s vocabulary reference voc app hay reglas para la formación de los verbos irregulares. hay que...
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S Vocabulary reference
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Starter unit
Food
beans (n) /biːnz/ judías
carrots (n) /ˈkærəts/ zanahorias
cheese (n) /tʃiːz/ queso
chicken (n) /ˈtʃɪkɪn/ pollo
chilli sauce (n) /ˈtʃɪli sɔːs/ salsa de chile
pepper (n) /ˈpepə(r)/ pimienta
salt (n) /sɒlt/ sal
sugar (n) /ˈʃʊɡə(r)/ azúcar
yoghurt (n) /ˈjɒɡət/ yogur
crunchy (adj) /ˈkrʌntʃi/ crujiente
healthy (adj) /ˈhelθi/ sano, saludable
spicy (adj) /ˈspaɪsi/ picante, especiado
sweet (adj) /swiːt/ dulce
tasty (adj) /ˈteɪsti/ sabroso
Learn it
lose (v) /luːz/ perder
miss (v) /mɪs/ echar de menos
Feelings and qualities
angry (adj) /ˈæŋgri/ enfadado
excited (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ ilusionado, alterado
funny (adj) /ˈfʌni/ gracioso
lonely (adj) /ˈləʊnli/ solo
nervous (adj) /ˈnɜːvəs/ nervioso
relaxed (adj) /rɪˈlækst/ relajado
surprised (adj) /səˈpraɪzd/ sorprendido
tired (adj) /ˈtaɪəd/ cansado
Holidays
book a hotel / hostel / B and B (v)
/ˌbʊk ə həʊˈtel / ˈhɒstl / biː ən ˈbiː/reservar un hotelbuy souvenirs (v) /ˌbaɪ ˌsuːvəˈnɪəz/comprar souvenirsexplore a new place (v) /ɪkˌsplɔːr ə njuː ˈpleɪs/ explorar un lugar nuevoget sunburned (v) /ˌɡet ˈsʌnbɜːnd/quemarse (al sol)go abroad on holiday (v) /ˌɡəʊ əˌbrɔːd ɒn ˈhɒlədeɪ/ir de vacaciones al extranjerohave an accident (v) /ˌhæv ən ˈæksɪdənt/tener/sufrir un accidentehire a car (v) /ˌhaɪər ə ˈkɑː(r)/alquilar un cochelose your suitcase / passport (v)
/ˌluːz jɔː ˈsuːtkeɪs / ˈpɑːspɔːt/ perder la maleta / el pasaportemeet new people (v) /ˌmiːt njuː ˈpiːpl/conocer gente nuevamiss a flight / bus / train (v)
/ˌmɪs ə ˈflaɪt / ˈbʌs / ˈtreɪn/perder un vuelo / el autobús / el trensend a postcard (v) /ˌsend ə ˈpəʊstkɑːd/mandar una postal
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Grammar referenceS
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Starter unit
Past simple
Afirmativa You watched TV.
Negativa She did not / didn’t watch TV.
Interrogativa Did you watch TV?
UsosUtilizamos el past simple si sabemos cuándo se completó una acción en el pasado. Did you see the film? We saw the film last night. Verbos irregularesNo hay reglas para la formación de los verbos irregulares. Hay que aprendérselos en la lista.
Present simple and present continuous
Present simple Present continuous
Afirmativa I sometimes eat spicy food.He sometimes eats spicy food.
I am learning Greek.She is learning Greek.
Negativa We don’t eat spicy food.She doesn’t eat spicy food.
We aren’t learning Greek.He isn’t learning Greek.
Interrogativa Do you often eat spicy food?Does he often eat spicy food?
Are you learning Greek?Is she learning Greek?
UsosEl present continuous describe acciones que se están desarrollando mientras hablamos. They’re shopping for clothes at the moment.También se utiliza para referirse al futuro inmediato. I’m having a coffee with my friend this afternoon.Utilizamos el present simple para hablar de acciones que se repiten y cosas que son, en general, ciertas. She reads her book every night.
Comparative and superlative adjectives
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
+ = −
Breve sweet sweeter as/so sweet as not as/so sweet as the sweetest
Largo interesting more interesting as/so interesting as not as/so interesting as the most interesting
Irregular good bad
betterworse
as/so good asas/so bad as
not as/so good asnot as/so bad as
the bestthe worst
UsosUtilizamos el comparativo + than para comparar dos o más cosas o personas diferentes. A melon is sweeter than an orange.Se utiliza as/so + adjetivo + as para comparar dos cosas o personas iguales. This melon is as/so sweet as the orange I had earlier.Empleamos el superlativo para comparar tres o más cosas o personas entre sí. Of the three dishes, the curry is the tastiest one.
1 Vocabulary reference
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 1 Time for change
Word builder: noun suffixes 1
arrive (v) /əˈraɪv/ llegar
arrival (n) /əˈraɪvl/ llegada
populate (v) /ˈpɒpjuleɪt/ poblar
population (n) /ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/ población, número de habitantes
protect (v) /prəˈtekt/ proteger
protection (n) /prəˈtekʃn/ protección
survive (v) /səˈvaɪv/ sobrevivir
survival (n) /səˈvaɪvl/ supervivencia
Learn it!
career /kəˈrɪə(r)/ trayectoria profesional
study for a degree /ˌstʌdi fər ə dɪˈɡriː/cursar un grado / una licenciatura
Functional language
Reacting to newsHow awful / surprising / exciting!
That’s fantastic / dreadful / understandable!
Oh dear! / no! / really?
What a pity / shame!
That sounds nice / terrible!
What is / was it like?
How do / did you feel?
What happened next?
Behaviour
acceptable (adj) /əkˈseptəbl/ aceptable
common (adj) /ˈkɒmən/ normal, habitual
direct (adj) /dəˈrekt, dɪ-, daɪ-/ directo
dishonest (adj) /dɪsˈɒnɪst/ mentiroso
easy-going (adj) /ˌiːziˈɡəʊɪŋ/ de trato fácil
fair (adj) /feə(r)/ justo
familiar (adj) /fəˈmɪliə(r)/ conocido
honest (adj) /ˈɒnɪst/ sincero
indirect (adj) /ˌɪndəˈrekt, -dɪ-, -daɪ-/ no directo
obligatory (adj) /əˈblɪɡətri/ obligatorio
rare (adj) /reə(r)/ poco común
strict (adj) /strɪkt/ estricto
unacceptable (adj) /ˌʌnəkˈseptəbl/ inaceptable
unfair (adj) /ˌʌnˈfeə(r)/ injusto
unfamiliar (adj) /ˌʌnfəˈmɪliə(r)/ desconocido
voluntary (adj) /ˈvɒləntri/ voluntario
Personal qualities
active (adj) /ˈæktɪv/ activo
adventurous (adj) /ədˈventʃərəs/ aventurero
ambitious (adj) /æmˈbɪʃəs/ ambicioso
artistic (adj) /ɑːˈtɪstɪk/ artístico
confident (adj) /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/ seguro de sí mismo
creative (adj) /kriˈeɪtɪv/ creativo
curious (adj) /ˈkjʊəriəs/ curioso
hard-working (adj) /ˌhɑːd ˈwɜːkɪŋ/ trabajador
logical (adj) /ˈlɒdʒɪkl/ lógico
mathematical (adj) /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkl/ matemático
organized (adj) /ˈɔːɡənaɪzd/ organizado
sociable (adj) /ˈsəʊʃəbl/ sociable
Growing up ceremonies
hunt (v) /hʌnt/ cazar
status (n) /ˈsteɪtəs/ estado
tattoo (n) /təˈtuː/ tatuaje
tribe (n) /traɪb/ tribu
warrior (n) /ˈwɒriə(r)/ guerrero, guerrera
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Grammar reference1
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 1 Time for change
Modals of obligation, prohibition and necessity: have to, must and need to
AfirmativaI / You / We / They have to / had to / need to / needed to / must read.He / She / It has / had to / needs / needed to read.
