safety (wounds)

8/4/2019 Safety (Wounds)

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Group 3Miranda, Manolito Jr. R.

Revelo, Earl Vanniel P.

Guban, Vincente Jimmy

Sayson, Gerardo Jr.

Torralba, Melvin B.

WOUNDS


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DEFINITION: WOUNDS

A woundoccurs when the integrity of any tissue iscompromised (e.g. skin breaks, muscle tears, burns, or

bone fractures). A wound may be caused by an act,

such as a gunshot, fall, or surgical procedure; by aninfectious disease; or by an underlying condition.


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CLOSE AND OPEN WOUNDS

Wounds may be referred to as open, in which the skin

has been compromised and underlying tissues are

exposed, orclosed, in which the skin has not been

compromised, but trauma to underlying structures hasoccurred (e.g. a bruised rib or cerebral contusion).


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OPEN WOUNDS


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CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WOUNDS

Open wounds can be classified according to the object that

caused the wound. The types of open wound are:

1. Incisions or incised wounds, caused by a clean, sharp-edged

object such as a knife, a razor or a glass splinter.2. Lacerations, irregular tear-like wounds caused by some blunt

trauma. Lacerations and incisions may appear linear (regular) or

stellate (irregular). The term laceration is commonly misused in

reference to incisions.


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3. Abrasions (grazes), superficial wounds in which the topmost

layer of the skin (the epidermis) is scraped off. Abrasions are

often caused by a sliding fall onto a rough surface.

4. Puncturewounds, caused by an object puncturing the skin,such as a nail or needle.


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5. Penetrationwounds, caused by an object such as a knife

entering and coming out from the skin

6. Gunshotwounds, caused by a bullet or similar projectile

driving into or through the body. There may be two wounds,one at the site of entry and one at the site of exit, generally

referred to as a "through-and-through."


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TABLE: CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WOUNDS

Classification of Open WoundClassification Causes Characteristics

PuncturePenetrating pointed instruments uch as

nail, ice picks, daggers, etc.

Deep and narrow, serious or slight

bleeding.

Abrasion Scrapping or rubbing against roughsurfaces. Shallow, wide, oozing of blood, dirty.

Laceration Blunt instruments such as shrapnels,rocks, broken glasses, etc.

Torn with irregular edges, serious or slight

bleeding.

Avulsion Explosion, animal bites, mishandling oftools, etc.

Tissue forcefully separated from the body.

Incision Sharp bladed instruments such as blades,razors, etc.

Clean cut, deep, severe bleeding, wound

is clean.


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OPEN WOUNDS

Dangers

Hemorrhage Infection

Shock


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OPEN WOUNDS

Kinds of Bleeding

Arterial bleeding Venous bleeding

Capillary bleeding


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OPEN WOUNDS

First Aid Management

C- Control bleeding C- Cover the wound

C- Care for shock

C- Consult or refer to physician


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OPEN WOUNDS

Immidiate Care (Wounds with bleeding not severe)

Clean the wound with soap and water. Apply mild antiseptics.

Cover wounds with dressing and bandage.


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CLEANING OF SIMPLE LACERATION

For simple lacerations cleaning can be

accomplished using a number of different solutions

including tap water, sterile saline solution, or antisepticsolution. Infection rates may be lower with the use of tap

water in regions where water quality is high.


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CLOSURE OF INCISIONS

Incisions caused by a knife or a sharp object need

to be thoroughly cleaned and the edges trimmed. If the wounds are

fresh and less than 12 hours old, they can be closed

with sutures or staples. Any wound which is more than 24 hours old

should be suspected to be contaminated and not closedcompletely. Only the deeper tissues can be approximated and the

skin should be left open. If closure of a wound is decided upon a

number of techniques can be used. These include bandages, a

cyanoacrylate glue, staples, and sutures.


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ANTIBIOTICS

Most clean open wounds do not require

any antibiotics unless the wound is contaminated or

the bacterial cultures are positive. Excess use of

antibiotics only leads to resistance and side effects. Allopen wounds should be cleaned at least twice a day with

warm water and soap. Once the wound is cleaned, it

should be covered with moist gauze. This should be

followed by application of dry gauze and then the woundcovered with a bandage.


