sdge cypress cool gas seminar 6 17 09 pk

CoolGas Benefits

Environmental, Economic and Green Building

Presented by: Paul Kuhlman, Paul Kuhlman Environmental Consulting

1Copyright 2009 Cypress, Ltd.

CoolGas BenefitsAgenda• The Role of Gas in Global Warming Curtailment• Environmental Impacts of Peak Energy • Environmental Benefits of Reducing Peak Energy• Gas Cooling as Contributor to the Solution

• Economic Value• LEED Certification Impacts• Title 24 Building Standards Impact


Greenhouse Gas Stabilization Triangle & Socolow Wedge*

-- Vehicle Efficiency

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Straight line increase to 14GtC/Yr.

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Constant carbon at 7GtC/Yr

for 50 years

-- Buildings-- Coal to CCGT-- Efficient Power

-- CCS-- Nuclear Fission-- Wind Electricity

* Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow, www.princeton.edu/~cmi

There are 15 “Available Technology” wedges each capable of achieving 1B tons CO2 reduction/yr to achieve stabilization by 2060. Fuel Switching, Building Systems Efficiency, and Efficient Electricity Generation are three wedges impacted by Gas Cooling


http://www.princeton.edu/~cmi

CCSP Stabilization Scenario to achieve Global Primary Energy: 550 ppmv

Coal

Gas

Oil

50% Increase in Gas from 2005

Source: US Climate Change Science Program Technical Summary 2007 http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap2-1/finalreport/sap2-1a-final-technical-summary.pdf


Electricity & Natural Gas EfficiencyConsumer Savings

$32.4 BillionConsumer Costs

$11 Billion

Source: Efficiency Impacts on Gas Markets, ACEEE, 2005.

Res. Gas 20%

Comm. Gas 9%

Ind. Gas 9%

Res. Elec. 16%

Comm. Elec. 16%

Ind. Elec. 8%

Power Gas 22%

Res. Gas 5%Comm. Gas 1%

Ind. Gas 2%

Res. Elec. 44%Comm. Elec. 28%

Ind. Elec. 20%


AC Peak Day Demand… Largest Contributor

AC Load

California’s Summer Peak Day Commercial Load Profile

36% Total load

70% Peak load


“Statewide annual peak demand is projected to grow, on average, 850 MW per year for the next 10 years.” - CEC

CA Energy Demand Grows “Peakier”

Power plant utilization declines

Peak demand grows

Source: California Energy Commission California Energy Demand 2008–2018, CEC-200-2007-015-SF


Gas Cooling is part of the Solution

Enables Electricity Grid Efficiency and Additional Capacity Without Destructive Environmental Impacts• Avoided expansion of transmission and distribution infrastructure• Curtailment in the growth of new generation, transmission and distribution

capacity • 200 – 700 metric tonnes CO2e, transmission and distribution facility construction and

equipment manufacturing1

• Avoided land use impacts of new power plants• 2 – 3.2 Acres per MW capacity2

• Source energy fuel efficiency and lower emissions through a flatter load curve

1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Coal Gasification Power Generation Systems, Ruether, Ramezan and Balash J. Infrastructure Systems2. U.S. Department of Energy, The Potential Benefits Of Distributed Generation and Rate-Related Issues That May Impede Their Expansion: A Study Pursuant To Section 1817 Of The Energy Policy Act Of 2005, February 2007


Source Energy Fuel Emissions: Peak vs. Base

Peak vs. Off-peak CO2 Emission Rate* (Tons/MWh)

Heavy AC Use

*Southern California Edison Data


0

10,000

20,000

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60,000

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11:00

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9:00

PM

11:00

PM

Hour

MW

Nuclear

Renew ables

Imports

Hydro

Load-follow ing Gas and Coal Co-

Gen

Gas Peakers

Peak vs. Off-Peak Resource Mix

Typical California Summer DaySource: “CEC-700-2005-016 Environmental Performance CA Generation” p37

