section 1 presidential reconstruction chapter 13 reconstruction and the new south
TRANSCRIPT
SECTION 1PRESIDENTIAL
RECONSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 13Reconstruction and the New
South
A. Old South Destroyed
1. Mass destruction on the South, many buildings in ruins
2. Southern economy – a) Tens of thousands of Confederate
veterans looking for jobs and b) 4 million freed slaves were jobless
and homeless “40 acres and a mule”
B. Lincoln and Reconstruction
1. What was Reconstruction? Plan to rebuild the former Confederate states
and reunite the nation
2. Beginning of Reconstructiona) Amnesty – Full pardon for a crime
Lincoln would give amnesty to almost all southerners who would swear allegiance to U.S.
b) 10-Percent Plan (Lincoln’s Plan) – Would allow states to rejoin the Union when 10 percent of its residents swore loyalty to U.S.
Said nothing about African American rights except for outlawing slavery
B. Lincoln and Reconstruction
c) Wade-Davis Bill (July 1864) – Congress’ response to 10-Percent Plan States readmitted when a majority of white
males in each state took loyalty oath Called for Confederate states to abolish slavery States to form new governments after
readmitted Vetoed by Lincoln – Why?
“With malice toward none, with charity for all… let us strive on… to bind up the nation’s wounds… to do all which may achieve… a just and lasting peace.” – Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address – March 4, 1865
B. Lincoln and Reconstruction
3. Lincoln’s assassinationa) John Wilkes Booth b) April 14, 1865 c) Watching British play “Our
American Cousin” at Ford’s Theatre
d) Died the next morninge) Conspiracy – Johnson, Seward
and Stanton also targetedf) Booth killed two weeks laterg) Country mourns Lincoln’s
death h) Why did Booth do it?
Reaction?
C. Johnson and Reconstruction
1. The New President – Andrew Johnson – a) Democrat, former slaveholder and senator
from Tennesseeb) Thought he would appeal to North and South
2. Immediately proved unpopular – racist, wouldn’t compromise
3. May 1865 – Johnson gives complete pardon to almost all former Confederates
Would leave out more ex-Rebels than Lincoln
C. Johnson and Reconstruction
4. Johnson’s readmission plan – much more lenient than people were expecting
a) Each state had to nullify its acts of secessionb) Refuse to pay Confederate government debts c) States had to abolish slavery No punishment, few restrictions
5. Confederate leaders take charge in the South
6. New state constitutions continued to discriminate against blacks
7. 13th Amendment (Jan. 1865) –
SECTION 2CONGRESSIONAL
RECONSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 13Reconstruction and the New
South
A. Moderates vs. Radicals
1. Moderates (most Republicans)a) Wanted to reunite the Union b) Keep former Confederates out of governmentc) Favored giving African Americans some rights
but not the right to vote
2. Radical Republicansa) Wanted to punish the South for the Civil War b) Give African Americans equal rights, including
the right to votec) Also wanted to give land to former slavesd) Frederick Douglass –
B. Congress vs. Johnson
1. Race Riots –Memphis and New Orleansa) Furthered highlighted the divide between whites and
blacksb) Moderates and Radical Republicans to join forces
after
2. Freedmen’s Bureaua) Created to aid the millions of former slaves left
homeless and hungry by the warb) Gave out food and clothing, served as an
employment agency, set up hospitals and ran schools Originally approved for one year, Johnson vetoed the
extension saying “it was never intended that the Freedmen should be fed, clothed, educated and sheltered by the United States”
Veto was overridden by Congress
C. Congress vs. Johnson
1. Civil Rights Act of 1866 (1st Civil Rights law)
a) Said everyone born in the U.S. was a citizen with full civil rights
b) Did not guarantee voting rightsc) Vetoed by Johnson, but overridden by
Congress
C. Congress vs. Johnson
2. 14th Amendment (June 1866)a) Required states to give equal citizenship to
African Americans and all people “born or naturalized in the United States”
b) Denied states the right to deprive anyone of “life, liberty or property without due process of the law”
c) Promised all citizens “equal protection of the laws”
D. Radicals Come to Power
1. Election of 1866 and Reconstruction Acts
a) Johnson called Radicals traitorsb) People voted overwhelmingly Republican c) Radicals took control of Reconstructiond) Reconstruction Acts of 1867 –
Ex-Confederate officials and army officers couldn’t vote
States couldn’t be readmitted until the 14th Amendment was ratified and showed that African Americans had the right to vote
Blacks right to vote, 14th and 15th Amendments Divided the former Confederate states into five
military districts, new state Constitutions approved by Congress
E. Presidential Impeachment
1. Relationship btw Johnson and Congress bad
2. Tenure of Office Act (1867) – Required Senate OK before President could fire a
Cabinet member
3. February 1868 – Johnson fires Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without Senate approval
4. House impeaches Johnson Charged with violating the Tenure of Office Act,
making “scandalous” speeches and bringing Congress into “disgrace”
5. Result – Johnson acquitted by only one vote despite weak case (35-19 in favor of conviction)
Key: Red = both senators voting to acquit; Orange = senators split 1-1; Yellow = both senators voting to convict; Gray = unrepresented in the Senate in 1868; White = states were not yet admitted.