Negativa I / You / We / They don’t have to / didn’t have to / don’t need to / didn’t need to stay.He / She / It doesn’t have to / didn’t have to / doesn’t need to / didn’t need to / mustn’t stay.
Interrogativa Do / Did I / you / we / they have to / need to finish?Does / Did he / she / it have to / need to read?
Must tiene la misma forma para todos los pronombres sujeto. Se utiliza con el infinitivo del verbo sin to.
Usos• Have to y must se utilizan para describir una obligación o una norma.• Don’t have to se emplea para referirse a algo que no es obligatorio.• Lo contrario de must y have to es mustn’t, que describe una prohibición.• En la forma interrogativa se utiliza have to, y no must.• Need to se emplea para hablar de algo que es necesario hacer.
Modals of ability and permission: can, will be able to and allow / be allowed to
Las formas de can, could y will be able to son las mismas para todos los pronombres sujeto.
Afirmativa I can speak French. They could speak French. We will be able to speak French.
Negativa I can’t speak French. You couldn’t speak French. She won’t be able to speak French.
Interrogativa Can you speak French? Could he speak French? Will you be able to speak French?
Allow sigue el patrón de los verbos regulares. Para utilizar be allowed to, solo hay que cambiar el verbo be.
Afirmativa The teacher allows / allowed Sam to leave early.
Sam was / The Students were allowed to leave early.
Negativa The teacher doesn’t / didn’t allow Sam to leave early.
Students aren’t allowed to leave early.Sam wasn’t allowed to leave early.
Interrogativa Does / Did the teacher allow students to leave early?
Are / Were students allowed to leave early?
Usos• Allow someone to y be allowed to se utilizan para expresar permiso.
Modals of advice: should, ought to
Should / ought to tienen la misma forma para todos los pronombres sujeto.
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Lauren should / ought to be more hard-working.
We shouldn’t / ought not to make a lot of noise.
What should Kay do?
Usos• Should / ought to se utilizan para dar consejos o hacer recomendaciones. Empleamos ought to en frases
afirmativas y negativas, mientras que should se utiliza en afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.
2 Vocabulary reference
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 2 Storytelling
reader (n) /ˈriːdə(r)/ lector, lectora
scene (n) /siːn/ escena
setting (n) /ˈsetɪŋ/ escenario
Storytelling 2
(have a) gift (n) /ˌhæv ə ˈɡɪft/ (tener un) don
ghost (n) /ɡəʊst/ fantasma
(tell a) joke (n) /ˌtel ə ˈdʒəʊk/ (contar un) chiste
live (adj) /laɪv/ en vivo, en directo
performer (n) /pəˈfɔːmə(r)/ artista
(tell a) legend (n) /ˌtel ə ˈledʒənd/ (contar una) leyenda
Word builder: adverbs of degree
a bit (adv) /ə ˈbɪt/ un poco
incredibly (adv) /ɪnˈkredɪbli/ increíblemente
quite (adv) /kwaɪt/ bastante, muy
very (adv) /ˈveri/ muy
Learn it!
Common errorcharacter (n) /ˈkærəktə(r)/ personaje
Functional language
Expressing preferencesI’d prefer … (to + infinitive)
I’d prefer not to.
I’d love … (to + infinitive)
I don’t really like …
That sounds much better than …
Describing films
action and adventure /ˌækʃn ənd ədˈventʃə(r)/ de acción y aventuras
animation /ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/ animación, dibujos animados
comedy /ˈkɒmədi/ comedia
documentary /ˌdɒkjuˈmentri/ documental
horror /ˈhɒrə(r)/ de terror
sci-fi and fantasy /ˌsaɪ faɪ ən ˈfæntəsi/ de ciencia ficción y fantasía
thriller /ˈθrɪlə(r)/ thriller, de suspense
disappointing (adj) /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ/ decepcionante
dramatic (adj) /drəˈmætɪk/ impresionante, espectacular
dull (adj) /dʌl/ soso
entertaining (adj) /ˌentəˈteɪnɪŋ/ entretenido
exciting (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ emocionante
frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ que da miedo
funny (adj) /ˈfʌni/ gracioso
informative (adj) /ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/ informativo
original (adj) /əˈrɪdʒənl/ original
predictable (adj) /prɪˈdɪktəbl/ predecible
realistic (adj) /ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/ realista
shocking (adj) /ˈʃɒkɪŋ/ impactante
spectacular (adj) /spekˈtækjələ(r)/ espectacular
surprising (adj) /səˈpraɪzɪŋ/ sorprendente
Storytelling 1
actor (n) /ˈæktə(r)/ actor
beginning (n) /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/ comienzo
critic (n) /ˈkrɪtɪk/ crítico, crítica
editor (n) /ˈedɪtə(r)/ editor, editora
ending (n) /ˈendɪŋ/ final, desenlace
film director (n) /ˈfɪlm dəˌrektə(r), dɪ-, daɪ-/ director, directora de cine
main character (n) /meɪn ˈkærəktə(r)/ personaje principal
novelist (n) /ˈnɒvəlɪst/ novelista
plot (n) /plɒt/ argumento
VOC APP
Grammar reference2
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 2 Storytelling
Past simple
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They watched a film last night.
Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They didn’t watch a film last night.
Interrogativa Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they watch a film last night?
Past continuous
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I was reading. I wasn’t reading. Was I reading?
You were reading.
You weren’t reading.
Were you reading?
He / She was reading.It was raining.
He / She wasn’t reading.It wasn’t raining.
Was he / she reading?Was it raining?
We / They were reading.
We / They weren’t reading.
Were we / they reading?
UsosEl past continuous se utiliza para describir acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el pasado. Jess was writing a review.