10

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

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11:00

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Hour

MW

Nuclear

Renew ables

Imports

Hydro

Load-follow ing Gas and Coal Co-

Gen

Gas Peakers

Peak vs. Off-Peak Resource Mix

Typical California Summer Day11

Peak Demand & Source Energy Efficiency

Off-Peak(4-5 AM)

On-Peak(4-5 PM)

So

urc

e E

nerg

y

Transmission Loss

Peaker

Gas

Nuclear, Hydro,Wind, Other Renew,Imports

Equivalent Quantity of Site Energy

T&D

Gas

Other

T&D Loss

Gas

Other

Peaker56% more source energy required

Peak Energy Requires More Fuel


Reducing Peak Energy Reduces Greenhouse Gases Disproportionately

Ice Energy calculation using California Energy Commission source data

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

4-5AM 4-5PM

0.30 tons of CO2 per MWh

Site Energy Use

0.57 tons of CO2 per MWh

Site Energy Use

90% more greenhouse gas emissions from

electricity used during peak

Peak Energy is Dirtier

Time Differentiated Energy: Gas vs. Electricity Envision Gas Cooling as Distributed Generation • No load following inefficiencies and T&D congestion of grid power

• California Building Energy Standards Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) Methodology recognizes this and provides a more accurate way to assess the true value of energy use and savings compared to standard building (site) kWh valuation approaches

• Using an energy model with an hourly and location based source energy multiplier permits a more accurate annual source kBtu’s calculation

• There is a unique multiplier for Gas as well as Electricity further modified by residential and non-residential

2 “DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY BALANCES FOR THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA”, June 2005, CEC-500-2005-068

gas cooling fuel

paracitic electricity

paracitic electricity

gas cooling total

electric cooling

Gas cooling benefit

COP BTU/RT TDV kW/RT TDV TDV TDVDouble Effect 1.1 10,909 12,550 0.19 4,427 16,977 23,300 27%GHP 1.2 10000 11505 0.11 2,563 14,068 23,300 40%Gas Engine 1.7 7,059 8,121 0.01 342 8,463 13,980 39%

Gas Cooling can help customer’s total building exceed T 24 from 5 % to 30% more


Gas Cooling TDV Energy30 ksf Office Building San Diego CA (Climate Zone 10)

Baseline Chiller: 60 Ton Electric Screw (.84 kW/ton) Alternative Chiller: 60 Ton Gas direct fired double-effect absorption with HR (0.03 kW/ton and 1 COP) Building Standards (TDV) Performance (Source KBtu’s/SF/Yr):Baseline Chiller Cooling: 136Alternative Chiller Cooling: 94TDV Savings Cooling 31%

Baseline Chiller Building: 485Alternative Chiller Building: 444TDV Savings Building: 8%

July Week Cooling TDV Energy

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200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13

Hours

So

urc

e kB

tu's

(T

DV

)

Electric Screw Chiller Gas Chiller


Southern California Gas Cooling Total Emissions

Daily Variance CO2 Indirect Emissions - SCE

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Hours

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/MW

h

SCE CO2 Hourly emission rates stated in the E3 Avoided Cost Model

• TDV Hourly Multiplier provides guidance for calculating Peak Source (Indirect) Emissions• The multiplier addresses the cost of generation, transmission and distribution including:

• Fuel costs• Capital and operating costs • Emissions costs

• Emissions mitigation costs are based on emission rates of Gas Turbine generation with an efficiency range of 6,400 – 14,000 kBtu’s / KWhr

• Hourly CO2, NOx and PM10 Emission Rates are established • Indirect Emission Rates range from .36 to.82 Tons CO2/MWhr at Summer Peak• Gas Cooling Direct Emissions

Carbon intensity of natural gas of 117 pounds CO2 per MMBtu

16

Emissions Electric vs. Gas Chillers

30 ksf Office Building San Diego CA (Climate Zone 10)Electric Screw Chiller: 60 Ton Electric Screw (.84 kW/ton) Gas Chiller: 60 Ton Gas direct fired double-effect absorption with HR (0.03 kW/ton and 1 COP)

July Week Cooling CO2 Emissions

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90

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1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13

Hours

Lb

s C

O2

Electric Screw Chiller Gas Chiller


Indirect Emissions

Direct & Indirect Emissions

What About Air Pollution?

