s.a. torchinsky1 en route to ska astrophysics with e-lofar, hamburg 15-19 sept 2008 en route to the...
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S.A. Torchinsky 1En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
En route to theEn route to the
Square Kilometre ArraySquare Kilometre ArraySteve Torchinsky
Nançay Radioastronomy Facility(Obs de Paris)
SKADS Project Scientist
www.skads-eu.org
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S.A. Torchinsky 2En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Square Kilometre ArraySquare Kilometre Array
• Science goals
• Technical overview
• Worldwide efforts in SKA
• Technological development in Europe
• Time line
• Future development
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S.A. Torchinsky 3En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
SKA Key ScienceSKA Key Science
?Tests of gravity
Epoch of Reionisation Cosmic
Magnetism
Cradle of Life
Large Scale Structure
Transient Universe
The Unknown
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S.A. Torchinsky 4En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Strong Field Tests of GravityStrong Field Tests of Gravity
Binary orbit permits determination of masses
Relativistic effects permit (re) determination of masses.
ALL MUST AGREE
http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~pulsar/
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S.A. Torchinsky 5En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Strong Field Tests of GravityStrong Field Tests of Gravity
• Large surveys will find exotic binarys– ~20 000 pulsars in the galaxy
– Nearly edge-on Pulsar – Black-hole binary (at least one)• Probe eg. Frame dragging, cosmic censorship, no hair theorem
• Pulsar timing array– Gravitational wave background
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S.A. Torchinsky 6En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Probing the Dark AgesProbing the Dark Ages• When did the first luminous objects form?
• How did they form and over what period of time?• SKA will detect the Epoch of Reionisation and map the evolution history of the first luminous objects
Di Matteo et al
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S.A. Torchinsky 7En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Cosmic MagnetismCosmic MagnetismFaraday rotation of > 107 polarised background sources
Origin of magnetic fields– Dynamo?– Primordial?
NGC 891 NGC 891 (Krause)(Krause)
M 51 VLA+Eff 6cm M 51 VLA+Eff 6cm (Fletcher & Beck)(Fletcher & Beck)
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S.A. Torchinsky 8En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Large Scale StructureLarge Scale Structure
Billions of galaxies!
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S.A. Torchinsky 9En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Baryonic Acoustic OscillationsBaryonic Acoustic Oscillations
• Improve signal confidence by measuring wiggles in separate redshift bins
• A catalog of a billion galaxies
• Position and redshift measured simultaneously
• There are fluctuations at all scales but there is a preferred scale of around 1 deg.
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S.A. Torchinsky 10En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
1%
Complementarity with PlanckComplementarity with Planck
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S.A. Torchinsky 11En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
G. Bryden / NASA
Cradle of LifeCradle of Life• Protoplanetary disks resolved to Earth-like orbits
• Organic molecules– methanol (834 MHz)
– acetaldehyde (1.1 GHz)
– acetamide (9.2 GHz)
– cyclopropenone (9.3 GHz)
– propenal (26 GHz)
• Extrasolar planets
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S.A. Torchinsky 12En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
ProjectPhoenix
AllenTelescopeArray
SKA
Jill Tarter
SETI at leakage levels from nearby stars
eg:• planetary radar• Interplanetary
communication• Interstellar
communication
Indicators of Indicators of Extra Terrestrial IntelligenceExtra Terrestrial Intelligence
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S.A. Torchinsky 13En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Transient signalTransient signal
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S.A. Torchinsky 14En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
TransientsTransients
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S.A. Torchinsky 15En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Transient signalTransient signal
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S.A. Torchinsky 16En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
TransientsTransients
• Pulsar is a special case of transient phenomena (periodic)
• Giant pulses
• Supernova
• Bursters
• ETIrequires:• fast time constant• memory buffer for post analysis• wide instantaneous, fully-sampled FoV
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S.A. Torchinsky 17En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
The UnknownThe Unknown• New discoveries always result from observations in new
parameter space– sensitivity
– spatial resolution
– spectral resolution
– polarisation
– time domain
– observing speed (multibeaming)
• eg. CMB, pulsars, extra solar planets,…
SKA improves all of these
SKA is designed for the Key Projects but with an overriding design philosophy of flexibility to maximise
the likelihood of new discoveries
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S.A. Torchinsky 18En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Chris Carilli & SteveSteve RawlingsRawlings,
New Astronomy Reviews, Vol.48, Elsevier, Dec. 2004
SKA Science BookSKA Science Book
http://www.skads-eu.org/p/SKA_SciBook.php
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S.A. Torchinsky 19En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Cosmology, Galaxy Formationand Astroparticle Physics on the Pathway to the SKA
Hans-Rainer Klöckner, Steve Rawlings,
Matt Jarvis, Angela Taylor (eds.)
