Research ArticleSeeds of Zizyphus lotus In Vivo Healing Properties of theVegetable Oil

C Rais 12 C Slimani2 M Benidir 2 L Elhanafi 23 I Zeouk 4 F Errachidi2

L El Ghadraoui2 and S Louahlia5

1Laboratory of Botany National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants PO Box 159 Taounate 34025 Morocco2Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment Faculty of Sciences and TechnologySidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University PO Box 2202 Route drsquoImouzzer Fez Morocco3Laboratory of Engineering Electrochemistry Modeling and Environment Faculty of Sciences Dhar MahrazSidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University PO Box 1796 Fez-Atlas 30000 Morocco4Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology Faculty of Sciences and Technology Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah UniversityPO Box 2202 Route drsquoImouzzer Fez Morocco5Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environment Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza USMBA Route drsquoOujda BP 12231223 Taza Morocco

Correspondence should be addressed to C Rais chaimaeraisusmbaacma

Received 10 January 2020 Accepted 7 May 2020 Published 8 June 2020

Academic Editor Ahmed Al-Salaymeh

Copyright copy 2020 C Rais et al is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License whichpermits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

e present study has been undertaken in order to highlight the healing effect of Zizyphus lotus vegetable oil e seeds of thisplant contain an oil rate of 30e obtained results on the main elements composing the vegetable oil have shown that Zizyphuslotus vegetable oil has a low value of acidity index and it presents a not negligible degree of unsaturatione value of the peroxideindex of Zizyphus lotus vegetable oil is less than 10 which characterizes the most of conventional oils Furthermore the spectralanalysis by gas chromatography has shown the presence of 53majority andminority moleculesus the evaluation of the healingactivity of Z lotus seed vegetable oil has demonstrated a highly significant effect against the negative control and silver sulfadiazinewas used as conventional treatment for burns Based on the obtained results we can suggest that the oil extracted from the seeds ofthe studied plant could be used to cure wounds

1 Introduction

From a climatic and ecological point of view Morocco isone of the original countries of the Western Palearcticregion Hence it is the second biologically diverse countryin the Mediterranean basin after Turkey Morocco is hometo an important number of endemic species relating to thevariety of natural areas ese species represent a vegetalheritage with great geographical or historical value theyare the originality of a vegetal landscape of which thearomatic and medicinal plants (AMP) occupy a largeplace ese are widely used in various fields includingpharmacology and cosmetology they play an importantsocioeconomic role

e jujube (Zizyphus lotus L) commonly called ldquoSedrardquoin Arabic and ldquoAzouggartrdquo in ldquoBerberrdquo is an aromatic andmedicinal plant widely used in herbal medicine by the localpopulations [1] is plant species has numerous nutri-tiously cosmetically and medicinally interests Its anti-in-flammatory analgesic and antispasmodic activities havebeen demonstrated through numerous previous investiga-tions including these of [2] Its distribution area is extendingall over the Mediterranean area

During the last years numerous phytochemicalstudies have been reported on Zizyphus lotus and theyhave shown the medical importance of this species eeffects against several diseases such as digestive disordersliver problems obesity urinary disturbs diabetes skin

Hindawie Scientific World JournalVolume 2020 Article ID 1724543 8 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520201724543

infections fever diarrhea and insomnia have been largelyunderlined [3ndash7] Moreover the fruits and leaves of Zlotus are much known due to their composition in termsof flavonoids sterols tannins saponins and triterpenoids[8 9] Furthermore Z lotus fruits are appreciated bydifferent animals such as sheep cattle camelids and goat[10] e current research studies about different phar-macological activities of this plant and its derivatives arevery important for modern medicine However thisspecies is often neglected or even forgotten It is expe-riencing an increased degradation because of the negativeimpact of anthropogenic factors that are steadily growing(overgrazing and grubbing-up by farmers in order tochange land use etc) and this plunder could jeopardizethe sustainability of the species Nevertheless to ourknowledge no work was carried out on the healing effectof jujube

Indeed burns are traumatic pathologies responsible forsignificant morbidity and mortality ey are a public healthproblem particularly with regard to their frequency theirpotential gravity the sequels that they can generate and thehigh cost for their treatment and prevention However theuse of numerous conventional products is often limitedbecause of the varying levels of their effectiveness e so-lution to these inconveniences is the use of natural productsas an alternative based on traditional medicine For a longtime these natural products have shown their efficiency tocure burns and scalds showing several interesting benefits interms of availability safety and low cost price [11]