TDV Multiplier & Nox Emission Rates

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50

60

1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 324

Hours

Qu

an

tity

TDV Multiplier

Lbs/MWh NOX x100

Tropospheric Ozone Precursors (NOx, Sox & PM10) are also Time Dependent


Sample Economic Analysis


San Diego CAOffice Building (88,500 sf) - 200 Ton Chiller Replacement Electric Screw (.84kW / Ton) $200,000Gas Direct Fired Double Effect $300,000Net Gas Premium $100,000Less Gas Cooling Rebate ($62,000)(124kW peak reduction at $500/kW) Net Gas Chiller Cost $38,000

Electric Chiller Annual Building Energy Costs $311,400Gas Chiller Annual Building Energy Costs $270,000

Annual Savings $41,400Simple Payback 11.5 Months

Elect Rate: Electric: SDGE AL-TOU, Gen Service - Time Metered 3/08 Updated May 09 Gas: San Diego Gas & Elect GN-3 Core Commercial Customers (<21kth/mo) Updated May 09

Utility Bill SummaryBase Alternate

(Electric Screw) (Gas Direct Fired Double Effect) Annual peak kW 458 333 Annual kWh 1,927,000 1,533,900 Annual Energy Costs $311,000 $244,000Annual Therms 600 54,160 Annual Gas Cost $400 $26,000

Savings Over Time Assume Gas & Electricity Rates Increase at 3% • 10 Year Cumulative Savings $437,000• NPV @ 10% rate: $250,000


10 Year Cash Flow Comparison

$0

$100,000

$200,000

$300,000

$400,000

$500,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Electric Cooling Gas Cooling Cumulative Savings

Integrating Distributed Generation

• Integrated CHP/Gas Absorption Chillers require permit from air pollution control or air quality management districts unless certified by CARB*

• “The Killer App”: Integrated Fuel Cell / Gas Absorption Chiller reduces direct emissions close to Zero

* CARB Distributed Generation (DG) Certification Program to certify electrical generation technologies that are exempt from the permit requirements of air pollution control or air quality management districts . http://www.arb.ca.gov/energy/dg/eo/eo-current.htm


LEED 2009 Impacts• 2009 Version (LEED 3.0) shifts weightings

to emphasize LCA vs. Manufacturing & Construction

• Gas Cooling contributes to the Energy and Atmosphere Credit Category

• E&A Credit Category increased from 25% to 35% of Total

• E&A category contains 35 points total • Energy Efficiency comprises 19 total

points• Points are awarded based upon annual

energy cost savings• EA Credit 4: Enhanced Refrigerant

Management GWP

CO2 1134a 1320Lithium Bromide 0


Wrap Up

Questions?

Presented by: Gordon Broberg, Cypress, Ltd.


Contact us:Lyle EverettSDG&E858 636 [email protected]

Tom SmolarekPresidentCypress, Ltd.949 888 0255 [email protected]

Rob AndersonDirector of Resource PlanningSDG&E858 650- [email protected]

Stephen J. Rawski, P.E. Principal EngineerSouthern California Gas Company 714 634 3246 [email protected]

AJ MesalicPresident IntelliChoice Energy702 364 [email protected]

Andy FreemanBusiness Development ManagerIngersoll Rand Energy Systems415 640 [email protected]

Paul Kuhlman PresidentPaul Kuhlman Environmental Consulting 678 907 [email protected]

Gordon BrobergVice PresidentCypress, Ltd.805 648 6755 [email protected]

Cypress Customer Service Center / CoolGas Program877 811 8700www.gasiscool.com/sdge/index.php


mailto:[email protected]

sdge cypress cool gas seminar 6 17 09 pk

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