science process skills (2)

8/3/2019 Science Process Skills (2)

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FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIAPENGAJARAN, TEKNOLOGI DAN PENAKSIRAN 1

KPD 3016

-Science Process Skills-

Nama : Fatin Izzati bt Zainal AbidinNombor Matriks : D20019035085Program : Pendidikan Sains ( AT16)Nama Pensyarah : Dr. Razak Abd. Samad bin Yahya


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SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

SPS 1 OBSERVING

No. Sense Observations Qualitative Quantitative

1 Sight Students in a classroom Many students in the

classroom

There are 39 students in

the classroom

2 Hearing PCs speakers The sound from the

speakers is very loud

There are 2 speakers

3 Smell Rose flowers in a vase The rose has sweet

smell

There are 12 roses i the

vase

4 Taste Lemon juice It has a sour taste There is a glass of

lemon juice

5 Touch Silk Silk is very soft There is 1 meter of silk


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Sense Observing changes Qualitative Quantitative

6 Sight Clock The clocks moving

slowly

The seconds needle

needs 60 seconds to

complete 1 cycle

7 Hearing Ambulances siren The sounds from the

ambulance is getting

louder as it comes

nearer

It is 123dB at 30 meter

away

8 Smell Pungent smell Using nose to detect the

source of smell

European odour units

(ouE/M3)

9 Taste Chewing gum It become tasteless as

we chew the gum

-

10 Touch Braille alphabet Touch and feel the

alphabet to read

-


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SPS 3 MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS

You wanted to tile your house. The size of each ceramic tile is ft x ft. The plan to your house is as shown below. How many ceramic tiles

do you need?

Length Width

=18+14+13+17+11 =20+6+19

=73 =45


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The whole area of the house is

= 73x45

=3285

Length a length b length (ba)

=9+12+16 =13+17+11 = 41-37

=37 =41 =4

The area where tiles are not included at right side of master bed room is

= length (b - a) x 19

= 4x19

=76


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Length (c - d)

=(18+14) 29

=32-29

=3

We assume the length c-d is same as e.

So, length (c - d) x 2 = 3x2 = 6

So, the rectangle area at the left side of living room is

= 25x6

=150

But the only area that we used to place the tiles at the left side of living room is

= (1/4) x 150

=37.5

Area which tiles are not included at the left side living room

=150- 37.5

=112.5


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The total area which needs tiles

= (the whole house area)(area which tiles are not included)

= 3285 (76+112.5)

=3096.5

Area for one tile is (1/2) x (1/2) = (1/4)

Ceramic tiles that we need is

=3096.5 (1/4)

=12386 ceramic tiles


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SPS 4 INFERRING

a)

The diagram show a set of fossilized foot-prints of two extinct animals found during an expedition. At position 1, the larger food-printed

animal look like approaching the small foot-print animal. At position 2, there is a random distribution of the two foot-prints while at position 3,

there is only large foot-print appear.

Some inferences have been made after studying the foot-printed which are :


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INFERENCES

GENERAL SPECIFIC

This is due to prey-predation andnatural selection

Small animal is the food for largeanimal

Small animal is the competitor for largeanimal thus they fight for food

resources, mates or space

Large animal has higher adaptation forfitness

Large animal has aggressive behaviourwhile small animal has passive, less

aggressive behaviour

Fossil foot-print of extinct animal isdinosaur

Large foot-print animal is Theropodsspecies while small foot-print animal is

Ornithopod species


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SPS 5 PREDICTING

We listen to the weather forecast everyday on TV.

a. What is a weather forecast?Weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of the future weather condition. Weather condition is the state of the atmosphere at a

given time and being expressed in terms of the most significant weather variables. The weather being forecast differ from place to place.

b. Describe how the meteorological department determine the weather forecast.A meteorologist must at least know something about the existing weather condition over a large area before he make a reliable forecast.

Basically, the forecast decision is done based on various forecasting tools. The most basic tool for weather forecaster is WEATHER

MAP. This map depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature and humidity. There are 2 types of basic

weather map namely, the surface map and the upper-air maps. There are 5 standard levels of the upper-air maps constructed twice daily.