Due to the lack of information on pharmacological usesof Z lotus seeds and in order to enhance the potentialitieswhich peak this plant we have reported the present work tohighlight the effect of Z lotus vegetable oil prepared fromseeds on wound healing induced in mice

2 Materials and Methods

21 PlantMaterial e seeds of Z lotus used in the presentstudy have been collected from the region of Fez (Zouagha-Moulay Yaacoub) in August 2016 Climatic data of the areaof harvest are summarized in Table 1 e seeds have beenisolated from fruit ground in a mortar and then sifted toobtain a very fine and homogeneous powder which has beenextracted in order to obtain the vegetable oil and the extracts

22ExtractionofVegetableOil fromSeeds 10 g of the powderwas macerated with 100ml of hexane (ratio 10) under ag-itation at 500 rpm at room temperature for 24 hours eresulting mixture was filtered using Whatman filter no 1and then the solvent was removed from the vegetable oilunder vacuum using rotavapor e obtained residue wasstored in the dark in a refrigerator at 4degC until further use

23 6e Yield of Vegetable Oil e yield was performedusing the ratio of the vegetable oil weight after evaporation(m) to the weight of the dry vegetal matter (ms) used forextraction multiplied by 100 [12]

Rdt () mms

1113876 1113877 times 100 (1)

24 Chemical Composition of the Vegetable Oil e study ofthe main elements composing the vegetable oil is very in-teresting to understand this essencersquos wound healing reemajor elements have been identified iodine index acidityindex and peroxide indexese elements could give an ideaabout the composition of vegetable oil which facilitates thecomprehension of possible pharmacological effects includ-ing wound healing

241 Iodine Index Iodine index is defined as the number ofgrams of iodine fixed by 100 grams of vegetable oil us02 g of fat was solubilized in 10ml of chloroform [13 14]After homogenizing the solution 2ml was introduced into adry Erlenmeyer flask to which it was added 2ml of WIJSreagent e control was prepared using a mixture ofchloroform and WIJS (2 2) Both solutions (real andcontrol) were mixed placed in the dark for 60min andagitated from time to time en 2ml of KI solution wasadded (10) and agitated for 2min e excess iodine I2 wasdetermined using 02M sodium thiosulfate that discolors thecontent Volumes Vprimei (control) and Vi (real) of thiosulfatecorresponding to each titration (test) have been also noticed

Iodine index being related to the unsaturated nature offat allows calculating the number of double bonds per fattyacid molecule (equation (2))

Ii N times Vprimei test ndashVi real( 1113857 times127

P times 10 (2)

where V9 is the volume of sodium thiosulfate of the usednormalized solution N is the normality of sodium thio-sulfate P is the weight in g of the test sample of the studiedfat

e number of double bonds was determined using thefollowing formula

n Ii times M

254 times 100 (3)

where n is the number of double bonds of fatty acid andM isthe molecular mass of fatty acid

242 Acidity Index e determination of this index wasperformed through dissolution of 025 g of vegetable oil in10ml of ethanol in which 5ml of alcoholic KOH was added

Table 1 Principal climatic data of the studied station

Climatic data StationFES

Latitude 34deg02prime13NLongitude 4deg59prime59WAltitude 403Rainfall (mmyear) 375Bioclimatic stage SemiaridNote N north W west

2 e Scientific World Journal

(ethanol at 10) [13 14] After homogenization 2 drops ofphenolphthalein were added e titration was carried outwith 02N sulfuric acid until the pink coloration of persistentphenolphthalein for at least 10 seconds [13 14] e controlwas prepared using all the solutions of the real test except theoil

e acidity index was calculated as follows

IA N times M times Vprimecontrol minus Vprimereal( 1113857

P (4)

where V9 is the volume of the used sulfuric acid N is thenormality of the solution and P is the mass of the testsample

243 Peroxide Index e peroxide index is defined as thenumber of milliequivalents of active oxygen per kilogram offatty acid is index allows the evaluation of oxidationdegree of the unsaturated fatty acids of the fat Indeed 10mlof chloroform was added to 1 g of the sample [13 14] etest portion dissolves rapidly with stirring 15ml of aceticacid was added and then 1ml of potassium iodide saturatedsolution was added After agitation for 1min the sample wasbeing left sitting for 5min in the dark and then 75ml ofdistilled water was added e obtained mixture was dosedusing sodium thiosulfate solution (0005N) and starch ecolor change (from blue to colorless) indicated the end ofdosage e control was prepared in the same operationalconditions containing all the solutions of the real test exceptthe vegetable oil