Past simple and past continuous;
when / while
UsosEl past simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción que se completó en el pasado. Andy met his friends at the Zombie Lab
yesterday afternoon.El past continuous describe una acción que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado. What were you doing at seven o’clock? They weren’t showing the film.When y whileUtilizamos el past continuous y el past simple en la misma frase cuando una acción interrumpe otra. El past continuous describe la acción más larga, y el past simple la acción que la interrumpe. En general, utilizamos while con el past continuous, y when con el past simple. While we were watching the film at the cinema,
my mobile phone rang! I was watching a short film on the internet
when the electricity went off.
Quantifiers: too, too much, too many,
(not) enough
Adjetivos Sustantivos contables
Sustantivos incontables
The plot is too predictable.
There are too many special effects.
There’s too much dialogue in the film.
The film isn’t exciting enough!
Are there enough tickets for everybody?
There’s enough action.
too many / too much = más de lo necesarioenough = la cantidad necesarianot enough = no la cantidad necesariaUsosToo se utiliza delante de los adjetivos. The novel is too long.Utilizamos too many delante de los sustantivos contables en plural. There are too many short films in the competition.Empleamos too much delante de los sustantivos incontables. There was too much violence in the film.Se utiliza (not) enough detrás de los adjetivos. Lily’s story isn’t interesting enough.Utilizamos (not) enough delante de sustantivos incontables y sustantivos contables en plural. The play didn’t have enough romance. The film received enough awards.
Verbs with -ing and to
Verbo + -ing Verbo + to Ambos
dislike, don’t mind, enjoy, recommend, miss, stop
agree, appear, learn, decide, plan, promise, seem, want
like, love, hate, can’t stand, prefer, start
A menudo necesitamos utilizar un verbo seguido de otro. El segundo verbo puede adoptar formas distintas. En algunos casos, va seguido de una forma en -ing. I enjoy singing. Otros verbos van seguidos del infinitivo con to. I wanted to go home.Hay verbos a los que pueden acompañar tanto la forma en -ing como el infinitivo con to. I’d love to come to your party. They love travelling.
3 Vocabulary reference
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 3 Choices, choices
Food adjectives
delicious (adj) /dɪˈlɪʃəs/ delicioso
mild (adj) /maɪld/ suave
nutritious (adj) /njuˈtrɪʃəs/ nutritivo
sour (adj) /ˈsaʊə(r)/ ácido, amargo
spicy (adj) /ˈspaɪsi/ picante, especiado
sweet (adj) /swiːt/ dulce
Learn it!
Common errorborrow (v) /ˈbɒrəʊ/ tomar prestado
lend (v) /lend/ prestar
Functional language
Making and responding to suggestionsWhat about … ? / How about … ? (+ -ing)
Why don’t we … ?
Let’s … (+ infinitive)
No, that’s boring.
That’s not a bad idea, but …
That sounds like a good idea / plan.
I’m happy with that suggestion.
Reaching an agreementDo we all agree (with that idea / suggestion)?
Yes, definitely.
Yes, that’s fine by me.
Money and shopping
afford (v) /əˈfɔːd/ permitirse
bargain (n) /ˈbɑːɡən/ ganga
be worth (v) /ˌbi ˈwɜːθ/ valer
borrow (v) /ˈbɒrəʊ/ tomar prestado
brand (n) /brænd/ marca
cost (v) /kɒst/ costar
discount (n) /ˈdɪskaʊnt/ descuento
lend (v) /lend/ prestar
sales (n) /seɪlz/ rebajas
save up (v) /ˌseɪv ˈʌp/ ahorrar
waste (v) /weɪst/ desperdiciar
Free-time activities
archery (n) /ˈɑːtʃəri/ tiro con arco
athletics (n) /æθˈletɪks/ atletismo
computer skills (n) / kəmˈpjuːtə skɪlz/ conocimientos informáticos
drama (n) /ˈdrɑːmə/ teatro
fashion design (n) /ˈfæʃn dɪˌzaɪn/ diseño de moda
kayaking (n) /ˈkaɪækɪŋ/ kayak
rock climbing (n) /ˈrɒk ˌklaɪmɪŋ/ escalada
street art (n) /ˈstriːt ɑːt/ arte callejero
street dance (n) /ˈstriːt dɑːns/ danza callejera
trail biking (n) /ˈtreɪl ˌbaɪkɪŋ/ andar en bicicleta de montaña
wakeboarding (n) /ˈweɪkbɔːdɪŋ/ skateboarding, skate acuático
Phrasal verbs
catch up (v) /ˌkætʃ ˈʌp/ alcanzar
fill up (v) /ˌfɪl ˈʌp/ llenarse
join in (v) /ˌdʒɔɪn ˈɪn/ unirse a, incorporarse a
miss out (v) /ˌmɪs ˈaʊt/ perderse (algo)
pick up (v) /ˈpɪk ˌʌp/ aprender, adquirir
queue up (v) /ˈkjuː ˌʌp/ hacer cola
set up (v) /ˈset ˌʌp/ colocar
take up (v) /ˈteɪk ˌʌp/ probar, empezar a practicar
try out (v) /ˌtraɪ ˈaʊt/ probar
turn up (v) /ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/ acudir
wash up (v) /ˌwɒʃ ˈʌp/ fregar los platos
VOC APP
Grammar reference3
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 3 Choices, choices
Present perfect with for and since
En las frases de present perfect, for y since describen la duración de una acción o un hecho que empezó en el pasado y sigue en el presente.Utilizamos “for + periodo de tiempo” para describir la duración de una actividad (for five years). For suele ir seguido de una expresión temporal: for three months, for five days, etc. I’ve had the same mobile phone for two years.
(And I still have it.)Utilizamos “since + expresión de tiempo” para indicar en qué momento del pasado se inició la acción (since last week). Since se coloca delante de la expresión de tiempo. My mum has been a shop owner since 2011.How long se utiliza con el present perfect para preguntar acerca de la duración de una acción. En general, la respuesta contiene for o since. ‘How long has your mum been a shop owner?’
‘Since 2011’ / ‘For three years.’
Present perfect with still, yet and
already
UsosUtilizamos still, yet y already con el present perfect.Still y yet refuerzan la idea de que una situación no ha cambiado. Still se utiliza en frases negativas, delante de has / have. Yet se coloca al final de la frase. Kylie still hasn’t bought a dress for the
wedding. Tim hasn’t picked up any rock climbing skills
yet.Yet se coloca al final de la forma interrogativa del present perfect para preguntar si alguien ha hecho algo. Have you taken up Italian yet?Already se utiliza con la forma afirmativa del present perfect para subrayar el hecho de que alguien ha hecho algo. Se coloca entre has / have y el participio pasado. Beth has already caught up with the other
riders.
Present perfect
Afirmativa
I / You have started. I’ve / You’ve started.
He / She / It has started.
He’s / She’s / It’s started.
We / They have started. We’ve / They’ve started.
Negativa
I / You have not started. I / You haven’t started.
He / She / It has not started.
He / She / It hasn’t started.
We / They have not started.
We / They haven’t started.
Interrogativa
Have I / you started? Where have I / you started?
Has he / she / it started?
Why has he / she / it started?
Have we / they started? Why have we / they started?
