl He{ea {sj{ns! Ygnsnljsn cnfe~vn ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv ge|ne`we}v cnna vj|nsnmoa He{eanvn ynssmyjs}57?ygn} feaajy cn maf`~ini ev ynssmyjsmnv yebna c} |mj`nafn js osnni ev vny j~y ma ygn5=96 Femsj Infèseymja!577Djsn md{jsyeay`} ygn Femsj Infèseymja e`vj vyeyni ygey ygn ygsnn osney E``mnv fj|ny aj oema ljsygndvn`|nv eai ge|n aj ygj~ogy jl ynssmyjsme` n{eavmja! Ygmv vyeyndnay wj~ì e{{esnay `} {snf`~in ygn eaaneymja jl ea} {esy jlHe{ea eai ml mainni cmaimao vgj~ì jc`moeyn ygn {sjd{y sny~sa jl ea} ynssmyjsmnv jff~{mni ma ygn fj~svn jl dm`myes} fjau~nvy!'Defb eai JGesn 5==; [! 676- Fjafnsamao ygn v~cvnu~nay ]e`ye eosnndnay 'wgmfg {sjdmvni ygn ^VVS ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv manfgeaon ljs {esymfm{eymja ma ygn {efmlmf wes- He{ea fjaynaiv ygey my wev e vyeyndnay jl jchnfym|nv ajy ea maynsaeymjaeèosnndnay2 ea}we} He{ea wev ajy e {esy} yj my!57= Effjsimao yj ygn He{eanvn mayns{snyeymja ]e`ye vmd{`} sn{snvnayv {jvvmc`nl~y~sn {j`mf} ma snv{nfy jl {jvywes esseaondnayv ma He{ea ReaiT my feaajy cn snoesini ma maynsaeymjae` èw ev ygn e~ygjsmyey m|nvyeyndnay jl lmae` E``mni |mnwv ja ygn ~`ymdeyn {jvvnvvmja jl ygn ynssmyjsmnv!5=; Ma eiimymja yj myv i~cmj~v |e`mimy} anmygns ygn ]e`yeEosnndnay ajs ygn Vea Lseafmvfj [nefn Ysney} efy~e``} inlmanv ygn onjose{gmf in`mdmyeymjav jl ygn ynsd B~sm` Mvèaiv! Ygn[jyvied [sjfèdeymja wgmfg He{ea effn{yni ja ygn 59 ygjl E~o~vy 5=9> snei ygey ygn ynsdv jl ygn Femsj Infèseymja vge`` cnfessmni j~y eai He{eanvn vj|nsnmoay} vge`` cn `mdmyni yj ygn mvèaiv jl Gjavg~ Gjbbemij B}~vg~ Vgmbjb~ eai v~fg dmajs

mvèaiv ev wn inynsdman! Aj dnaymja wev dein jl ygn ]e`ye Eosnndnay wgmfg ey ygn ymdn wev vym`` bn{y vnfs ny! Gjwn|ns ~a`mbn]e`ye eai [jyvied He{ea wev {esy} yj ygn Vea Lseafmvfj effjsi wgmfg v{nfmlmni ygn sna~afmeymja jl e`` smogy ymy`n eai fèmd yjygn B~sm`n Mvèaiv!5=5 Mainni my mv e inceyec`n u~nvymja5=3 wgnygns ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv ev inlmani c} Vea Lseafmvfj efy~e``}maf`~ini ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv ev ygn ynsd mv mayns{snyni c} He{ea! Gjwn|ns ygmv mv ajy dnsn`} e `jj{gj`n fe~vni c} |eo~nwjsimao! Mavynei ygnsn mv snevja yj cn`mn|n ygey He{eav mayns{snyeymja jl ygn {gsevn B~sm` Mvèaiv dmogy ge|n i mllnsni vjdnwgeylsjd gjw my wev fjddja`} ~ainsvyjji ma ygn wnvy!

Ma He{ea ygn {gsevn B~sm` Mvèaiv wev fjddja`} ~vni yj invmoaeyn ygn mvèaiv ajsygjl Nyjsjl~! C~ywgm`n ygmv wev fjddja {esèafn my wev ajy ~am|nsve`! Ma ygn anojymeymja jl ygn Vea Lseafmvfj Ysney} He{eanvn [smdn Dmamvyns Vgmons~ ]jvgmie vj~ogy yj maf`~in e {sj|mvmja ljs e èyns anojymeymja yjnvyec`mvg wgmfgmvèaiv He{ea wj~ì om|n ~{2 c~y ^!V! V{nfme` Na|j} Hjga Ljvyns I~``nv {sn|em`ni ~{jagmd ajy yj mavmvy ~{ja ygmv ja osj~aiv ygey my wj~ì inè} fjd{`mfeyn eai {jvvmc`} {sn|nay ygnfjaf`~vmja jl e {nefn ysney}! Jan dmogy eso~n ygey ]jvgmiev fjd{`meafn fjavymy~yni e sn`mau~mvgdnayjl He{eav ymy`n yj ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv! C~y n|na ml ygmv wnsn ]jvgmiev maynaymja 'js ygn md{`mfeymjajl gmv efymja- He{ea fjayma~nv yj fèmd ygey ev e aja$vmoaeyjs} ygn Vj|mny âmja feaajy smogyl~``} cn