1)OBSERVATIONObservation of different weather elements are made simultaneously as follows:

Surface observation at least 3 hours over land and sea Observe the atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, air temperature, humidity,

clouds, precipitation and visibility using weather instruments at selected levels.

Observe the height and period of wave Observe weather along their routes at specified times. Take picture of the cloud imagery of atmosphere. These satellites take picture of the earth's

cloud formations every hour and continuously, respectively

Observe cloud coverage


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2)COLLECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF WEATHER DATAWeather observation represented in the form of coded figures, symbols and numerals transmitted via radiophone and teletype

facsimile to designated collection centre and finally transmitted to central forecasting centre.

3)PLOTTING WEATHER DATAAs the coded messages received, they are decoded and being plotted in symbols or numbers on weather charts.


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4)ANALYSIS OF WEATHER MAPS,SATELLITE AND OTHER DATAData plotted on weather map are analyzed isobarically. The same atmospheric pressure at different places are inter-connected

with a line taking into consideration the direction of wind. The data plotted are analyzed using streamline analysis. Lines are

drawn to illustrate the flow of wind. The computer-plotted weather maps are analyzed manually so that weather systems like

cyclones and anticyclones are located. Plotted data on the cross-section, rainfall and 24-hour pressure change charts are analyzed

to determine the movement of wind waves, rainfall distribution and the behavior of the atmospheric pressure. Compare the

current weather maps with the previous 24 - 72 hour weather maps level by level to determine the development and movement

of weather systems that may affect the forecast area. Examine the latest weather satellite picture and analyze the latest radarreports and other minor forecasting tools.

5)FORMULATION OF THE FORECASTPrepare for the forecast after been analyzed and completed. Must do the determination accurately as the data permitted, of the

location 24 hours hence of the different weather systems and the existing weather over a particular region.


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SPS 6 COMMUNICATING

1) What is Graph ?Two-dimensional drawing showing a relationship (usually between two set of numbers) by means of a line, curve, a series ofbars, or othersymbols. Typically, an independent variable is represented on the horizontal line (X-axis) and an dependent variable on the vertical line (Y-axis).

The perpendicular axis intersect at a point called origin, and are calibrated in the units of the quantities represented. Though a graph usually has

four quadrants representing the positive and negative values of the variables, usually only the north-east quadrant is shown when the negative

values do not exist or are of no interest. Often used interchangeably with the term 'chart'.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drawing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10438/number.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/9361/curve.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4497/series.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bar.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/symbol.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/independent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dependent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quantity.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10659/positive.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10392/negative.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interest.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chart.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chart.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interest.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10392/negative.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10659/positive.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quantity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dependent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/independent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/symbol.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bar.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4497/series.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/9361/curve.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10438/number.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drawing.html


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2) What is Model?In a general sense, a model is a representation of a phenomenon, an object, or idea (Gilbert, 2000). In science, a model is the outcome of

representing an object, phenomenon or idea (the target) with a more familiar one (the source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000). For example, one

model of the structure of an atom (target) is the arrangement of planets orbiting the Sun (source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000).

3) What is Concept Map?A concept map is a graphical representation of the relationship among terms. Concept maps provide a unique graphical view of how we can

organize, connect, and synthesize information.


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4) What is Chart?A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or

slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28information%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28information%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data


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5) What is Symbol?Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something

invisible. For instance in mathematics, the science that uses deductive reasoning to study the properties of abstract entities such as numbers,

space and functions and the relations between them.

6) What is Music?Music is known to affect our feelings and energy levels (Brewer, 1995). It can prompt memories, enhance brain activity and stimulate the mind.

One of the benefits of music is that it can be utilized to teach other subjects like math and science. Music is very effective especially when one

needs to memorize something. Often, when music is used learning a certain concept or lesson is more easily understood by the student.

7) What is Table/Data?The Data Table tool provides an easy way for you to query the database and save your results. A data table will ensure that we are consistent in

recording our data and will make it easier to analyze your results once you have finished your experiment.
http://www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue5/music#brewerhttp://www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue5/music#brewer


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8) What isLanguage?In particular we will be looking at the changing use of certain words within science since it is our hypothesis that a change in the use of the word

is indicative of a change in theory. Some of these words will include: reality, order, space, movement, process, field, reason, thought,

knowledge, universal, random, discontinuous theory, insight and creativity.