En la forma oral de las frases afirmativas se suelen utilizar las formas contractas (’s / ’ve / haven’t / hasn’t) precedidas de un pronombre sujeto. En los textos formales utilizamos las formas completas ( have / has, have not / has not).Nota: no se debe confundir la forma breve de has (’s) con la de is (también ’s).El participio pasado se construye como el past simple.Verbos regulares: start ➞ started study ➞ studiedVerbos irregulares:Consulta la lista.UsosEl present perfect se utiliza para hablar de experiencias y hechos del pasado, en aquellos casos en los que no se sabe, o no es importante saber, cuándo sucedieron. I’ve borrowed £20. I haven’t taken up athletics this year. There has been a lot of noise upstairs lately.A veces usamos ever en cuestiones a significar en cualquier momento en nuestra vida hasta este momento. Have you ever tried out wakeboarding?
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 4 Communication
4 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: -ing and -ed adjectives
embarrassed (adj) /ɪmˈbærəst/ avergonzado
embarrassing (adj) /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/ embarazoso
excited (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ ilusionado, alterado
exciting (adj) /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ emocionante
frightened (adj) /ˈfraɪtnd/ asustado
frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ que da miedo
irritated (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd/ enfadado
irritating (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/ molesto, irritante
Functional language
Asking for help on the phoneI’ve just bought … and I need some help with it.
Could you explain how to … (+ infinitive)?
Can you tell me … ?
Could you help me with … , please?
Good afternoon, … . How can I help you?
Thank you very much for your help.
Emotions
amusing (adj) /əˈmjuːzɪŋ/ gracioso
annoying (adj) /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ molesto, irritante
confusing (adj) /kənˈfjuːzɪŋ/ confuso
embarrassing (adj) /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/ embarazoso
fascinating (adj) /ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ/ fascinante
frightening (adj) /ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/ que da miedo
frustrating (adj) /frʌˈstreɪtɪŋ/ frustrante
inspiring (adj) /ɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ/ inspirador
irritating (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/ molesto, irritante
motivating (adj) /ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ/ motivador
relaxing (adj) /rɪˈlæksɪŋ/ relajante
upsetting (adj) /ʌpˈsetɪŋ/ triste
worrying (adj) /ˈwʌriɪŋ/ preocupante
Gadgets
browse (v) /braʊz/ mirar, echar un vistazo a/en
charge (v) /tʃɑːdʒ/ cargar
mute (v) /mjuːt/ quitar el sonido
plug in (v) /ˌplʌɡ ˈɪn/ enchufar
press (v) /pres/ pulsar
scroll (v) /skrəʊl/ desplazarse
swipe (v) /swaɪp/ pasar
switch off (v) /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒf/ apagar
switch on (v) /ˌswɪtʃ ˈɒn/ encender
tap (v) /tæp/ tocar, introducir
unplug (v) /ˌʌnˈplʌɡ/ desenchufar
update (v) /ˌʌpˈdeɪt/ actualizar
Communicating with music
express (v) /ɪkˈspres/ expresar
hit (v) /hɪt/ golpear
invite (v) /ɪnˈvaɪt/ invitar
spread news (v) /ˌspred ˈnjuːz/ difundir noticias
squeeze (v) /skwiːz/ estrujar, exprimir
warn (v) /wɔːn/ avisar, advertir
VOC APP
Grammar reference4
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 4 Communication
Present perfect and past simple
Present perfect
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I / You / We / They have seen the film.
I / You / We / They haven’t seen the film.
Have I / you / we / they seen the film?
He / She / It has arrived.
He / She / It hasn’t arrived.
Has he / she / it arrived?
Consulta el past simple en la página 82.UsosEl present perfect se utiliza para describir acciones que empezaron en el pasado y siguen en la actualidad. He has lived in Canada since 2013.El past simple describe acciones que se completaron en el pasado, si sabemos exactamente cuándo. He moved to Canada two years ago.Utilizamos distintas expresiones temporales con cada tiempo verbal.Con el past simple, se utilizan expresiones que especifican el momento concreto en el que se dio la acción:yesterday, last night, last week, last year, at six o’clock, etc.Con el present perfect, incluimos expresiones referidas al momento en el que comenzó la acción, o al periodo que va desde entonces hasta ahora:since (2010), for (10 years)
Present perfect with ever and never
UsosUtilizamos ever con la forma interrogativa del present perfect para preguntar si alguien ha hecho algo a lo largo de su vida, hasta el momento actual. Ever va detrás de have/has y el sujeto, y delante del participio pasado. Has Pete ever visited his aunt in Canada? Never se utiliza en frases en present perfect para decir que no hemos algo en nuestra vida, al menos hasta este momento. Se utiliza con la forma afirmativa del verbo, y se coloca ente have/has y el participio pasado. They have never eaten Japanese food.
Subject and object questions
Subject questionsEn las preguntas sobre el sujeto, la partícula interrogativa (what, who, etc.) hace referencia a la persona o cosa que realiza la acción (el sujeto del verbo).
‘Who phoned you last night?’ ‘Carl phoned me.’ ‘ What caused the accident?’ ‘The icy weather
caused it.’
Las preguntas sobre el sujeto se construyen con una partícula interrogativa y el verbo principal. Tienen la misma estructura que las frases afirmativas, y no incluyen verbos auxiliares.
Who painted the Mona Lisa ?
partícula interrogativa (= sujeto)
verbo principal
objeto
Object questionsEn las preguntas sobre el objeto, la partícula interrogativa (what, who, etc.) hace referencia a la persona o cosa que recibe la acción (el objeto del verbo).
‘What did you drink?’ ‘I drank orange juice.’ ‘Where did you go?’ ‘I went to the cinema.’
Las preguntas sobre el objeto se construyen con un verbo auxiliar y el infinitivo del verbo principal.
Who did you call ?
partícula interrogativa (= objeto)
auxiliar sujeto infinitivo del verbo principal
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 5 A life of crime
5 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: negative prefixes
fair (adj) /fea(r)/ justo
unfair (adj) /ʌnˈfea(r)/ injusto
legal (adj) /ˈliːɡ(a)l/ legal
illegal (adj) /ɪˈliːɡ(a)l ilegal
logical (adj) /ˈlɒdʒɪk(a)l/ lógico
illogical (adj) /ɪˈlɒdʒɪk(a)l/ ilógico
possible (adj) /ˈpɒsɪb(a)l/ posible
impossible (adj) /ɪmˈpɒsɪb(a)l/ imposible
responsible (adj) /rɪˈspɒnsɪb(a)l/ responsable
irresponsible (adj) /ɪrɪˈspɒnsɪb(a)l/ irresponsable
Learn it!