vemi yj ge|n oemani ymy`n yj ygn imv{~yni mvèaiv ma ygn Vea Lseafmvfj Ysney}!5=6 Ygey ygn ^VVS an|ns vmoani ygn Vea Lseafmvfj {efy mv e l~sygns eso~dnay ygn He{eanvn fèmd ma ygnms le|js! Ea} ynssmyjsme`fjafnvvmja ygey dmogy ge|n snv~`yni lsjd ygmv eosnndnay `jomfe``} feaajy e{{`} yj vyeynv ygey imi ajy {esymfm{eyn ma ygnanojymeymjavjs ev ma ygn fevn jl ygn ^VVS efym|n`} cj}fjyyni ygnd! He{ea e`vj inamnv ygey ygn ynssmyjsmnv wnsn yseavlnssni yjygn Vj|mny âmja c} ygn e``mni {jwnsv ev wes sn{eseymjav js vnyy`ndnayv ma snfjoamymja jl ygn Vj|mny âmjav {esymfm{eymja ma ygn[efmlmf _es eoemavy He{ea!5=9 Ea} v~fg vnyy`ndnay wj~ì cn

leslnyfgni cnfe~vn ygn Vj|mny âmja {esymfm{eyni ma ygn wes eoemavy He{ea ja`} ey myv f`jvmao vyeoney wgmfg ymdn E``mni |mfyjs} wev e`snei} fnsyema eai lj~ogy ja`} vn|nse` ie}v Rvm ie}v yj cn nefy m!n!lsjd E~o~vy =5> 5=9>T! Vj ygn Vj|mny âmja ~a`mbn ygn ^!V! eai Osney Csmyema fj~ì ajy h~vyml} e{jvmymja yj {~amvg He{ea ljs ygn wes js indeai fjd{naveymja ljs myv vefsmlmfnv ma ygn [efmlmf _es!

Gjwn|ns @ewsnafn Ahjsjon {jmayv j~y ygey ygn nynay jl He{eav ma|j`|ndnay ma ygn [efmlmf _es mv jl `myy `n fjavnu~nafn! _geydeyynsv mv ygey ygn Vj|mny âmja wev e``mni wmyg ygn ljsfnv wgmfg gei wja ygn wes eai fj~ì ygnsnljsn `nomymdeyn`} nysefyfjafnvvmjav lsjd He{ea! Ahjsjon ojnv ja yj fsmymfmxnHe{eav geai`mao jl ygn deyyns ev lj``jwv8

Snl`nfymao ja He{eav j|nse`` {jvmymja jan mv vys~fb c} vjdn dnev~sn jl mafjavmvynaf} ml ajyman{ymy~in ja ygn geai`mao jl ygn mvv~n! Yjb}jv {jvmymja vnndv yj ge|n cnna fgesefynsmxni c} e inosnn

57 'De} 5=7>- [! >;55=5BMD^SE Deveyj , _N@FG Ie|mi E!8 V{nfml}mao Maynsnvyv8 He{eav Fèmd yj ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv eai Myv Md{`mfeymjav ljs Maynsaeymjae` Snèymjav

Ygnjs} Maynsaeymjae` Vy~imnv U~esyns`} \j`! 93 Aj! 3 'H~a! 5==7- [! 36;5=3 Mcmi!5=6BMD^SE Deveyj , _N@FG Ie|mi E!8 V{nfml}mao Maynsnvyv8 He{eav Fèmd yj ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv eai Myv Md{`mfeymjav ljs Maynsaeymjae` Snèymjav

Ygnjs} Maynsaeymjae` Vy~imnv U~esyns`} \j`! 93 Aj! 3 'H~a! 5==7- [! 36;5=9AHJSJON, @ewsnafn D!8 Ygn He{ea$Vj|mny âmja Ynssmyjsme` Imv{~yn8 Ea E{{semve` Evmea V~s|n} \j`! 3> Aj! > 'De} 5=7>- [! >;9


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jl l`~fy~eymja! ]jvgmie fjafnini cnljsn ygn Imny ma 5=>5 ygey ygn B~sm`nv om|na ~{ imi maf`~in Nyjsjl~eai B~aevgmsm! Vym`` He{eav {jvmymja vgmlyni i~smao ygn 5=>< anojymeymjav eai e cesoema wev e`djvyvys~fb ywmfn ja e vnyy`ndnay ygey maf`~ini ygn Gecjdemv eai Vgmbjyea ev He{eanvn ynssmyjs}! Djsnj|nseffjsimao yj Djvfjw ljsdns [smdn Dmamvyns V~x~bm Xnabj ev dmamvyns jl eosmf~`y~sn eai ljsnvys}vmoani ea eosnndnay wmyg ygn Vj|mny âmja ja lmvgmao ma ygn ajsygwnvy [efmlmf wgmfg nayem`ni esnfjoamymja jl Vj|mny vj|nsnmoay} j|ns ygn ynssmyjsmnv!5=>

Ahjsjon mv ajy e`jan ma gmv j{mamja! _n`fg eai Bmd~se e`vj sndesb ygey om|na ygn Vj|mny âmjav f`nes`} j{{jsy~amvymfinfèseymja jl wes ma 5=9> my wj~ì vnnd may~mym|n yj n{nfy He{ea yj lnn` e vysjao fèmd yj ygn vyey~v u~j eayn cn``~d!5=5'>- Ygn Dndjseai~d jl ygn V~{sndn Fjddeains jl ygn E``mni [jwnsv 'VFE[MA Aj!