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9) What is Verbal?The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face.

Some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.

10)What is Figure/Diagram?A diagram is a two-dimensional geometric symbolic representation ofinformation according to some visualization technique. Sometimes, the

technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto the two-dimensional surface. Figure is a shape, drawing or

representation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_geometric_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_projectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_projectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_geometric_model


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11)What is Number?A number is a mathematical object used to count and measure. The word number can mean the abstract object, the symbol, or the word for the

number.

12)What is Map?A map is a visual representation of an area and a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as

objects, regions, and themes. Besides that, map is anything which represents graphically a succession of events, states, acts or an historical map.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93commenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93commenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_object


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SPS 7 USING SPACE-TIME RELATIONSHIP

1) Space-time relationship is used to study motion of an object for a short time interval.2) A ticker tape is inserted through a ticker timer and is attached to the trolley.3) The ticker timer which is connected to a.c power supply is switched on and the trolley is pulled down the plane.4) As the object moves, the ticker tape timer works by making dots on paper tape at equal time intervals.5) The rate at which the ticker timer makes the dots is the frequency, f, which is frequency of the a.c. voltage connected to it.

The distance between dots on a ticker tape represents the object's position change during that time interval.

- A large distance between dots indicates that the object was moving fast during that time interval.- A small distance between dots means the object was moving slow during that time interval.


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A.

B

41 cm

20 cm

- A constant distance between dots represents a constant velocity and therefore no acceleration.- A changing distance between dots indicates a changing velocity and thus an acceleration.

Describe the motion represented by the ticker tapes below and determine their average speed
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1dkin/U1L1e.cfmhttp://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1dkin/U1L1e.cfm


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CALCULATION:

STEP 1: indicate time between any two dots, (T)

T= 1/frequancy(f)

STEP 2: indicate total time on a ticker tape, (T)

T= (number of dots interval on the tape) x (time between two dots)

STEP 3: now calculate the average speed(V)

V= distance occupied by the spaces (s) divided by the total time (T).

TICKER TAPE A

Object was accelerating

- Frequency(f) = 50 Hz- Distances(s) = 20cm- Number of dots interval on the tape = 12 dots

STEP 1: T = 1/f

= 1/50 Hz

=0.02 s


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STEP2: T = 12 dots x 0.02 s

= 0.24 s

STEP 3: V = (0.2 m)/ (0.24 s)

= 0.83 ms-1

TICKER TAPE B

Object was decelerating

- Frequency(f) = 50 Hz- Distances(s) = 41cm- Number of dots interval on the tape = 14 dots

STEP 1: T = 1/f

= 1/50 Hz

=0.02 s

STEP2: T = 14 dots x 0.02 s

= 0.28 s

STEP 3: V = (0.41 m)/ (0.28 s)

= 1.46 ms-1


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SPS 8 INTERPRETING DATA

The graph below is recorded at an airport in Montana in 1992. From the graph, describe the weather in Montana.

From the graph it showed tha, in August Montana has the highest temperature which is 780oC. The lowest maximum temperature is on

December which is 280oC. The highest minimum temperature in Montana is on June which is 500

oC while the lowest minimum temperature is

on December which is 90oC. For the maximum temperature in Montana, the temperature has increases from January to June at range 440

oC-

760oC .Then the temperature decreases from August to December at range 780oC-280oC. For the minimum temperature in Montana, the

temperature increase from February to June at range 240oC-500

oC and the temperature decrease from August to December at range 480

oC-90

oC.


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SPS 9 CONTROLLING VARIABLES

You wanted to do an experiment using ticker timer. The purpose is to find the relationship between velocity and mass and to determine the effect

of mass towards acceleration (Refer the diagram of SPS 7).

(a) Identify the variables in the systemVariables : 1) Tics produce in 1s

2) Mass of trolley

3) Average speed of trolley

4) Mass of the weight

(b)Decide the manipulated, responding and fixed variables. Fixed variables : 1) Tics produce in 1s

2) Mass of trolley

Manipulated variable : Mass of the weight Responding variable : Average speed of the trolley


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SPS 10 DEFINING OPERATIONALLY

Conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities.

1) SolubilitySolubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to

form a homogeneous solution of the solute in the solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the used solvent as

well as on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is measured as the saturation

concentration where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution.