Peroxide index (Ip) is expressed as milliequivalents ofactive oxygenkg and obtained by the following equation

Ip VprimerealndashVprimecontrol( 1113857 times T times 1000

M (5)

where V9 is the volume (ml) of sodium thiosulfate nor-malized solution used T is the degree of normality of usedthiosulfate solution and M is the mass (g) of the testsample

25 Gas Chromatography e fatty acid methyl ester(FAME) profile was determined after basic trans-esterificatione reaction was catalyzed by 2 KOH (w w)in methanol 1 20 for 1 hour under ultrasonic (BransonSonifier 450) (40 kHz) at 40degC FAME profile was charac-terized by gas chromatography (GC) (Agilent 7890A SeriesGC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) equipped withmultimode injector and 5 MS column with a dimension of30mtimes 250 μmtimes 025 μm and electron impact ionizationaccording to our protocol

Two microliters of FAME solubilized in chloroformwas injected into the column by splitless mode usinghelium as carrier gas at 15 mlmin e ion source andquadruple temperatures were 230degC and 150degC respec-tively e oven temperature program was started at 70degCand maintained 1min increased at 20degCmin until 120degCthen held one minute before to be increased until 200degCby 30degCmin and held one minute then increased at250degC at 10degCmin and held one minute then increased

until 305degC at 5degCmin and finally kept constant for3 min FAME composition was calculated as percentageof the total FAMEs present in the sample determinedfrom the peak areas Detection was done using full scanmode between 35 and 600mz and with gain factor 5 andthe identification was performed using NIST 2014 MSLibrary

26 In Vivo Test of the Vegetable Oil on 6ermal Burns ofMice In order to highlight the effect of Z lotus vegetable oilon thermal burns of mice we have realized burns on thedorsal part of the animal and then we have applied thetreatment using the vegetable oil of Z lotus seeds eobserved effect was compared to silver sulfadiazine 1 asstandard treatment on burn care units To achieve this wehave used 18 mice which were from the pet store ofpharmacological service in the Faculty of Sciences andTechniques-Fez Mice have been placed individually inpolystyrene cages with free access to water and food

Tested animals were divided into 3 lots each comprising6 mice

Lot negative control (NC) without treatmentLot positive control (PC) treatment by silver sulfadi-azine 1Lot seedsrsquo oil (SO) treatment using vegetable oil of Zlotus seeds

27 Mice Burn Model After general anesthesia using etherwe have shaved the dorsal part of the animal in which wehave induced thermal burns e choice of this bodyrsquos partcould be justified by the facility of access (Figure 1) Burnshave been applied using a counterweight in a round contactsurface with 1 cm in diameter (Figure 2)is one was heatedat 100degC and then applied for 20 seconds in the preparedpart is technique was performed as described by Cai et al[15]

28 Treatment Application After burns induction treatedanimals have received treatments (Figure 3)

Lot PC using 01ml of silver sulfadiazine spread out onthe woundLot SO using 01ml of Z lotus vegetable oil

Treatments were applied one time per day since theexperiment beginning until the cure of treated animals Miceof negative test lot do not receive any treatment and theyhave suffered the same degree of stress associated with theapplication of treatment

e control of wound evolution was undertaken onetime per day by taking photose documentation of woundhealing evolution through photography has the advantage ofavoiding contact with the wound thus a permanent regis-tration not just of the wound size but also its appearanceeexperimental procedure was performed as described byChang et al [16]

e Scientific World Journal 3

29 Ethical Note is study was performed under theproper legislation of the Moroccan law and was approved bythe Ethical Committee of Moroccan Association for Ani-malrsquos Health and Laboratory of Functional Ecology andEnvironment Biology Department Faculty of Science andTechnology-Fez Also during the study all tests and analyseswere recorded with minimum disturbance in conformitywith Moroccan legislation Finally animalrsquos health was di-agnosed by animal rearing cell in Biology Department