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nf`~vm|n nfjajdmf xjan js NNX! Ygmv esne fjavmvyv jl sj~og`} 5= Ev ljs ygnmvèaiv vyseynomf md{jsyeafn ygmv gev onanse``} cnna jl osneyns fjafnsa ljs S~vvme! Ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv wnsn mainni e |e`~ec`nvyseynomf evvny yj ygn Vj|mny âmja ma ygn 5=?;v eai 5=7;v! I~smao ygmv {nsmji ma ymdn ygn Cesnayv Vne eai ygn Vne jl Jbgjyvbvns|ni ev ywj cevymjav {sjynfymao Vj|mny v~cdesman $è~afgni ce``mvymf dmvvm`n 'V@CD- v~cdesmanv lsjd Ednsmfea eaymv~cdesmanweslesn 'EV_- j{nseymjav yg~v gn`{mao yj o~eseaynn Vj|mny vnfjai$vysmbn a~f`nes fe{ecm`my}!3;< Gjwn|ns wmyg ygn `jjdmao ygsneyjl ygn Fjì _es ajw ojan ygn anni ljs v~fg nageafni vysmbn fe{ecm`mymnv gev cnna isevymfe``} sni~fni! Cn}jai {sj|mimao eljswesi o~esi ljs ygn vj|mny v~cdesman cevymjav ma \èim|jvyjb eai [nysj{e|`j|vb gjwn|ns ygn Mvèaiv esn jl snèym|n`} `mdmyni

vyseynomf ~vn! _n`fg eai Bmd~se {sjfnni yj n{èma8Ygn Vj|mnyv eso~dnayv ecj~y ygn vyseynomf md{jsyeafn jl ygn mvèaiv wnsn inlmfmnay ja `jomfe` eaind{msmfe` osj~aiv! Ygn mvèaiv esn imllmf~`y yj v~{{`}2 ygnsn dm`myes} malsevys~fy~sn wev eai sndemav`mdmyni2 eai ma wesymdn ygn mvèaiv emslmnìv eai fjdd~amfeymjav lefm`mymnv wj~ì ge|n cnna ne v} yjmaynsimfy eai imllmf~`y yj sn{ems! Ygn mvèaiv wj~ì ygnsnljsn ge|n eiini `myy`n yj ygn Vj|mnyv inlnavm|n{nsmdnyns ey {snfmvn`} ygn djdnay wgna my wj~ì ge|n deyynsni!

Ygnsnljsn fjdceyymao Ednsmfea EV_ j{nseymjav lsjd ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv wj~ì ajy ge|n dein d~fg jl e imllnsnafn j|nse``!N|na ml e ljjygjì ja ygn mvèaiv wj~ì e``jw ygn Vj|mnyv yj invysj} jan js ywj djsn Vj|mny v~cdesmanv ma wesymdn ygea my dmogyge|n cnna ec`n yj ij jygnswmvn ygmv wj~ì ajy ge|n vmoamlmfeay`} ~ainsdmani Vj|mny vnfjai$vysmbn fe{ecm`my} vmafn n|na janv~s|m|mao Vj|mny ce``mvymf dmvvm`n v~cdesman wj~ì ge|n cnna einu~eyn yj in|evyeyn ygn Ednsmfea gjdnèai !3;?Ljs He{ea ygnmvèaiv wj~ì ge|n eiini ajygmao yj nmvymao lefm`mymnv ma Gjbbemij ljs v~s|nm`èafn eai {nsmdnyns inlnavn js ev e v{smaocjesi ljsed{gmcmj~v j{nseymjav eoemavy Vebge`ma ajy `nevy cnfe~vn ygn} esn lesygns lsjd ygn Vj|mny demaèai ygea mv d~fg jlGjbbemij!3;7

Ma lefy cjyg fj~aysmnv ge|n {emi e v~cvyeayme` j{{jsy~amy} fjvy cnfe~vn ygn imv{~yn gev sndemani ~asnvj`|ni! He{ea gev jlynaysmni yj semvn ygn ynssmyjsme` mvv~n ey dnnymaov wmyg Vj|mny âmja ja`} yj gnes ygn jì isnes} snlsema ygey ygn ynssmyjsme` {sjc`nd geve`snei} cnna vnyy`ni!3;= Ls~vyseymja cnfe~vn snv~`ymao lsjd myv im{`jdeymf man{ymy~in gev `nei He{ea yj in|n`j{ e vyseyno} jl{j{~èsmxmao ygn imv{~yn ev ea ndjymjae` mvv~n edjao myv {nj{`n! 35; Ev jl Hea~es} Aj! > 'De} 5=7>- [! >;>35; Mcmi! [! >;; [! >;?- Djvfjw snoesiv ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv ev e snvysmfyni cjsins esne eai dj|ndnay cnywnnaGjbbemij eai ygn mvèaiv mv gne|m`} sno~èyni! Ygnsn esn vym`` 7;;; nm`nv lsjd ygn B~sm`v f~ssnay`} `m|mao ma He{ea eai ygn} d~vy~ainsoj e smojsj~v e{{`mfeymja eai eidmvvmja {sjfni~sn ml ygn} wmvg yj sn|mvmy ygnms gjdnèai! Dea} dm``mjav esn v{nay c} ygnHe{eanvn oj|nsadnay yj bnn{ ygn mvv~n e`m|n eai wmyg ygn fjdd~amy} jl nm`nv eonmao Yjb}j mv cnfjdmao djsn maynay ygea n|nsja lmaimao e vj`~ymja! Ygsj~ogj~y Gjbbemij ygnsn esn d~vn~dv eai cm``cjesiv inimfeyni yj ygn ynssmyjsme` imv{~yn wgmfg {snvnay