Common errorburglar (n) /ˈbɜːɡlə(r)/ ladrón, ladrona (de casas)
thief (n) /θiːf/ ladrón, ladrona
Functional language
Describing a photoat the bottom / top
behind
in the background / foreground
in the corner / middle
on the left / right
He / She can’t be
He / She could be
He / She might be
He / She must be
Criminals and crime fighters
burglar (n) /ˈbɜːɡlə(r)/ ladrón, ladrona (de casas)
detective (n) /dɪˈtektɪv/ detective
fraudster (n) /ˈfrɔːdstə(r)/ estafador, estafadora
judge (n) /dʒʌdʒ/ juez, jueza
lawyer (n) /ˈlɔːjə(r)/ abogado, abogada
mugger (n) /ˈmʌɡə(r)/ atacante (ladrón, ladrona)
police officer (n) /pəˈliːs ˌɒfɪsə(r)/ agente de policía
private investigator (n) /ˌpraɪvət ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪtə(r)/ investigador/a privado/a
thief (n) /θiːf/ ladrón, ladrona
traffic warden (n) /ˈtræfɪk ˌwɔːdn/ agente de tráfico
Crimes
arson (n) /ˈɑːsn/ incendio provocado
burglary (n) /ˈbɜːɡləri/ robo
credit card fraud /ˈkredɪt ˌkɑːd ˌfrɔːd/ fraude con tarjetas de crédito
drug-dealing (n) /ˈdrʌɡ ˌdiːlɪŋ/ tráfico de drogas
forgery (n) /ˈfɔːdʒəri/ falsificación
identity theft /aɪˈdentəti ˌθeft/ usurpación de identidad
mugging (n) /ˈmʌɡɪŋ/ robo con asalto
pickpocketing (n) /ˈpɪkpɒkɪtɪŋ/ robo (de carteristas)
shoplifting (n) /ˈʃɒplɪftɪŋ/ robo (en comercios)
speeding (n) /ˈspiːdɪŋ/ exceso de velocidad
vandalism (n) /ˈvændəlɪzəm/ vandalismo
People in town
business owner (n) /ˈbɪznəs ˌəʊnə(r)/ dueño, dueña de un negocio
ecologist (n) /iˈkɒlədʒɪst/ecologista
household (n) /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ casa, familia
local council (n) /ˌləʊkl ˈkaʊnsl/ ayuntamiento
resident (n) /ˈrezɪdənt/ residente
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Grammar reference5
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 5 A life of crime
Relative pronouns
Se utiliza para…
who personas
which cosas/ideas
where lugares
whose posesión / pertenencia
UsosLos pronombres relativos who y which muestran la persona, el objeto o la idea a la que nos referimos. He’s the man who the police arrested. The sandwich which I made wasn’t very nice.Utilizamos el adverbio relativo where para indicar el lugar al que nos estamos refiriendo. This is the office where she works.Whose hace referencia a una persona que posee o es dueña de algo.
He’s the boy whose bag she took.
(dueño) (posesión)
Modals of deduction
Certeza must She / He must be the thief.
Imposibilidad can’t
She / He can’t be the thief
Posibilidad could / may / might
She / He may / might be the thief.He could be the thief.
UsosMust describe certeza cuando creemos que algo es, sin ninguna duda, cierto. You saw the crime, so you must know who
did it.En ocasiones, incluimos probably en la frase. You saw the crime, so you probably know who
did it.A veces, cuando describimos algo que puede ser cierto, utilizamos perhaps. Perhaps you left your keys in the car.Empleamos can’t para hablar de algo que creemos imposible, o, sin duda, falso. This can’t be Mia’s house. It’s too big.Could, may, might se utilizan para hablar de algo que es posiblemente cierto. We may go to the concert, depending on the
price of the tickets. My mum might be at home, but I’m not sure.
Your keys could be in the cupboard.
Past perfect
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
I / You / He / She / It / We / They had started.
I / You / He / She / It / We / They hadn’t begun.
Had I / you / he / she / it / we / they fallen?
I / You / He / She / It / We / They’d started.
I / You / He / She / It / We / They hadn’t begun.
El past perfect se construye con had + el participio pasado del verbo.UsosEl past perfect se utiliza cuando hablamos del pasado y hacemos referencia a un pasado anterior a él. Para la acción más reciente, utilizamos el past simple. I thought I had locked the door, but I hadn’t. Had you seen my note when I phoned?El past perfect se emplea para responder a preguntas sobre el pasado encabezadas por How long? How long had you been a detective when you
retired? I’d been a detective for twenty years.
Used to + infinitive
Afirmativa My uncle used to be a police officer. Now he is a private detective.
Negativa They didn’t use to have security in the shopping centre, but now they do.
Interrogativa Did he use to create false identities?
UsosUtilizamos used to + infinitivo para hablar de hábitos o estados del pasado que ya no se dan en la actualidad.
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 6 Creativity
6 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: compound nouns
baseball match (n) /ˈbeɪsbɔːl mætʃ/ partido de béisbol
football pitch (n) /ˈfʊtbɔːl pɪtʃ/ campo de fútbol
hockey stick (n) /ˈhɒki stɪk/ palo/stick de hockey
ice hockey (n) /ˈaɪs ˌhɒki/ hockey sobre hielo
ice rink (n) /ˈaɪs rɪŋk/ pista de hielo
ice skates (n) /ˈaɪs skeɪts/ patines para el hielo
lacrosse pitch /ləˈkrɒs pɪtʃ/ campo de lacrosse
lacrosse stick (n) /ləˈkrɒs stɪk/ palo de lacrosse
spectator sports (n) /spekˈteɪtə spɔːts/ deportes de/para espectadores
sports coach (n) /ˈspɔːts kəʊtʃ/ preparador/a deportivo/a
summer sport (n) /ˈsʌmə spɔːt/ deporte de verano
Learn it! Collective nouns
club /klʌb/ club, grupo
crowd /kraʊd/ multitud
team /tiːm/ equipo
Functional language
Talking about foodHow is it cooked?
It’s cooked on the grill / in the oven / in a pan.
What’s it made from?
What does it come with?
That smells / looks / sounds / tastes …
I don’t like the smell / look / sound / taste of it.
… are favourites / is a favourite of mine.