210 Healing Evolution e study of burns healing evolu-tion was performed using digital planimetry e generalprinciple of this technique is taking pictures of wounds atregular intervals and then following the evolution of theirsurface e focus of the pictures and resolution were ad-justed using the software ldquoImageJrdquo is method is rapidprecise and objective

2101 Calculation of Contraction Percentage In order todetermine the percentage of wound contraction the tech-niques reported by Gopinath et al [17] have been used itconsists in calculation of surface means of wounds and itscomparison with the initial burn using the followingequation

de contraction Tpi J0ndashTp to Jn

Tpitimes 100 (6)

where Tp is the size of the wound and Tpi is the size of theinitial wound

211 Calculation of Reepithelialization Period e period ofreepithelialization was determined by the number of daysrequired for the fall of the eschar and total closure of thewound that leaves behind which did not leave residualinjury [18 19]

(a) (b)

Figure 2 (a) Burn performance (b) aspect of burn immediately after induction

(a) (b)

Figure 3 Treatment application (a) seedsrsquo oil and (b) cream (sulfadiazine) Note photographs have been taken from the same angle in orderto minimize the camera angle variations which could cause an underestimation of the wound surface

Figure 1 Shaving of the target site

4 e Scientific World Journal

212 Statistical Analysis Data were subjected to two-wayanalysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to determine sig-nificant differences among the treatments e data wereprocessed using the ldquoSYS-TAT 12rdquo software A meancomparison test was performed whenever there was a sig-nificant factor effect studied by ANOVA

3 Results and Discussion

31YieldofVegetableOilPrepared fromSeeds Zizyphus lotusseeds contain an oil rate of 30 and this result is inagreement with the investigation reported by Hachimi et al[20] in which they have demonstrated that populations ofjujube contain an excellent extraction oil rate of 2925followed by pomegranate (2339) e most weak value isobserved for the varieties of Barbary fig with 874

32 Chemical Characterization of Seedsrsquo Oil

321 Iodine Index e determination of the iodine indexallowed us to highlight the degree of unsaturation of the oilus the obtained value in our study is of the order of6985 g of iodine100 g of fat body comparing it to that ofolive oil which varies between 70 and 94 g of iodine100 g ofoil [21] is allows us to demonstrate that Z lotus vegetableoil presents an unsaturation degree not neglected isfinding is in accordance with the previous work of someauthors [20] having noticed that the vegetable oil of Z lotusis unsaturated with the presence of four majority fatty acidsnamely oleic acid (6249) linoleic acid (1631) palmiticacid (1027) and stearic acid (648) Overall in thesevegetable oils unsaturated fatty acids are present in im-portant quantity (8183) in comparison with saturated fattyacids e determination of the iodine index allowed us tonotice that the number of double bonds of this vegetable oilis 1 for 004 gram of oil

322 Acidity Index e quality of vegetable oil is deter-mined by the value of acidity index is parameter char-acterizes the purity and the stability of oils at ambienttemperaturee obtained results have demonstrated that Zlotus oil presents a weak acidity index of 008mg KOHgfatty body It is inferior to the most of usual oils such assoybean oil (max 3mgg) and olive oil that varies between037 and 049mgg of oil [21] e low value of acidity indexconfers a good stability to oil

323 Peroxide Index e peroxide index depends onconservation conditions and extraction modes It seems thatthis index has a significant sensibility and represents a veryuseful criterion for assessing the first stages of oxidativedeterioration e obtained value of the peroxide index inthe current survey is 8meqmiddotO2kg of oil (Table 2) is valueis superior to that of olive oil (114meqmiddotO2kg) [21] How-ever the value obtained in our study is inferior to10meqmiddotO2kg which characterizes the most of the con-ventional oils [22]

33 Gas Chromatography e spectral analysis by gaschromatography has shown the presence of 53 majority andminority molecules (Figure 4)emajority compounds arenamely linoleic acid with 37 palmitic acid with 28 andoleic acid with 25 Consequently minority compoundsrepresent 10

In order to highlight the effect of Z lotus vegetable oil onthermal burns of mice numerous parameters have beenstudied e observed effect is compared with that obtainedby silver sulfadiazine 1 as standard treatment on burn careunits