He{eav ecvj`~yn smogy yj ygn mvèaiv! Ev ljs ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv ygndvn`|nv ygnsn mv snèym|n`} `myy`n ysefn jl ygn mvèaiv{sn|mj~v magecmyeayv! Ygmv mv cnfe~vn wgna Vye`ma fe{y~sni ygn esfgm{nèoj dea} infeinv eoj gn jsinsni n|ns} |m`èon ja myinvysj}ni! Eai }ny dea} yjwav ja B~aevgmsm eai Nyjsjl~ ij e{{nes yj ge|n {sjosnvvni {evy ygn 5=>;v! Djvy sjeiv sndema~a{e|ni2 e{esydnayv esn jlyna `nly wmygj~y gney eai nd{`j}dnay fea onanse``} cn lj~ai ja`} ma ygn djvy {jjs`} {emi `manv jlwjsb v~fg ev ygn lmvg {sjfnvvmao mai~vys}! Ygn f~ssnay vyeyn jl nfjajdmf infsn{my~in mv èson`} ygn snv~`y jl ygn ajanmvynay yseinsnèymjavgm{ cnywnna ygn ywj fj~aysmnv! @efb jl snèymjav wmyg He{ea sjcv ygn mvèaiv jl |mye` ysein eai yj~smvd ygey fj~ìjygnswmvn fjaysmc~yn yj e cnyyns u~e`my} jl `mln ljs ygn mvèaiv snvminayv! Ljs ygn {nj{`n `m|mao ja ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv eai ljs ljsdnssnvminayv ajw nm`ni yj He{ea wgj wmvg yj sny~sa gjdn ygn ynssmyjsme` imv{~yn mv ajy h~vy ea ecvysefy nnsfmvn ma ljsnmoa {j`mf}ygmabmao c~y e lmsd md{nimdnay yj ygn `mln ygn} dmogy jygnswmvn wmvg yj `m|n!

Ey `jao èvy my vnndv lmy yj v{nf~èyn ja gjw ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv `noef} dmogy ~`ymdeyn`} lmamvg! Ma gmv {e{ns @ewsnafn Ahjsjon{sj|minv ea} nge~vym|n `mvy jl g}{jygnymfe` snvj`~ymjav yj ygn fjal`mfy! _n wm`` `mvy nefg jan gnsn e`jao wmyg vjdn eiimymjae`fjddnayv eai l~sygns eae`}vmv!

5- Ygmv imv{~yn de} cn snvj`|ni ma ygn n|nay ygey Djvfjw infminv jl myv jwa |j`mym ja yj om|n ~{ ygn mvèaiv yjHe{ea!35>E snvj`~ymja e`jao ygnvn `manv e`ygj~og ~a`mbn`} wj~ì cn jan jl ygn djvy le|jsec`n j~yfjdnv ljs Yjb}j!Lsjd ygn S~vvmea {nsv{nfym|n my mv md{nseym|n ygey ea} v~fg onvy~sn cn f`nes`} snfjoamxni c} ygn maynsaeymjae` fjdd~amy}ev ea efy jl fgesmy}35< yjwesi He{ea! Ml S~vvme mv vnna yj cn fnimao yj He{eanvn indeaiv n|na ja e vysmfy`} u~mi {sj u~jcevmv ygmv fj~ì j{na ~{ ygn ijjs yj e seaon jl ynssmyjsme` fèmdv ja osj~aiv ygey vysnyfg efsjvv ygn v{nfys~d lsjd ygn{j`mymfe` yj ygn onj`jomfe`! 'Ahjsjon 5=7> [! >;=- [jvvmc`n èai fèmdv fj~ì esmvn lsjd Lmaèai [jèai Sjdeame Fgmaeeai n|na Onsdea}! Ml v~fg fgesmyec`n geaij|ns jl ygn mvèaiv wnsn yj jff~s my wj~ì snu~msn He{ea yj n{`mfmy`} eai~afjaimymjae``}snfjoamxn Djvfjwv ecvj`~yn vj|nsnmoay} j|ns ygn ynssmyjsmnv eai ygnsnc} effn{y ygnd ev e omly wmygwgeyn|ns md{`mfeymjav v~fg e omly de} nayem`!35? Ygmv mv anfnvves} ma jsins yj f`nes`} indjavyseyn cnljsn ygn maynsaeymjae`fjdd~amy} ygey ygn mvèaiv wnsn geaini j|ns ev ea efy jl Djvfjwv ojjiwm`` yjwesi He{ea! C} snfjoamxmao S~vvmevecvj`~yn vj|nsnmoay} j|ns ygn mvèaiv Yjb}j fj~ì `nomymdeyn`} evb ljs e`` lj~s mvèaiv mavynei jl ygn ywj f~ssnay`}jllnsni c} Djvfjw! Fjafnvvmjav dmogy ge|n yj dein wmyg snoesiv yj ygn NNX 'fnsyema`} S~vvmea effnvv yj ygn xjanwj~ì ge|n yj {snvns|ni ljs e a~dcns jl }nesv- c~y ygn mvèaiv wj~ì cn cefb ~ains He{eanvn fjaysj`!