F. More Issues1. Radical Republicans too radical2. Election of 1868
a) Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (R) vs. N.Y. Gov. Horatio Seymour (D)
b) Result – Grant beats Seymour in popular vote, 214-80 in electoral vote
3. 15th Amendment What did it say? Citizens could not be denied right to vote
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude”
What groups were not included?
SECTION 3RECONSTRUCTION IN THE
SOUTH
CHAPTER 13Reconstruction and the New
South
A. African American Activism
1. After the passage of Congressional Reconstruction, African Americans hoped for further equality
2. Politicsa) African American delegates made up the largest
percentage of Republicans in the Southb) Hiram Revels – elected to U.S. Senate in
Mississippi to fill Jefferson Davis’ seat, first African American
More than 600 African Americans elected to state legislatures, 16 to Congress
B. Reconstruction Govt.
1. Carpetbaggers – insult given to northern Republicans who moved to the South
2. Scalawags – insult given to southern whites who supported the Union during the Civil War and now supported Reconstruction
3. Republican alliance – supporters of Reconstruction who wanted to take control from rich planters and rebuild the South
4. What do you think was the bigger insult? Carpetbagger or scalawag?
C. Ku Klux Klan1. Greek for “Circle” and Scots-
Gaelic “Brothers”2. Secret group formed to
prevent African Americans from voting
3. Nathan Bedford Forrest – “Grand Wizard”
a) Klan tactics – murder, assault, harassment, burning houses, churches, schools, stealing cattle
b) Forrest resigns in 1869 after KKK gets too violent
C. Ku Klux Klan4. Steps against the Klan
a) African Americans started standing up to Klansmen and even burned their barns
b) Enforcement Acts (1870-71) – empowered the federal government to combat terrorism with military force and to prosecute guilty individuals
c) Democrats called them the Force Acts and said they threatened individual freedom
d) Overall result
D. Violence - lynching
1. Illegal seizure and execution of a suspected troublemaker or criminal
2. Often the victims were just someone who was in the wrong place at the wrong time
• Public and sadistic murders
• 1882-1968 – 4,730
• 3,440 Black men and women
• Intimidation – keep freedmen “in their place”
D. Lynchings
E. Reconstruction Changes
1. Government involvement led to a decline in KKK violence
2. Panic of 1873 – severe depression3. Panic means the end of the Republican Alliance4. Thousands of immigrants joined the Democratic
party5. Civil Rights Act of 1875 – made it illegal for
businesses that served the public such as hotel and trains to discriminate against African Americans
6. Redeemers – Democratic supporters of white-controlled government, used violent tactics
E. Reconstruction Changes
7. Election of 1876a) Samuel Tilden (D-NY) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (R-
OH)b) Result –
Tilden beat Hayes by 250,000 in popular vote Results in four states were disputed (3 were Southern
states with split governments) A commission gave the election to Hayes by one
electoral vote
c) Compromise of 1877 – Democrats accepted Hayes as President in return for
Republicans agreeing to pull remaining troops out of South
d) Redeemers finished off their takeover of Southern government
SECTION 4THE NEW SOUTH
CHAPTER 13Reconstruction and the New
South
A. Changing Economies
1. Sharecroppinga) Planters faced labor shortages, former slaves
needed jobsb) What was sharecropping?
System where a farmer worked a section of land in return for a share of the crop, shelter and tools
c) Problem for sharecroppers – No income during the year until harvest time, keeps them in a cycle of debt
d) Effect of sharecropping – No way out of poverty for sharecroppers, merchants turn huge profit
A. Changing Economies
2. Industrial Growth1. New South – belief that the South should
manufacture its own goods to get out of poverty2. Projects –
Build factories, ironworks, textile mills and other businesses
Railroads were rebuilt and integrated with the North
3. Effects – Factory owners and investors were the only ones to
benefit Industrial workers worked for lower wages than
those in North and were almost all white Some workers were stuck in same cycle of debt as
sharecroppers
B. Black Codes1. What were they? Laws passed after the
Civil War that limited African Americans from achieving social, political and economic equality
2. Examples3. Re-established white control over African
American labor4. Reaction
Today’s Essential Question
What were Jim Crow laws and how did they affect America?