34AverageReepithelializationTimes e average completereepithelialization times of the burns of the three lots ofstudied mice (seedsrsquo oil positive control and negativecontrol) are presented in Table 3 e obtained results haveshown that the seedsrsquo oil (SO) of Z lotus has a beneficialeffect on healing of lesions caused by burns in the treatedmice Moreover the average duration of total healing of theburns of treated mice with SO is 1567plusmn 924 days isduration is very inferior to the average complete reepithe-lialization duration of positive (PC) and negative control(NC) of mice e statistical treatment of the obtained re-sults has revealed highly significant differences betweendifferent groups of studied mice (SO PC and NC)(ANOVA F 12077 ddl 2 Plt 0001)

35 Variation of the Average Surface of Burns and the Per-centage of Contraction ese parameters are presented inFigures 5 and 6 According to the obtained findings we havenoticed that the surface of burns decreases following appliedtreatments is decrease varies upon the nature of thereported treatment During the first days (from D1 to D7) ofpost-burn treatment which comprises the inflammatoryphase of healing burns of SO lots have registered decreasesin their highest surfaces (from 168plusmn 405mm2 to110plusmn 1541mm2) with a contraction percentage of 3401However the reductions in the surfaces of the lowest burnshave been noticed in lot of NC from 1693plusmn 537 to163plusmn 657mm2 with a low contraction percentage of 378From the 14th day of treatment the difference in size be-tween the burns of the three lots of studied mice was ac-centuated All the lesions caused in the mice of lot SO weretotally healed e NC group presents the most importantaverage surface of 121plusmn 930mm2 with a contraction per-centage of 2511 us the first cases of total healing ofburns were observed up to 28th day (Figure 7) e analysisof the relative variance of burns surfaces has demonstrated avery high significant effect between the three studied lots(ANOVA ddl 2 F 3935 Plt 0001)

Table 2 Chemical parameters of Z lotus vegetable oil

Index Macerationhexanevalues

Acidity index 008 (mgmiddotKOHgmiddotmg)Iodine index 6985 (g100 gmiddotmg)Peroxide index 5 (meqmiddotO2kg)

e Scientific World Journal 5

4 Discussion

e obtained findings in the current study are in agreementwith several other works that have shown the therapeuticvirtues of Zizyphus lotus as one of the most interestingaromatic and medicinal plants [23 24] Moreover Z lotusoil has displayed a promising anti-inflammatory activity[25] ese results confirm the traditional uses of Zizyphuslotus It is known that silver sulfadiazine (SS) is used for itsantimicrobial effect in order to fight a possible infectionwhose prevention is necessary for good healing of wounds

[26] Another advantage is its simple use and efficacy in thetreatment of skin ulcers [27] Despite these many advan-tages numerous negative side effects of this medical drughave been reported including renal toxicity and leucopeniawhich limit its use for long periods of treatment and overextended wounds [28] and delayed healing cases have beenalso reported [29] In addition allergic reactions to silversulfadiazine limit its use for some patients [30] e healingeffect of Z lotus oil was more marked during the in-flammatory phase of wound healing where wounds of thetreated lot showed very large reductions in size comparedwith those of PC and NC and this could be explained by itsanti-inflammatory activity

ese results are in disagreement with those found byAbdeldjelil [31] and he has shown that lentisque oil has astronger effect during the proliferative phase of healingAs any natural product the healing effect of this vege-table oil seems to be due to the various chemical con-stituents involved in its composition According toseveral authors natural healing products manifest their

Table 3 Average duration (days) of complete reepithelialization ofburns of mice in different lots (SO PC and NC)

LotsNC SO PC2833plusmn 713 (D) 1567plusmn 924 (D) 2267plusmn 858 (D)

020406080

100120140160180200

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

TNTPHG

Ave

rage

surfa

ce o

f bur

ns (m

m2 )

Figure 5 Evolution of the average surface of burns caused in thethree lots (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

Cont

ract

ion

perc

enta

ges o

fbu

rns (

)

TNTPHG

Figure 6 Contraction percentages of burns in the three lots oftreated mice (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000Time