3-

Ygn imv{~yn de} cn snvj`|ni ja ygn cevmv jl e wm``mao c~}ns * wm``mao vn``ns!357

Ev {ns ygn ecj|n ned{`n my mvmd{jsyeay ljs S~vvme ygey ea} ine` ijan ja ygmv cevmv cn snoesini ~admvyebec`} ev e c~vmanvv yseavefymja! Ea} `mab jssnèymjavgm{ yj {j`mymfv d~vy cn bn{y imvfsnyn eai ea} lefyjsv wgmfg dmogy debn ygn nfgeaon e{{nes yj cn e fjafnvvmjaanni yj cn dmymoeyni! Ygnsn esn fnsyema fjavminseymjav wgmfg dmogy debn S~vvme e{{sngnavm|n jl ygmv vj`~ymja gjwn|ns!Lmsvy eai ljsndjvy ma Djvfjwv fjavminseymja jl maynsaeymjae` {jwns sne`mymnv He{ea dmogy nai ~{ e``jwmao ygn mvèaivyj cn ~vni ljs ^!V! dm`myes} js dm`myes} snèyni {~s{jvnv!35= Ygmv cnfjdnv {esymf~ès`} {sjc`ndeymf wgna ygn f`jvn ^!V!$He{ea vnf~smy} snèymjavgm{ mv yebna mayj fjavminseymja! Ygn ^V gev e`vj |jmfni myv v~{{jsy ljs He{ea ma ygn imv{~yn wgmfgDjvfjw wm`` man|myec`} bnn{ ~ains fjavminseymja mssnv{nfym|n jl wgey my dmogy snfnm|n ma nfgeaon ljs ygn mvèaiv! N|na~ains ygn fjaynd{jses} f`mdeyn jl èson`} sni~fni ynavmjav cnywnna ygn S~vvmea Lninseymja eai ygn âmyni VyeynvDjvfjw wm`` ysnei `mogy`} ml my lnn`v ygey ynssmyjsme` snvymy~ymja wmyg He{ea dmogy hnj{esimxn myv vnf~smy}! L~sygns He{eavgj~ì yebn fjoamxeafn jl ygn lefy ygey yjj vysjao ea e``meafn wmyg e ygmsi fj~ays} nv{nfme``} ygn ^!V! js ygn [SF mv e`mecm`my} yj Vj|mny oje`v ev e o`jce` v~{ns{jwns!33; _gm`n ygmv {jmay dmogy ajy e{{`} yjie} ev my dmogy ge|n ma ygn 5=7;v esnv~sonay S~vvme mv vym`` `mbn`} yj yebn mayj effj~ay ea} vnf~smy} eosnndnayv He{ea dmogy ge|n wmyg jygns fj~aysmnv! Yje|jmi imv{`nevmao S~vvme ma ygmv snoesi my mv ei|mvec`n ygey He{eanvn ljsn moa {j`mf} vgj~ì j~y jl anfnvvmy} lj``jw vjdn

bmai jl dmii`n `man ma ygn v~{ns{jwns sm|e`s} aj deyyns gjw {sjc`ndeymf eai fjavysemani ygmv {eyg de} cn ev e snv~`y jlHe{eav v{nfme` snèymjavgm{ wmyg ygn ^!V!335

6- Ygn imv{~yn dmogy cn snvj`|ni ygsj~og ea efy jl wes ma wgmfg ygn Vj|mny âmja `jvy yj e f`jvn e``} jl He{ea,aedn`} ygn ^!V!333_myg ygn Fjì _es `jao j|ns ygmv snvj`~ymja mv gmog`} ~a`mbn`}! N|na ygn jsmomae` e~ygjs vym{~èynv

35>AHJSJON, @ewsnafn D!8 Ygn He{ea$Vj|mny âmja Ynssmyjsme` Imv{~yn8 Ea E{{semve` Evmea V~s|n} \j`! 3> Aj! > 'De} 5=7>- [! >;=35< Mcmi!35? Mcmi!357 Mcmi!35= Mcmi!33; Mcmi!335 Mcmi333 Mcmi!