C. Voting Restrictions
1. Poll tax2. Property qualifications3. Literacy test4. Grandfather clause – groups
exempted from a law if they met certain conditions before the law was passed
Who would benefit from African Americans not voting? Why? How the colored voter is allowed to cast
his ballot in a state where Democrats control the election. (1899)
D. Jim Crow Laws1. Segregation – separation of the races2. Jim Crow laws – A system of legal
segregation that further degraded African Americans
3. Places that were segregated – schools, parks, public buildings, hospitals, transportation, movie theaters
Black facilities were always inferior
4. Second class citizens, legitimized anti-black racism
Belief – blacks were inferior and should be kept separate
Images of Jim Crow - Minstrel Shows
Images of Jim Crow - Minstrel Shows
Images of Jim Crow
Images of Jim Crow
Images of Jim Crow
Images of Jim Crow
Images of Jim Crow
What images in the cartoon stand out to you?
Was this an accurate portrayal of life in the South at the time?
Etiquette norms under Jim Crow
A Black male could not offer his hand to a White male – and definitely not to a female
Blacks and Whites could not eat togetherA Black male could not light the cigarette of a
White femaleNo PDAsWhites did not use courtesy titles of respect
(Mr., Mrs., Miss, Sir, Ma’am, etc.) when referring to Blacks
A Black person who rode in a car driven by a white person – rode in the back
White motorists had right of way
From: Jim Crow Guide
Never assert or intimate that a White person is lying
Never impute [give away] dishonorable intentions to a White person
Never suggest that a White person is from an inferior class
Never lay claim to, or demonstrate, superior knowledge
Never curse or laugh at a White personNever comment on the appearance of a
White female
Laws
No black barber shall serve white girls or women (GA)
Separate buildings/wards for the blind (LA)Buses: separate waiting rooms and ticket
windows (ALA)Custody of a white child should not fall to a
black adult (SC)Education: separate
Laws
Libraries: separate (NC)Militia: white and black separately enrolled Nurses: white female nurses could not care
for black males (ALA)Prisons: separate sleeping and eatingTeaching- fined for teaching in an
integrated school (OK)Serving of wine and beer - separate
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/geography/geography.htm
Jim Crow quotes
"In this perilous world, if a black boy wanted to live a halfway normal life and die a natural death he had to learn early the art of how to get along with white folks."
- Benjamin Mays, recalling his childhood in rural South Carolina
"My object is to teach the North, the young North, what it has never known—the awful suffering of the white man during the dreadful Reconstruction period. I believe that Almighty God anointed the white men of the South by their suffering during that time immediately after the Civil War to demonstrate to the world that the white man must and shall be supreme."
- Thomas Dixon, Jr., author of The Clansman, later became a movie called The Birth of a Nation
Questions
How did Jim Crow laws affect America?
What methods did whites use to keep African Americans separate and inferior?
How did African Americans try to fight against segregation?
Why were African Americans unable to resist segregation?
E. Reinforcing Jim Crow
1. Civil Rights Case of 1883 – a) Overturned Civil Rights Act of 1875b) Supreme Court ruled that 14th Amendment did
not prevent private businesses from discriminating
2. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – a) “separate but equal” facilities did not violate
14th Amendment “We cannot say that a law which authorizes or even
requires the separation of the two races in public conveyances is unreasonable.”
b) Henry Brown – Blacks assume they are inferiorc) John Marshall Harlan – Constitution is color-
blind
F. African American Response
1. Booker T. Washington: economic independence was the key to political and social equality
Many African Americans of the time disliked Washington, they thought he gave in to whites too often
2. Ida B. Wells: focused on lynchings and urged African Americans to leave the south
G. African American Response
3. WEB DuBois – Niagara Falls – 1905
Booker T. Washington’s greatest black critic
a) denounced all political, civil, and economic discrimination
b) vowed never to accept inferiority c) formed a nucleus group who joined
with concerned whites for a national conference on the “Negro question”
H. NAACP
1. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
2. Formed in 1909 by an interracial group led by W.E.B. DuBois
3. By 1914 – there were 50 branches4. Worked to achieve equality through
the courts5. 1st victory: Supreme Court declared
grandfather clauses unconstitutional