0

5000000

1e + 07

15e + 07

2e + 07

25e + 07

3e + 07

35e + 07

4e + 07

45e + 07

5e + 07

Abun

danc

e

Figure 4 Burns of mice treated using vegetable oil of Z lotus seeds

6 e Scientific World Journal

effects through one of the following mechanisms anti-microbial effect anti-inflammatory effect antioxidantstimulation of collagen synthesis and cell proliferation[32] In the case of Zizyphus lotus oil its richness inbioactive molecules such as fatty acids triglyceridesphytosterols tocopherols and polyphenols could explainthe observed healing effect in the current survey [20 33]Under the effect of burns the structure of the upperlayers of the epidermis is damaged and the skin loses itsprotective hydrolipidic film As a result the skin per-forms less of its role as a barrier and becomes on the onehand a gateway for bacteria and on the other hand itretains less water than it contains [34] e protectiveeffect of Z lotus vegetable oil on burned skin is thereforedirectly related to its high lipid content is finding hasbeen revealed previously [20] and showed that thevegetable oil prepared from Z lotus seeds is very rich inunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with 8183 in com-parison with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ese lipidswould limit the transcutaneous loss of water e ad-dition of antioxidants to the list of treatments of patientswith burns has beneficial effects such as reducing theincidence of wound infection and reducing healing timecompared to other conventionally treated patientswithout the addition of antioxidants [35] Based on theresults reported by Chouaibi et al [33] the oil of Z lotusoil contains tocopherols polyphenols (14483 mgkg ofoil) and carotenoids (634 mgkg of oil) ese com-pounds have a hydroxyl function (minusOH) that allows themto trap free radicals thus giving them an importantantioxidant power is could explain the total healingeffect of lots treated by Z lotus during a period less thanthat of NC and PC

5 Conclusion

e analysis of obtained data in the current study is en-couraging and shows that the use of Zizyphus lotus as ananti-infectious agent in traditional environments is justifiedand that it should be studied more widely in order to exploreits potential in the treatment of infectious diseases Fur-thermore the obtained results allow us to conclude that theoil extracted from seeds of Zizyphus lotus could be used tocure burns

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] M Ghalem S Merghache and M Belarbi ldquoStudy on theantioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus fromthe Western region of Algeriardquo Pharmacognosy Journalvol 6 no 4 pp 32ndash42 2014

[2] W Borgi K Ghedira and N Chouchane ldquoAntiinflammatoryand analgesic activities of Ziziphus lotus root barksrdquo Fito-terapia vol 78 no 1 pp 16ndash19 2007

[3] M Abu-Zarga S Sabri A Al-Boudi S Ajaz N Sultana andA Ur-Rahman ldquoNew cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphuslotusrdquo Journal of Natural Products vol 58 no 4 pp 504ndash5111995

[4] A O Abdel-Zaher S Y Salim M H Assaf and R H Abdel-Hady ldquoAntidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-

Groupes D 1 D 7 D 14 D 21

Seed oil

Positive control

Negative control

Figure 7 Aspects of burns in the three lots of treated mice (SO NC and PC) from 1st to 21st day

e Scientific World Journal 7

christi leavesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 101no 1ndash3 pp 129ndash138 2005

[5] S Suksamrarn N Suwannapoch N Aunchai et al ldquoZiziphineN O P and Q New antiplasmodial cyclopeptides alkaloidsfrom Zizyphus oenoplia var brunonianardquo Tetrahedronvol 61 no 5 pp 1175ndash1180 2005

[6] C Benammar C Baghdad M Belarbi S SubramaniamA Hichami and N A Khan ldquoAntidiabetic and antioxidantactivities of Zizyphus lotus L aqueous extracts in wistar ratsrdquoJournal of Nutrition and Food Sciences vol s8 pp 1ndash6 2014

[7] M Cheurfa R Allem K Zabel et al ldquoe effects of Gly-cyrrhiza glabra L And Zizyphus lotus L Root extracts on somehuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15pp 1ndash7 2017

[8] M Ikram Y Ogihara and K Yamasaki ldquoStructure of a newsaponin from Ziziphus vulgarisrdquo Journal of Natural Productsvol 44 no 1 pp 91ndash93 1981

[9] S Abdoul-Azize ldquoPotential benefits of jujube (Zizyphus lotusL) bioactive compounds for nutrition and healthrdquo Journal ofNutrition and Metabolism vol 2016 Article ID 286747013 pages 2016

[10] M Chaib and M Boukhris Flore Succin Ite et Illustree desZones Arides et Sahariennes de la Tunisie Association Pour laProtection de la Nature et de lrsquoEnvironnement Sfax Tunisia1998

[11] K Jayakumar ldquoEthno medicinal value of plants in anjavurdistrict Tamil Nadu Indiardquo International Letters of NaturalSciences vol 29 pp 33ndash42 2015