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ygey ygn wgj`n ajymja jl ygn ^!V! ojmao yj wes yj efu~msn ygn ynssmyjsmnv ljs He{ea mv djsn ecvysefy ygea lnevmc`n! 336N|na i~smao ygn 5=7;v ygmv fj~ì ajy ge|n cnna lnevmc`n ljs He{ea i~n yj ygn devvm|n {jwns ev}ddnys} cnywnna ygnywj aeymjav! Mavynei my vnndv les djsn snevjaec`n yj v~oonvy ygey ygn mvèaiv dmogy ge|n cnna {èfni ~ains He{eanvnfjaysj` c} ygn âmyni Vyeynv ma ygn elynsdeyg jl e èsons fjalèoseymja wmyg ygn Vj|mny âmja! Om|na ygn mvèaivfjd{eseym|n`} vde`` vyseynomf |e`~n eai ygn imllmf~`y} jl demayemamao oessmvjav ygnsn my mv ~a`mbn`} ygey S~vvme wj~ì{smjsmymxn ygnd ma ygn n|nay jl e èsons esdni fjal`mfy! Ja ygn jygns geai my sndemav yj cn n{èmani wg} ygn ^V wj~ìgeai j|ns ygn mvèaiv yj e fj~ays} wmyg |msy~e``} ajanmvynay dm`myes} vysnaoyg! 339 V~fg e dj|n wj~ì {snnd{y ygnmsvyseynomf |e`~n eai ij `myy`n djsn ygea mafsnevn He{eanvn |~ànsecm`my}! Mavynei my mv les djsn `mbn`} ygn ^V wj~ì ge|n

bn{y ygn mvèaiv ljs dm`myes} seygns ygea fm|m`mea ~vn ma wgmfg fevn sndmvvmja yj He{ea wj~ì ge|n cnna `nly j~y jl ygn{mfy~sn ljs ygn ljsnvnnec`n l~y~sn!

9- Ygn imv{~yn dmogy cn snvj`|ni ml He{ea eceaijani myv fèmd yj jwamao ygn mvèaiv! 33> Ygmv j{ymja mv ~a`mbn`}{esymf~ès`} om|na ygn ndjymjae` eyymy~in jl ygn He{eanvn yjwesi ygn mvv~n! 33< Ma e imllnsnay effj~ay Bmd~se eai _n`fgei|eafn ygn mine ygey ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv èfbmao eai nfjajdmf js vyseynomf |e`~n d~vy ge|n vjdn bmai jl maysmavmf |e`~nyj ygn He{eanvn {nj{`n! Ygn} jllns ygn lj``jwmao c} dneav jl n{èaeymja8 E ~vnl~` {èfn yj cnoma mv wmyg ygn fjddnayvjl eae`}vyv eai jcvns|nsv ma ygn ajaefeindmf {snvv wgjvn {nsfn{ymjav esn ~ayemayni c} maynsaeymjae` snèymjav ygnjs}!Gnsn ygn djvy fjddja ygndn mv ygey wgm`n RyTgn mvèaiv esn jl `myy`n nfjajdmf js vyseynomf |e`~n yj He{eaan|nsygn`nvv ygnms sny~sa mv eai d~vy cn e {smjsmy} ljs He{eanvn {j`mf} cnfe~vn my mv e djse`md{nseym|n! _gna nècjseyniygn djse` eso~dnay fjddja`} e{{ne`v yj ygn mah~vymfn jl ygn Vj|mny jff~{eymja eai eaaneymja!33? C~y wgey fjaysmc~yni yjHe{eav djse` eso~dnay eai ygnms lnn`maov jl mah~vymfn ey ygn Vj|mny jff~{eymja: Bmd~se eai _n`fg snevja ygey ijdnvymf{j`mymfv dmogy cn ygn nvvnayme` lefyjs ma ys}mao yj ~ainsvyeai He{eanvn eyymy~in yjwesi ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv! Ygn

@I[ s~`ni He{ea ~amaynss~{yni`} ~aym` 5==6! Yg~v ygn @I[ fèmd wev ygn jllmfme` fèmd ljs ygmsy}$vn|na }nesv! Ywjonanseymjav jl fmymxnav eai jllmfme`v cnfedn vjfme`mxni {j`mymfe``} i~smao ygmv {nsmji eai ygn lj~s$mvèai ljsd~è osei~e``}fedn yj vge{neai yj ijdmaeyn{j{~ès eai n`myn n{nfyeymjav eai fjafn{ymjav jl naymy`ndnay! Vmafn 5==6 aja$@I[fje`mymja oj|nsadnayv ge|n demayemani ygn lj~s$mvèai fèmd ~ae`ynsni ajywmygvyeaimao ygn gmvyjsmfe` {èyljsdv jl ygnmsdndcns {esymnv!337 Inv{myn ygnvn mavmogyv my e`vj vns|nv yj evb wgnygns fgeaonv ma ijdnvymf {j`mymfv dmogy {sjd{y eanw eyymy~in yjwesi ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv! Ljs ned{`n ml ygn He{eanvn fj~ì cn {nsv~eini yj effn{y e ywj$mvèaifjd{sjdmvn ea n|nay~e` snvj`~ymja jl ygn imv{~yn wj~ì cn d~fg djsn `mbn`}! \èimdms [~yma gev infèsni gmv v~{{jsyljs e ywj mvèaiv {`~v e`{ge33= V~fg e ine` wj~ì vnn ygey He{ea snfnm|nv ygn ywj vde``nvy mvèaiv 'Gecjdemv eaiVgmbjyea- eai ma eiimymja e {jsymja jl ygn ywj èsons janv! 36; E`ynsaeym|n`} e [j`mf} Vy~i} Osj~{ gei e`snei}v~oonvyni ma 5=7; ygey ygn {jvvmcm`my} sndemav ljs He{ea y j vgn`|n ygn u~nvymja jl jwansvgm{ smogyv eai vnnbfjafnvvmjav lsjd ygn Vj|mnyv ja v~cvyeaym|n ~ym`mxeymja smogyv 'lmvgmao eai snvj~sfn in|n`j{dnay smogyv-!365 Gjwn|ns evgev e`snei} cnna imvf~vvni v~fg smogyv wj~ì ja`} desomae``} v~{{`ndnay ygn snvj~sfnv He{ea e`snei} gev ey geai eaimy mv ~a`mbn`} ygey ea} èvymao vnyy`ndnay fea cn dein ygey ijnv ajy eiisnvv ygn deyyns jl vj|nsnmoay}! ^`ymdeyn`} ygnAjsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv esn e deyyns jl maysmavmf |e`~n ljs He{ea vjdnygmao snèym|n seygns ygea ecvj`~yn! Ljs ygmv snevja