I prefer … to …
Environment verbs
bury (v) /ˈberi/ enterrar
destroy (v) /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ destruir
dump (v) /dʌmp/ arrojar
poison (v) /ˈpɔɪzn/ envenenar
pollute (v) /pəˈluːt/ contaminar
preserve (v) /prɪˈzɜːv/ preservar
protect (v) /prəˈtekt/ proteger
recycle (v) /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/ reciclar
reduce (v) /rɪˈdjuːs/ reducir
reuse (v) /ˌriːˈjuːz/ reutilizar
save (v) /seɪv/ ahorrar
throw away (v) /ˌθrəʊ əˈweɪ/ tirar, desechar
Technology adjectives
convenient (adj) /kənˈviːniənt/ conveniente
efficient (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ eficiente
high-quality (adj) /ˈhaɪ ˌkwɒləti/ de buena calidad
impractical (adj) /ɪmˈpræktɪkl/ poco práctico
inconvenient (adj) /ˌɪnkənˈviːniənt/ inadecuado
inefficient (adj) /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt/ poco eficiente
low-quality (adj) /ˈləʊ ˌkwɒləti/ de poca/baja calidad
practical (adj) /ˈpræktɪkl/ práctico
reliable (adj) /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ fiable
time-consuming (adj) /ˈtaɪm kənˌsjuːmɪŋ/ que requiere tiempo
time-saving (adj) /ˈtaɪm ˌseɪvɪŋ/ que ahorra tiempo
unreliable (adj) /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ poco fiable
useful (adj) /ˈjuːsfl/ útil
useless (adj) /ˈjuːsləs/ inútil
Winter sports
goal (n) /ɡəʊl/ gol
ice rink (n) /ˈaɪs rɪŋk/ pista de hielo
pass (v) /pɑːs/ pasar
slide (v) /slaɪd/ deslizarse
spectator (n) /spekˈteɪtə(r)/ espectador, espectadora
trophy (n) /ˈtrəʊfi/ trofeo
VOC APP
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 6 Creativity
Grammar reference6Usos
La voz pasiva se utiliza para decir lo que le ocurre al sujeto de la frase. En las frases pasivas, el énfasis se centra en la acción, que es más importante que la persona que la realiza.
Past simple passive
Para construir el past simple de la voz pasiva, utilizamos esta estructura: sujeto + past simple de be + participio pasado The laptop was stolen. The emails were written by me.
Para construir la forma negativa, se emplea esta estructura: sujeto + past simple de be + not + participio pasado The burgers were not cooked properly. The house wasn’t cleaned.
Afirmativa Negativa
I was told. I wasn’t told.
You were told. You weren’t told.
He / She / It was told. He / She / It wasn’t told.
We / You / They were told.
We / You / They weren’t told.
Construimos el past simple de la forma interrogativa de la voz pasiva con esta estructura: past simple de be + sujeto + participio pasado Was the thief caught?
En las respuestas breves, solo utilizamos la forma de past simple del verbo be. Were trainers worn in the 1800s? No, they weren’t.
Interrogativa Respuestas breves
Afirmativa Negativa
Was I told? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Were you told? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Was he / she / it told?
Yes, he / she / it was.
No, he / she / it wasn’t.
Were we / you / they told?
Yes, we / you/ they were.
No, we / you / they weren’t.
Present simple passive
Para construir el present simple de la voz pasiva, utilizamos la siguiente estructura:
sujeto + present simple de be + participio pasado
English is spoken here. We’re invited to the party.
Para formar la negativa, empleamos esta estructura: sujeto + present simple de be + not + participio pasado The dresses are not made by hand. Ice hockey isn’t played in the summer.
Afirmativa Negativa
I’m invited. I’m not invited.
You’re invited. You aren’t invited.
He’s / She’s / It’s invited.
He / She / It isn’t invited.
We’re / You’re / They’re invited.
We / You / They aren’t invited.
Construimos la forma interrogativa del presente de la voz pasiva con esta estructura:
present simple de be + sujeto + participio pasado: Is football played in the summer?
En las respuestas breves, solo incluimos la forma de present simple de be. Are the fish fed every day? Yes, they are.
Interrogativa Respuestas breves
Afirmativa Negativa
Am I invited? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Are you invited? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Is he / she / it invited?
Yes, he / she / it is.
No, he / she / it isn’t.
Are we / you / they invited?
Yes, we / you/ they are.
No, we / you / they aren’t.
Utilizamos by para introducir el complemento agente, es decir, la persona o el objeto que realiza la acción. All the songs are written by James. Many accidents are caused by speeding.
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 7 A big improvement
7 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: -ing form as a subject
find out (v) – finding out (n) /ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/ / /ˌfaɪndɪŋ ˈaʊt/ descubrir – encontrar, descubrir
get up (v) – getting up (n)/ˌɡet ˈʌp/ / /ˌɡetɪŋ ˈʌp/ levantarse – levantarse
set up (v) – setting up (n)/ˌset ˈʌp/ / /ˌsetɪŋ ˈʌp/ colocar – poner en marcha
work (v) – working (n) /wɜːk/ / /ˈwɜːkɪŋ/ trabajar – trabajar
Learn it!
False friendscarpet (n) /ˈkɑːpɪt/ moqueta
folder (n) /ˈfəʊldə/ carpeta
Functional language
Preparing for travelWhere are you flying to?
Would you like a window or an aisle seat?
Has anyone interfered with your bags since you packed them?
Do you have any hand luggage?
How many stops is that?
Which … does the … leave from?
Is the … on time?
Sports qualities
accuracy (n) /ˈækjərəsi/ precisión
balance (n) /ˈbæləns/ equilibro
coordination (n) /kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃn/ coordinación
flexibility (n) /ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/ flexibilidad
resistance (n) /rɪˈzɪstəns/ resistencia
speed (n) /spiːd/ velocidad
strength (n) /streŋθ/ fortaleza
beat (v) /biːt/ ganar, vencer
compete (v) /kəmˈpiːt/ competir
draw (v) /drɔː/ empatar
improve (v) /ɪmˈpruːv/ mejorar
take the lead (v) /ˌteɪk ðə ˈliːd/ ir primero, ser el líder
Household jobs
change the sheets (v) /ˌtʃeɪndʒ ðə ˈʃiːts/ cambiar las sábanas
clean the worktop (v) /ˌkliːn ðə ˈwɜːktɒp/ limpiar la superficie de trabajo
close the blinds (v) /ˌkləʊz ðə ˈblaɪndz/ cerrar las persianas
cut the grass (v) /ˌkʌt ðə ˈɡrɑːs/ cortar la hierba
do the washing (v) /ˌduː ðə ˈwɒʃɪŋ/ hacer la colada
empty the bin (v) /ˌempti ðə ˈbɪn/ vaciar el cubo de la basura
mop the floor (v) /ˌmɒp ðə ˈflɔː(r)/ limpiar el suelo
set the table (v) /ˌset ðə ˈteɪbl/ poner la mesa
vacuum the carpet (v) /ˌvækjuəm ðə ˈkɑːpɪt/ pasar el aspirador
wash the dishes (v) /ˌwɒʃ ðə ˈdɪʃɪz/ fregar los platos
Social networks
cutting-edge (adj) /ˌkʌtɪŋ ˈedʒ/ (tecnología) punta
post (v) /pəʊst/ publicar
profile picture (n) /ˈprəʊfaɪl ˌpɪktʃə(r)/ fotografía de perfil
share (v) /ʃeə(r)/ compartir
status update (n) /ˈsteɪtəs ˌʌpdeɪt/ actualizar estado
upload (v) /ˌʌpˈləʊd/ cargar
VOC APP
Grammar reference7
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 7 A big improvement
Future with will
Afirmativa He will go.
Negativa They won’t go.
Interrogativa Will you go?