Cosm
olo
gy,
Gala
xy F
orm
ati
on
an
d A
stro
part
icle
Ph
ysi
cs o
n t
he
Path
way t
o t
he S
KA
Available online:
www.skads-eu.org (click “memos” or “documents”)
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S.A. Torchinsky 20En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Possible SKA ConfigurationPossible SKA Configuration
Station
Core ~5km dia
Central ProcessingFacility
Comms links
Not to scale!
180km
Dishes spread along spiral
Dishes
AA-hi
AA-lo
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S.A. Torchinsky 21En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
• ~5km inner cores
• sparse aperture arrays (eg. LOFAR)
• dense aperture arrays (eg. EMBRACE)
• parabolic dishes
• Outer core ~5km of stations
• Arms > 5km of stations
• dishes spread out along spiral arms
• maximum baseline of ~3000km
Three TechnologiesThree Technologies
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S.A. Torchinsky 22En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
candidate site: South Africacandidate site: South Africa
• Karoo radio quiet zone
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S.A. Torchinsky 23En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Candidate site: AustraliaCandidate site: Australia
• Mileura Radio Quiet Zone
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S.A. Torchinsky 24En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Worldwide SKA effortsWorldwide SKA efforts• Europe
– LOFAR– Square Kilometre Array Design Studies
• 4 year study, 38MEuro (11MEuro from EU Framework Programme 6)• EMBRACE demonstrator at Westerbork and Nançay
– PrepSKA• EU FP7 5.5MEuro, 2008-2011• Central Design Integration Team in Manchester
– SKA on ESFRI Roadmap
• Australia & Canada– AU$56M announced in 2007 Australian budget– ASKAP demonstrator
• South Africa– Karoo Array Telescope and MeerKAT– Over US$200M confirmed by SA gov’t for construction, infrastructure, including high
capacity network to Karoo region.
• USA– Allen Telescope Array– Technology Demonstrator Programme
www.skads-eu.org
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S.A. Torchinsky 25En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
http://cordis.europa.eu/esfri/
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S.A. Torchinsky 26En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
ASTRONETASTRONETInfrastructure RoadmapInfrastructure Roadmap
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S.A. Torchinsky 27En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
ReviewHi-freq SKA
Design
06 | 08 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 |
System DesignSystem DesignSKA mid + low construction SKA mid + low construction
and commissioningand commissioning
SKA-hi ConstructionSKA-hi Construction
Sites short-listed
EC-FP7: PrepSKASystem design Funding Governance Site Selection
Preliminary SKA specs External
Engineering Review of design
Reference Design selected
Pathfinder Suite Construction
Early ScienceEarly Science SKA mid+low SKA mid+low
SKA-mid+lowSKA-mid+lowCompleteComplete
SKA SKA PathfindersPathfindersCompleteComplete
System design System design SKA-hiSKA-hi
Costed SKA low+mid designs complete
Pathfinder science
Phase 1 complete
Concept Des’nConcept Des’n
SiteSelect
Production Readiness
ReviewSKA-mid+low
Concept design for SKA-hiConcept design for SKA-hi
Phase 1 construction and Phase 1 construction and commissioningcommissioning
SKA timelineSKA timeline
FP7: PrepSKA [Path2SKA] [AAVS]
http://www.skatelescope.org
FP6: SKADS
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S.A. Torchinsky 28En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
SKA in EuropeSKA in Europe
• Square Kilometre Array Design Studies– 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2009
– 26 institutes in 13 countries
– 38MEuro (including matching funds and EU funds)
– Detailed design and costing, including science simulations, signal transport, processing requirements, construction costs,…
– www.skads.eu.org/p/memos.php
– Marie-Curie Conferences and Training
www.skads-eu.org
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S.A. Torchinsky 29En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
• 1st MCCT SchoolMedicina 23-29 Sept 2007
• Wide field imaging and calibrationGroningen 2-7 March
• Synergies with the SKABonn 14-18 April 2008
• Deep Field Imaging with SKACambridge 25-29 Aug
• Radioastronomy and the New InstrumentsSiguenza 27 Aug – 4 Sept
• Multifield and multibeam science with SKAOxford 15-27 March 2009
Training the next generationTraining the next generation
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S.A. Torchinsky 30En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
EMBRACEEMBRACE
• Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt
• Aperture-Plane phased-array
• 500MHz – 1500MHz
• Linear polarisation
• 96m2 at Westerbork
• 64m2 at Nançay
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S.A. Torchinsky 31En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
EMBRACE TileEMBRACE Tile
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S.A. Torchinsky 32En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
NanNançay Beamformer Chipçay Beamformer Chip
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S.A. Torchinsky 33En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
EMBRACE observations of the SunEMBRACE observations of the Sun
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S.A. Torchinsky 34En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Simulations for the SKASimulations for the SKA
image by D. Obreschkow
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S.A. Torchinsky 35En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Simulations for the SKASimulations for the SKA
Effort in SKADS:• Catalog of continuum sources (250 Million sources)• Epoch of Reionisation (tomography from z≈15 to z≈6)• The Cosmic Web• Pulsars
• See SKADS Simulated Skies website– www.skads-eu.org/p/s-cubed.php
• See Proceedings of the Pushchino Meeting– www.skads-eu.org/memos.php– And others listed there, available on astro-ph
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S.A. Torchinsky 36En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
SKADS Science and Technology SKADS Science and Technology The Universe
Our understanding of the Universe
Sky Simulation (DS2T1)
Convolution with the telescope (DS2T2)
Network simulator (DS3T3)
Technology development
(DS4)
Technology demonstrators(DS5 & DS6)
observations
brain power
Catalogs, images, EM fields
voltages
mea
sure
men
tsan
dsi
mu
late
d pe
rfor
man
ceRequest spec changeBENCHMARK
Backend data
Data imaging(DS2T2)
Simulated telescope image
Data analysis (DS2)
science goals achievable?
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S.A. Torchinsky 37En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
SKADS Science and TechnologySKADS Science and TechnologyThe Universe
Our understanding of the Universe
Sky Simulation (DS2T1)
Convolution with the telescope (DS2T2)
Network simulator (DS3T3)
Technology development
(DS4)
Technology demonstrators(DS5 & DS6)
observations
brain power
voltages
mea
sure
men
tsan
dsi
mu
late
d pe
rfor
man
ce
Backend data
Data imaging(DS2T2)
Simulated telescope image
Request spec changeBENCHMARK
Catalogs, images, EM fields
Data analysis (DS2)
science goals achievable?
Consider trade-offs
NO: not technologically feasible
NO: too expensive
YES: We can do better than that !
SKADSDesign & Costing
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S.A. Torchinsky 38En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
SKA Design and CostingSKA Design and Costing
• SKADS final deliverable “Designed and Costed SKA”
• First memo: detailed design– www.skads-eu.org/memos.php
– SKA Memo #93
– ~1.5BEuro
• Development of costing tool: SKACost– Designed and costed components and subsystems
– Data base for costing different SKA implementations
– SKADS in collaboration with International SKA Program Office
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S.A. Torchinsky 39En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
SKADS Science SimulationsSKADS Science Simulations
?In the context of technological constraints
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S.A. Torchinsky 40En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
SKADS after 2009SKADS after 2009• EU-FP6 project SKADS ends 30 June, 2009• Overlap with PrepSKA (EU FP7)
– European led
– Starts 1 April, 2008
– Worldwide participation:• EU, Australia, South Africa, Canada, USA, China
– International SKA Program Development Office in Manchester
– Governance
– Technology development
• Path2SKA (EU FP7 Marie-Curie)– Sky simulations to telescope simulations for virtual observations
– Led by Steve Rawlings, Oxford
• Aperture-Array Verification System (under discussion)– Larger than EMBRACE
– Dual polarisation (perhaps all-digital)
– In southern Europe (Spain or Portugal)
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S.A. Torchinsky 41En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
Aperture Array Verification Aperture Array Verification SystemSystem
~few hundred m2, national funds, in southern Europe
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S.A. Torchinsky 42En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008
ContactContact
Steve TorchinskySKADS Project ScientistUSN, Observatoire de Paris
Phone: +33 1 45 07 75 02Email: [email protected]: http://www.skads-eu.org