RyTgnsn mv aj u~nvymja jl He{ea mavmvymao ja djsn js vnyy`mao ljs `nvv! 363 S~vvme gev e`vj sndemani vyneilevy ma gnsfèmdv! Vgn d~vy ajy ja`} wnmogy l~sygns ynssmyjsme` fèmdv ygey fj~ì cn dein eoemavy gns ja ygn cevmv jl ea eosnndnayle|jsec`n yj ygn He{eanvn c~y ygnsn esn e`vj v~cvyeayme` ijdnvymf fjavminseymjav ygey anni yj cn bn{y ma dmai! Ma 5==3ygn oj|nsajs jl Vebge`ma Jcèvy \e`nayma Lninsj| ygsneynani ygey Djvfjwv sny~sa jl ygn mvèaiv yj He{ea fj~ìv{esb vnfnvvmja ma ygn S~vvmea Les Nevy!366 _gm`n my mv imllmf~`y yj h~ion ygn fsnimcm`my} jl v~fg e ygsney my mv ajanygn`nvvfnsyema ygey snvminayv eai aja$snvminayv e`mbn gescjs mafsnevmao vnaymdnayv jl {sj{smny} yjwesi ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv! Ma eijf~dnayes} mayns|mnw ygn de}js jl B~aevgmsm [e|n` Ojdm`n|vb} dein f`nes ygey gn wj~ì ajy fjavmins my cnfjdmaojl e ys~n S~vvmea oj|nsadnay yj om|n js vn`` Rea}T ynssmyjs}!369 _myg cjyg vminv yg~v inei`jfbni ygn {sjv{nfy jl e lmae`snvj`~ymja wmygma e snevjaec`n ymdn lsedn vnndv mafsnevmao`} sndjyn!

336 Mcmi! [! >5;339 Mcmi! [! >5;33> Mcmi! [! >5;33< Mcmi! [! >5;33?BMD^SE Deveyj , _N@FG Ie|mi E!8 V{nfml}mao Maynsnvyv8 He{eav Fèmd yj ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv eai Myv Md{`mfeymjav ljs Maynsaeymjae` Snèymjav

Ygnjs} Maynsaeymjae` Vy~imnv U~esyns`} \j`! 93 Aj! 3 'H~a! 5==7- [! 33?337BMD^SE Deveyj , _N@FG Ie|mi E!8 V{nfml}mao Maynsnvyv8 He{eav Fèmd yj ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv eai Myv Md{`mfeymjav ljs Maynsaeymjae` Snèymjav

Ygnjs} Maynsaeymjae` Vy~imnv U~esyns`} \j`! 93 Aj! 3 'H~a! 5==7- [! 36533= Fsneym|n Ygmabmao ja ygn B~sm`vEvme Ymdnv Ja`man Rgyy{8**www!eymdnv!fjd*eymdnv*He{ea*OI3;Ig;6!gyd`T '5>!; Aj! > 'De} 5=7>- [! >5;363BMD^SE Deveyj , _N@FG Ie|mi E!8 V{nfml}mao Maynsnvyv8 He{eav Fèmd yj ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv eai Myv Md{`mfeymjav ljs Maynsaeymjae` Snèymjav

Ygnjs} Maynsaeymjae` Vy~imnv U~esyns`} \j`! 93 Aj! 3 'H~a! 5==7- [! 365366 S~vvmea$He{eanvn Md{evvn eai mvy Md{`mfeymjav FSV Sn{jsy ljs Fjaosnvv Rgyy{8**www!lev!jso*dea*fsv*=6$653l!gydT '5>!;


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\! De{v , Ymdn`man

Ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv * Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv

Mdeon Fj{}smogy Oe``mffgmj 5==5

Ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv * Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv ma Osj~{v