Will se utiliza con el infinitivo sin to. La forma es la misma para todos los pronombres sujeto. He will play in the match.La forma negativa es will not, que a menudo se contrae como won’t. I will not arrive on time. = I won’t arrive on
time.UsosUtilizamos will y won’t para expresar una opinión sobre el futuro, y para hacer predicciones basadas en lo que nosotros creemos, sin evidencias externas (consulta el apartado sobre be going to). We’ll have a good time at the weekend.También empleamos will para describir decisiones espontáneas. It’s hot. I’ll open the window.
Future with be going to
Afirmativa I’m going to stay here.He / She / It’s going to stay here.We / You / They’re going to stay here.
Negativa I’m not going to stay here.He / She / It isn’t going to stay here.We / You / They aren’t going to stay here.
Interrogativa Am I going to stay here?Is he / she / it going to stay here?Are we / you / they going to stay here?
UsosUtilizamos be going to / not going to para describir planes y decisiones sobre el futuro. We’re going to go rock climbing at the
weekend.Be going to describe predicciones basadas en evidencias externas que vemos o de las que somos conocedores. He’s driving too fast. He’s going to have an
accident!
Future continuous
Afirmativa Tomorrow at this time I’ll be relaxing on the beach. I really need a holiday!
Negativa They won’t be waiting for me at the airport when I arrive.
Interrogativa Will you be staying with your aunt in Rome?
UsosEl future continuous describe hechos que se estarán desarrollando en un momento concreto del futuro.
Indefinite pronouns
Afirmativa Negativa e interrogativa
Cosas somethingeverythingnothing
anything
Lugares somewhereeverywherenowhere
anywhere
Personas someone / somebodyeveryone / everybodyno one / nobody
anyone / anybody
UsosLos pronombres indefinidos con some- y any- hacen referencia a cosas, personas y lugares, sin decir exactamente qué o quiénes son. There’s someone in the kitchen.
Is there anything in the fridge?Everything, everyone / everybody y everywhere significan “todas las cosas”, “toda la gente” y “(en) todos los lugares”. She’s already been everywhere in Europe. Utilizamos nothing, no one / nobody y nowhere con un verbo en afirmativa para referirnos a “ninguna cosa” “ninguna persona” y “ningún lugar”. También podemos emplear anything, anyone / anybody y anywhere y un verbo en negativa. El significado es el mismo. There’s nobody here. = There isn’t anybody
here.
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 8 Living together
8 Vocabulary referenceWord builder: noun suffixes 2
difference (n) /ˈdɪfrəns/ diferencia
different (adj) /ˈdɪfrənt/ diferente
diverse (adj) /daɪˈvɜːs/ variado, diverso
diversity (n) /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ diversidad
happiness (n) /ˈhæpinəs/ felicidad
happy (adj) /ˈhæpi/ contento, feliz
independence (n) /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/ independencia
independent (adj) /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ independiente
sad (adj) /sæd/ triste
sadness (n) /ˈsædnəs/ tristeza
tolerance (n) /ˈtɒlərəns/ tolerancia
tolerant (adj) /ˈtɒlərənt/ tolerante
violence (n) /ˈvaɪələns/ violencia
violent (adj) /ˈvaɪələnt/ violento
Functional language
ApologizingI apologize for …
I’m so sorry.
I’m really sorry about …
I’ll do better next time.
It won’t happen again!
Next time I’ll remember to … (+ infinitive)
That’s all right.
Never mind.
Don’t worry about it.
Personality adjectives
charming (adj) /ˈtʃɑːmɪŋ/ encantador
generous (adj) /ˈdʒenərəs/ generoso
jealous (adj) /ˈdʒeləs/ celoso
lazy (adj) /ˈleɪzi/ vago, gandul
loyal (adj) /ˈlɔɪəl/ leal
proud (adj) /praʊd/ orgulloso
selfish (adj) /ˈselfɪʃ/ egoísta
sensible (adj) /ˈsensəbl/ sensato
sensitive (adj) /ˈsensətɪv/ sensible
strong (adj) /strɒŋ/ fuerte
stubborn (adj) /ˈstʌbən/ obstinado
talkative (adj) /ˈtɔːkətɪv/ hablador, parlanchín
thoughtful (adj) /ˈθɔːtfl/ considerado
unpredictable (adj) /ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/ impredecible
vain (adj) /veɪn/ presumido
Relationships and phrasal verbs
fall out (v) /ˌfɔːl ˈaʊt/ enfadarse
get on with (v) /ˌɡet ˈɒn ˌwɪd/ llevarse bien con
look up to (v) /ˌlʊk ˈʌp ˌtə/ admirar a
make up (v) /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ reconciliarse
pick on (v) /ˈpɪk ˌɒn/ meterse con, acosar
put up with (v) /ˌpʊt ˈʌp ˌwɪd/ soportar a
tell off (v) /ˌtel ˈɒf/ regañar
turn to (v) /ˈtɜːn ˌtə/ recurrir a
Conflict
battle (n) /ˈbætl/ batalla
independence (n) /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/ independencia
peace (n) /piːs/ paz
rule (v) /ruːl/ gobernar
violence (n) /ˈvaɪələns/ violencia
Learn it!
False friendsassist (v) /əˈsɪst/ ayudar
attend (v) /əˈtend/ acudir a
VOC APP
Grammar reference8
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 8 Living together
Second conditional
Afirmativa Negativa
If I / you got up earlier, I / you wouldn’t be late.
If I / you didn’t go to bed late, I / you wouldn’t be so tired.
If he / she / it acted well, he / she / it would get a good review.
If he / she / it didn’t act badly, he / she / it wouldn’t get a bad review.
If we / they did more sport, we / they would be fitter.
If we / they didn’t do sport, we / they wouldn’t be very fit.
Interrogativa
If you got up earlier, would you walk to school?
If he / she / it acted well, would he / she / it get a good review?
If we / they studied more, would we / they do better at school?
El condicional de segundo grado se forma con if + sujeto + past simple, + would / wouldn’t + infinitivo. Solemos utilizar las formas contractas.La proposición encabezada por if también puede ir en la segunda parte de la frase. El significado es el mismo. If Mark had a mobile phone, I’d call him. Amy would make up with Nigel if he
apologized.Para formular preguntas, añadimos una partícula interrogativa al comienzo de la proposición encabezada por would. What would you upload if you had a website? If you had a website, what would you upload? Cuando empleamos el verbo be en el past simple, debemos utilizar la forma was para I, he, she, it. Sin embargo, en el condicional de segundo grado, también podemos utilizar were. Ambas formas son correctas. If I was / were rich, I’d travel around the world. She’d learn better if she wasn’t / weren’t so
tired.UsosUtilizamos el condicional de segundo grado para describir situaciones imaginarias, y los resultados de las mismas. If Maria was here, she would tell us what she
thinks.
First conditional
Afirmativa Negativa
If I / you go to the party, I’ll / you’ll see Joshua.
If I / you don’t go to the party, I / you won’t see Joshua.
If he / she / it helps, things will be easier.
If he / she / it doesn’t help, things won’t be easier.
If we / they study hard, we’ll / they’ll go to university.