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DRESSING

The purpose of a wet to dry dressing allows the

bandage to adhere to dead tissue performing a

mechanical debridement when removed. This allows new

healthy skin to grow and prevents debris from collecting.When the wound is clean, it may be closed with a skin

graft. No wound is ever closed if it is suspected to be

infected


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TYPES OF CLOSE WOUNDS

Close wounds have fewer categories, but are just as dangerous

as open wounds. The types of closed wounds are:

1. Contusions, more commonly known as bruises, caused by a

blunt force trauma that damages tissue under the skin.2. Hematomas, also called a blood tumor, caused by damage to

a blood vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under

the skin.


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Contusion Hematoma


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3. Crushinjury, caused by a great or extreme amount of force

applied over a long period of time.

4. ChronicandAcuteor traumatic wounds are the result of

injuries that disrupt the tissue. Chronic wounds are those thatare caused by a relatively slow process that leads to tissue

damage. Chronic wounds include pressure, venous, and

diabetic ulcers.


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Chronic and acute


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Crash

injury


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Typically, an insufficiency in the circulation or other

systemic support of the tissue causes it to fail and

disintegrate. Infection then takes hold of the site and

becomes a chronic abscess. Once the infection hits acritical point, it can spread locally or become systemic

(sepsis).


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CLOSE WOUNDS

Causes:

1. Blunt object that may result in contusion or bruises

2. Application of external forces

Signs and Symptoms

1. Pain and tenderness

2. Swelling

3. Discoloration


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CLOSE WOUNDS

4. Hematoma

5. Uncontrolled restlessness

6. Thirst

7. Symptoms of shock

8. Vomiting or cough-up blood

9. Passage of blood in the urine or feces

10.Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal


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CLOSE WOUNDS

First Aid Management

1. I- Iced application

2. C- Compression

3. E- Elevation

4. S- Splinting


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CHRONIC AND ACUTE WOUNDS

Types and causes of wounds are wide ranging, and

health care professionals have several different ways of

classifying them. They may be chronic, such as the

skin ulcers caused by diabetes mellitus, oracute, suchas a gunshot wound or animal bite


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Chronic and Acute or traumatic wounds are the result of

injuries that disrupt the tissue. Chronic wounds are those that

are caused by a relatively slow process that leads to tissue

damage. Chronic wounds include pressure, venous, and

diabetic ulcers. Typically, an insufficiency in the circulation orother systemic support of the tissue causes it to fail and

disintegrate. Infection then takes hold of the site and becomes a

chronic abscess. Once the infection hits a critical point, it can

spread locally or become systemic (sepsis).


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Acute woundshave a wide range of causes. Often,

they are the unintentional results of motor vehicle

accidents, falls, mishandling of sharp objects, or sports-

related injury. Wounds may also be an intentional resultof violence involving assault with weapons, including

fists, knives, or guns.


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ACUTE WOUNDS

Emergency personnel and first-aid workers generally place

acute wounds in one of eight categories:

1. Abrasions. Also called scrapes, they occur when the skin is

rubbed away by friction against another rough surface (e.g. rope

burns and skinned knees).

2. Avulsions. Occur when an entire structure or part of it is forcibly

pulled away, such as the loss of a permanent tooth or an ear

lobe. Explosions, gunshots, and animal bites may cause

avulsions.


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ACUTE WOUNDS

3. Contusions. Also called bruises, these are the result of a

forceful trauma that injures an internal structure without

breaking the skin. Blows to the chest, abdomen, or head with a

blunt instrument (e.g. a football or a fist) can cause contusions.

4. Crushwounds. Occur when a heavy object falls onto a

person, splitting the skin and shattering or tearing underlying

structures.


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ACUTE WOUNDS

5. Cuts. Slicing wounds made with a sharp instrument, leaving

even edges. They may be as minimal as a paper cut or as

significant as a surgical incision.

6. Lacerations. Also called tears, these are separating wounds

that produce ragged edges. They are produced by a

tremendous force against the body, either from an internal

source as in childbirth, or from an external source like a punch.


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ACUTE WOUNDS

5. Missilewounds. Also called velocity wounds, they are caused

by an object entering the body at a high speed, typically a bullet.

6. Punctures. Deep, narrow wounds produced by sharp objects

such as nails, knives, and broken glass.

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