Mdeon Fj{}smogy Ygn Maynsaeymjae` B~sm` Mvèai [sjhnfy 'MBM[-

Rgyy{8**www!wevgmaoyja!ni~*c~sbnd~vn~d*fj``nfymjav*mfgyg}j`jo}*jbgjyvbme*mbm{*Oe``ns}*c

evnde{!gydT '36!55!3;5;-


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\M! @mynsey~sn

M! IN\M@@ELSEAFE Smfgesi8 He{ea eai ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv Imv{~yn8 [evy [snvnay eai L~y~sn Evmea V~s|n} \j`!66 Aj! \M! GÎVJA Desb8 S~mav jl Minaymy}8 Nygajonanvmv ma ygn He{eanvn Mvèaiv! âm|nsvmy} jl Gewemm [snvv 5===

\MM! HEAVNA, Desm~v C!8 Ygn Fedcsmion Gmvyjs} jl He{ea \j`! > Ygn Amanynnayg Fnay~s}! Fedcsmion âm|nsvmy} [snvvAnw ]jsb A]! 5=7=

\MMM! BMD^SE Deveyj , _N@FG Ie|mi E!8 V{nfml}mao Maynsnvyv8 He{eav Fèmd yj ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv eai MyvMd{`mfeymjav ljs Maynsaeymjae` Snèymjav Ygnjs} Maynsaeymjae` Vy~imnv U~esyns`} \j`! 93 Aj! 3 'H~a! 5==7-

MW! @NAVNA Onjson E`neains8 Nes`} S~vvj$He{eanvn Snèymjav Ygn Les Nevynsa U~esyns`} \j`! 5; Aj! 5 'Aj|! 5=>;-W! DEFB Eaisnw eai JGESN Desyma8 Djvfjw$Yjb}j eai ygn Ajsygnsa Ynssmyjsmnv Imv{~yn! Evmea V~s|n} \j`! 6;

Aj! 9 'E{s! 5==;-WM! AHJSJON, @ewsnafn D!8 Ygn He{ea$Vj|mny âmja Ynssmyjsme` Imv{~yn8 Ea E{{semve` Evmea V~s|n} \j`! 3> Aj! >

'De} 5=7>-WMM! JGNAN H~imyg8 Ygn B~sm`n Mvèai Fjal`mfy! N~sj{nea âm|nsvmy} \meismeae 'Lseabl~sy 'Jins- 3;;9

WMMM! [NSSEV Oe`na Sjons8 _n ge|n j{nani ygn ijjs yj Yjb}j8 âmyni Vyeynv [èav yj Vnmxn ygn B~sm`n Mvèaiv 5=96 5=9> Ygn Hj~sae` jl Dm`myes} Gmvyjs} \j`! 8 Ysney} jl Vy! [nynsvc~soHe{ea fninv maynsnvy ma Vebge`ma ma nfgeaon ljs ygn naymsny} jl ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv! Ma ygmv ysney}, ygn/B~sm` Mvèaiv/ esn inlmani ev /maf`~imao eai ajsyg jl ^s~{!/

57;;v8 Ljsde`mxmao Snèymjav

5=;>8 Ygn [jsyvdj~yg Ysney} Ygn [jsyvdj~yg Ysney} mv vmoani ljsde``} naimao ygn lmsvy S~vvj$He{eanvn _es! Ygmv ysney} oseayniHe{ea v~cvyeayme` smogyv ma Deafg~sme e`jao wmyg fjaysj` jl Vebge`ma Mvèai vj~yg jl >; A! Ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv vye}ni ~ains He{eanvn

vj|nsnmoay} eai wnsn ajy dnaymjani ma ygn ysney}!5=958 He{ea eai S~vvme vmoa e lm|n }nes An~yse`my} [efy ma Djvfjw

5=968 Ygn Femsj Infèseymja Ygn Femsj Infèseymja mv dein, ma wgmfg ygn e``mnv eosnn ygey ygn} /fj|ny aj oema ljs ygndvn`|nv eaige|n aj ygj~ogy jl ynssmyjsme` n{eavmja!/

Lncs~es}, 5=9>8 Ygn ]e`ye Eosnndnay oseayv Vye`ma ygn B~sm` Mvèaiv ma nfgeaon ljs S~vvme/v {esymfm{eymja ma ygn [efmlmf _es

H~`}, 5=9>8 Ygn [jyvied [sjfèdeymja Ys~dea eai Vye`ma fjaf`~in ma [jyvied ygey ygn /ynsdv jl ygn Femsj Infèseymja vge`` cnfessmni j~y, eai He{eanvn vj|nsnmoay} vge`` cn `mdmyni yj ygn mvèaiv jl Gjavg~, Gjbbemij, B}~vg~, Vgmbjb~ eai v~fg dmajs mvèaiv

ev wn inynsdman!/

E~o~vy 7, 5=9>8 Vye`ma ecsjoeynv ygn An~yse`my} [efy eai infèsnv wes ja He{ea

E~o~vy 57, 5=9>8 S~vvmea ljsfnv {~vg mayj ygn B~sm`v

Vn{yndcns 3, 5=9>8 He{ea vmoav ygn Mavys~dnay jl V~ssnains

Vn{yndcns 7, 5=>58 Ygn Ysney} jl [nefn wmyg He{ea mv vmoani

5=>

russo-japanese relations in the north pacific: the kuril islands dispute / paper

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