If we / they don’t study hard, we / they won’t go to university.
Interrogativa
If you go to the party, will you see Joshua?
If he /she / it helps, will things be easier?
If we / they study hard, will we / they go to university?
El condicional de primer grado se forma con if + sujeto + present simple, + will / won’t + infinitivo. Solemos utilizar las formas contractas.La proposición encabezada por if también puede ir en la segunda parte de la frase.UsosUtilizamos el condicional de primer grado para describir el resultado de una determinada situación en el futuro. If you ask Liam, he’ll help you. If we don’t rescue these cubs, they won’t
survive. You’ll upset your friends if you are too
competitive.En ocasiones, unless sustituye a if … not. He won’t tell you about his problems unless you
insist. Unless you speak slowly, I won’t understand
you.
will for promises
UsosWill se utiliza para hacer promesas. (I promise) I’ll arrive on time tomorrow. (We promise) We’ll be home by 10.00 p.m. Cuando nos disculpamos, a menudo empleamos will para prometer que eso no volverá a suceder, o que la situación mejorará pronto. I promise it won’t happen again. We’ll do better next time.
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 9 Coming together
9 Vocabulary referenceLearn it!
Common errorlast (adj) /lɑːst/ último
latest (adj) /ˈleɪtɪst/ más reciente
Word builder: prefixes under-
and over-
overcharge (v) /ˌəʊvəˈtʃɑːdʒ/ cobrar demasiado
overdeveloped (adj) /ˌəʊvədɪˈveləpt/ construido en exceso
overpaid (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈpeɪd/ a quien pagan demasiado
overpriced (adj) /ˌəʊvəˈpraɪst/ de precio excesivo
undercharge (v) /ˌʌndəˈtʃɑːdʒ/ cobrar poco
underdeveloped (adj) /ˌʌndədɪˈveləpt/ muy poco construido
underpaid (adj) /ˌʌndəˈpeɪd/ a quien pagan demasiado poco
underpriced (adj) /ˌʌndəˈpraɪst/ de precio excesivamente bajo
Functional language
Explaining advantages and disadvantagesAn advantage of that idea is …
A disadvantage of that idea is …
Another advantage of that suggestion is …
The problem with that idea is …
Charity actions
campaign (n) /kæmˈpeɪn/ campaña
contribute (v) /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ aportar, contribuir con
donate (v) /dəʊˈneɪt/ donar
persuade (v) /pəˈsweɪd/ convencer
petition (n) /pəˈtɪʃn/ petición
protest (n) /ˈprəʊtest/ protesta
publicize (v) /ˈpʌblɪsaɪz/ promocionar
raise money (v) /ˌreɪz ˈmʌni/ recaudar fondos
sponsor (v) /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ patrocinar
volunteer (v) /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r)/ voluntario, voluntaria
Fashion adjectives
casual (adj) /ˈkæʒuəl/ informal
delicate (adj) /ˈdelɪkət/ delicado
durable (adj) /ˈdjʊərəbl/ duradero, resistente
fashionable (adj) /ˈfæʃnəbl/ elegante, moderno
full-length (adj) /ˌfʊl ˈleŋθ/ largo
loose (adj) /luːs/ holgado, amplio
old-fashioned (adj) /ˌəʊld ˈfæʃnd/ pasado de moda
patterned (adj) /ˈpætənd/ estampado
soft (adj) /sɒft/ suave
stylish (adj) /ˈstaɪlɪʃ/ estiloso
tight (adj) /taɪt/ ajustado
waterproof (adj) /ˈwɔːtəpruːf/ impermeable, resistente al agua
Immigration
escape (v) /ɪˈskeɪp/ escapar
immigrant (n) /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/ inmigrante
import (n) /ˈɪmpɔːt/ producto de importación
originate (v) /əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/ ser originario de
persecution (n) /ˌpɜːsɪˈkjuːʃn/ persecución, opresión
refugee (n) /ˌrefjuˈdʒiː/ refugiado, refugiada
VOC APP
Grammar reference9
Spectrum 3 Language Trainer Unit 9 Coming together
Reported speech
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
Susan: ‘My parents often participate in charity campaigns.’
Susan said that her parents often participated in charity campaigns.
Ali and Tom: ‘We plan to help as volunteers at the hospital next month.’
Ali and Tom told me that they planned to help as volunteers at the hospital the following month.
Peter: ‘I love my new waterproof coat.’ Peter said he loved his new waterproof coat.
Maria and Luc: ‘We don’t mind the rain today because it’s Sunday.’
Maria and Luc said that they didn’t mind the rain that day because it was Sunday.
The students: ‘This is our history project for this term.’
The students told the teacher that was their history project for that term.
Alice: ‘These patterned T-shirts aren’t very popular here.’
Alice told her friend those patterned T-shirts weren’t very popular there.
UsosUtilizamos el estilo indirecto para contarle a alguien lo que ha dicho otra persona.El estilo indirecto tiene sus propios verbos introductorios. Los más comunes son say y tell. Siempre incluimos un objeto después de tell, pero nunca detrás de say. Podemos utilizar that tanto detrás de say como de tell, pero no es obligatorio. ‘There is a demonstration for peace this afternoon’, Tom said. Tom said (that) there was a demonstration for peace that afternoon. Anne: ‘Your new glasses are very stylish.’ Anne told me (that) my new glasses were very stylish.’Al pasar del estilo directo al estilo indirecto, a menudo cambia el verbo. El present simple del estilo directo se convierte en past simple en el estilo indirecto. Students: ‘We organize a charity sports day at school every year.’ The students said that they organized a charity sports day at school every year.Otros elementos también cambian en el estilo indirecto:Pronombres sujeto y objeto:I ➞ he / she we ➞ they Eva: ‘I like old-fashioned clothes.’ ➞ Eva said that she liked old-fashioned clothes. Mario and his brother: ‘We fight, but we always make up.’ ➞ Mario and his brother said they fought, but
they always made up.Adjetivos posesivos:my ➞ his / her our ➞ their ‘I can’t find my flip flops’, Lucia said. ➞ Lucia said that she couldn’t find her flip flops. Students: ‘Our school doesn’t have a very big gym.’ ➞ The students said their school didn’t have a very
big gym. Expresiones de tiempo:next (week, year, etc.) ➞ the following (week, year, etc.) today ➞ that day Sarah: ‘I plan to buy a winter coat at the sales next week.’ ➞ Sarah said she planned to buy a winter coat
at the sales the following week. ‘We want to join in the street dance class today,’ Javier said. ➞ Javier said that they wanted to join in the
street dance class that day.Expresiones de lugar:here ➞ there this ➞ that these ➞ those ‘You can buy souvenirs here’, the guide told the tourists. ➞ The guide told the tourists that they could
buy souvenirs there. ‘This yoghurt is too sweet.’ Mark said. ➞ Mark said that that yoghurt was too sweet. Luis: ‘These trainers only cost €10!’ ➞ Luis said that those trainers only cost €10.