[12] C Bekhechi-Benhabib ldquoAnalyse drsquohuile essentielle drsquoam-moıdes verticillata (Nunkha) de la region de Tlemcen et etudede son pouvoir antimicrobienrdquoese deMagister de BiologieUniversite Abou Bekr Belkaid de Tlemcen Algerie TlemcenAlgeria 2001

[13] J P Wolff Manuel drsquoanalyse des Corps Gras Azoulay ParisFrance 1968

[14] AFNOR Recueil de Normes Franccedilaises des corps grasoleagineuses et produits derives AFNOR Paris France 1981

[15] E Z Cai C H Ang A Raju et al ldquoCreation of consistentburn wounds a rat modelrdquo Archives of Plastic Surgery vol 41no 4 pp 317ndash324 2014

[16] A C Chang B Dearman and J E Greenwood ldquoA com-parison of wound area measurement technique visitrakversus photographyrdquo Eplasty vol 11 pp 158ndash166 2011

[17] D Gopinath K Ahmed K Gomathi K Chitra P K Sehgaland R Jayakumar ldquoDermal wound healing processes withcurcumin incorporated collagen filmsrdquo Biomaterials vol 25no 10 pp 1911ndash1917 2004

[18] R S Bhat J Shankrappa and H G Shivakumar ldquoFormu-lation and evaluation of polyherbal wound treatmentsrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutics vol 2 pp 11ndash17 2007

[19] R akur N Jain R Pathak and S S Sandhu ldquoPractices inwound healing studies of plantsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID438056 17 pages 2011

[20] F E Hachimi A E Antari M Boujnah A Bendrisse andC Alfaiz ldquoComparaison des huiles des graines et de la teneuren acides gras de differentes populations marocaines dejujubier de grenadier et de figuier de barbarierdquo Journal ofMaterials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 5pp 1488ndash1502 2015

[21] I Bentekaya andM Hassouna ldquoEtude de la stabilite oxydativede lrsquohuile drsquoolive vierge extra tunisienne au cours de sonstockagerdquo Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides vol 12 no 5-6pp 447ndash454 2005

[22] Codex Alimentarius Commision Codex Alimentarius FatsOils and Related Products Codex Alimentarius CommisionRome Italy 1992

[23] O Benkhnigue L Zidane M Fadli et al ldquoEtude ethno-botanique des plantes medicinales dans la region de mechraabel ksiri (Region du gharb du maroc)rdquo Acta Botanica Bar-cinonensia vol 53 pp 191ndash216 2011

[24] A Douidi L Bachiri M Bammou J Ibijbijen and N LailaldquoEtude ethnobotanique au moyen Altals centralrdquo EuropeanScientific Journal vol 11 no 24 pp 226ndash242 2015

[25] F E Hachimi C Alfaiz A Bendriss Y Cherrah andK Alaoui ldquoActivite anti-inflammatoire de lrsquohuile des grainesde Zizyphus lotus (L)rdquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15 no 3pp 147ndash154 2016

[26] P D Goldenheim ldquoAn appraisal of povidone-iodine andwound healingrdquo Postgraduate Medical Journal vol 69pp 97ndash105 1993

[27] C McNulty G L Rodgers and J E Mortensen An Overviewof the Topical Antimicrobial Agents Used in the Treatment ofBurn Wounds Journal of Continuing Education Topics ampIssues vol 273 pp 74ndash78 2004

[28] B S Atiyeh M Costagliola S N Hayek and S A DiboldquoEffect of silver on burn wound infection control and healingreview of the literaturerdquo Burns vol 33 no 2 pp 139ndash1482007

[29] H Klasen W Woerner D Wolke et al ldquoComparing theGerman versions of the strengths and difficulties question-naire (SDQ-Deu) and the child behavior checklistrdquo EuropeanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry vol 9 no 4 pp 271ndash2762000

[30] A Fraser-Moodie ldquoSensitivity to silver in a patient treatedwith silver sulphadiazine (Flamazine)rdquo Burns vol 18 no 1pp 74-75 1992

[31] M Abdeldjelil ldquoEffet cicatrisant de produit a la base drsquohuile delentisque (Pistacia lentiscus L) sur les brulures experimentaleschez le ratrdquo 2016