Ksp = [A] [B]

Ksp = Solubility product

A = Anion

B = Cation

2) GrowthFrom infancy to adulthood, human growth and development is a fascinating process. Studies regarding the various stages of physical and

mental growth have led to important scientific discoveries. Understanding the stages of growth plays a helpful role in parenting, medical

treatment in everyday life


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3) Diffraction IndexIn optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of the speed of light in that medium. It is

expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum relative to that in the considered medium. This can be written mathematically as:

n = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in medium.

For example, the refractive index of water is 1.33, meaning that light travels 1.33 times faster in vacuum than it does in water. (See

typical values of materials here).

As light moves from a medium, such as air, water, or glass, into another it may change its propagation direction in proportion to the

change in refractive index. This refraction is governed by Snell's law, and is illustrated in the figure to the right. Refractive index of

materials varies with the wavelength oflight. This is called dispersion and results in a slightly different refractive index for each colour.

The graph shows that the height of

a human increase with time. From

the day of born until 4 years old,

the human height grows rapidly.

From 4 to 10 years, the growth

kept increasing but slower than the

stage mentioned before. Then

kept increasing in slower mode for

the next stage (10-14 years).

During teenage years, the growth

increase rapidly again (14-16

years). The increase in height
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Typical_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Typical_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_medium


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SPS 11 CONSTRUCTING HYPOTHESES

A boy goes to school by bicycle and has to travel down a steep road every time. The boy realises that the speed of the bicycle down the steep

road will depends on:

(a) the steepness of the road(b)the mass of bicycle and himself

Draw two hypotheses and then describe a way to test both hypotheses.

1) The steepness of the road- Hypotheses : as the steepness increase, the speed of the bicycle increase- Way to test

Procedure : 1) Set up ramp with initial height of 0.1m above the table

2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker time and attach it to the trolley

3) Switch on power supply. Release the trolley.

4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape

5) Calculate the speed of trolley

6) Repeat the experiment with different height of ramp

Fixed variable : mass of trolley Manipulated variable : height of ramp Responding variable : time taken


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2) The mass of bicycle and himself- Hypotheses : As mass increase, the speed of bicycle decrease- Way to test

Procedure : 1) Set up ramp with initial height of 0.1m above the table

2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker time and attach it to the trolley

3) Switch on power supply. Release the trolley.

4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape

5) Calculate the speed of trolley

6) Repeat the experiment with different mass of trolley by placing mass on the trolley

Fixed variable : height of ramp Manipulated variable : mass of the trolley Responding variable : time taken


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SPS 12 EXPERIMENTING

Refer to SPS7 and design an experiment to determine the acceleration of a trolley moving down the inclined plane.

TICKER-TIMER EXPERIMENT

Hypothesis : The larger the angle of incline, the higher the velocity just before reaching the end of the runway

Aim: To determine the acceleration of a trolley moving down different angle of inclined plane.

Variables:

Manipulated: Angle of incline

Responding: Average acceleration

Constant: Length of runway

Apparatus/Materials:

Trolley, protractor, wooden blocks, cellophane tape, ticker-timer, ticker tape, power supply, friction-compensated runway


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Procedures:

1. The apparatus is set up as per the diagram, and inclined angle of the plane is measured using a protaractor. An initial angle of 5o

is

used.

2. The ticker-timer is started up and at the same time the trolley is released to slide down the plane.

3. Label and cut every 10th dot on the tape and indicate the distances.

4. Draw a horizontal line, as a time axis and a vertical axis as a velocity axis on a piece of paper. Glue your tapes, vertically so the bottom

of each tape touches this axis. Every 10 dots represents 0.2 second.

4. Calculate the average velocity for the first 10th dot and for the last 10th dot.

5. Calculate the average acceleration.

6. The procedure is repeated by changing the angle of incline to 10o, 15

o, 20

o, 25

o.


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Results:

Angle of incline (o) Average velocity first

10th dot (ms-1

)

Average velocity last

10th dot (ms-1

)

Average accleration

(ms-2

)

5

10

15

20

25

Analysis:

Plot the graph of acceleration of the trolley against the angle of incline.

science process skills (2)

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