[32] R Bahramsoltani M H Farzaei and R Rahimi ldquoMedicinalplants and their natural components as future drugs for thetreatment of burn wounds an integrative reviewrdquo Archives ofDermatological Research vol 306 no 7 pp 601ndash617 2014

[33] M Chouaibi N Mahfoudhi L Rezig F Donsı G Ferrariand S Hamdi ldquoNutritional composition of Zizyphus lotus Lseedsrdquo Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol 92no 6 pp 1171ndash1177 2012

[34] J F Platon ldquoLes lipides en cosmetologierdquo Oilseeds and FatsCrops and Lipids vol 41 pp 275ndash281 1997

[35] A S Sahib F H Al-Jawad and A A Alkaisy ldquoEffect ofantioxidants on the incidence of wound infection in burnpatientsrdquo Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters vol 23 no 4pp 199ndash205 2010

8 e Scientific World Journal

(ethanol at 10) [13 14] After homogenization 2 drops ofphenolphthalein were added e titration was carried outwith 02N sulfuric acid until the pink coloration of persistentphenolphthalein for at least 10 seconds [13 14] e controlwas prepared using all the solutions of the real test except theoil

e acidity index was calculated as follows

IA N times M times Vprimecontrol minus Vprimereal( 1113857

P (4)

where V9 is the volume of the used sulfuric acid N is thenormality of the solution and P is the mass of the testsample

243 Peroxide Index e peroxide index is defined as thenumber of milliequivalents of active oxygen per kilogram offatty acid is index allows the evaluation of oxidationdegree of the unsaturated fatty acids of the fat Indeed 10mlof chloroform was added to 1 g of the sample [13 14] etest portion dissolves rapidly with stirring 15ml of aceticacid was added and then 1ml of potassium iodide saturatedsolution was added After agitation for 1min the sample wasbeing left sitting for 5min in the dark and then 75ml ofdistilled water was added e obtained mixture was dosedusing sodium thiosulfate solution (0005N) and starch ecolor change (from blue to colorless) indicated the end ofdosage e control was prepared in the same operationalconditions containing all the solutions of the real test exceptthe vegetable oil

Peroxide index (Ip) is expressed as milliequivalents ofactive oxygenkg and obtained by the following equation

Ip VprimerealndashVprimecontrol( 1113857 times T times 1000

M (5)

where V9 is the volume (ml) of sodium thiosulfate nor-malized solution used T is the degree of normality of usedthiosulfate solution and M is the mass (g) of the testsample

25 Gas Chromatography e fatty acid methyl ester(FAME) profile was determined after basic trans-esterificatione reaction was catalyzed by 2 KOH (w w)in methanol 1 20 for 1 hour under ultrasonic (BransonSonifier 450) (40 kHz) at 40degC FAME profile was charac-terized by gas chromatography (GC) (Agilent 7890A SeriesGC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) equipped withmultimode injector and 5 MS column with a dimension of30mtimes 250 μmtimes 025 μm and electron impact ionizationaccording to our protocol

Two microliters of FAME solubilized in chloroformwas injected into the column by splitless mode usinghelium as carrier gas at 15 mlmin e ion source andquadruple temperatures were 230degC and 150degC respec-tively e oven temperature program was started at 70degCand maintained 1min increased at 20degCmin until 120degCthen held one minute before to be increased until 200degCby 30degCmin and held one minute then increased at250degC at 10degCmin and held one minute then increased

until 305degC at 5degCmin and finally kept constant for3 min FAME composition was calculated as percentageof the total FAMEs present in the sample determinedfrom the peak areas Detection was done using full scanmode between 35 and 600mz and with gain factor 5 andthe identification was performed using NIST 2014 MSLibrary

26 In Vivo Test of the Vegetable Oil on 6ermal Burns ofMice In order to highlight the effect of Z lotus vegetable oilon thermal burns of mice we have realized burns on thedorsal part of the animal and then we have applied thetreatment using the vegetable oil of Z lotus seeds eobserved effect was compared to silver sulfadiazine 1 asstandard treatment on burn care units To achieve this wehave used 18 mice which were from the pet store ofpharmacological service in the Faculty of Sciences andTechniques-Fez Mice have been placed individually inpolystyrene cages with free access to water and food

Tested animals were divided into 3 lots each comprising6 mice

Lot negative control (NC) without treatmentLot positive control (PC) treatment by silver sulfadi-azine 1Lot seedsrsquo oil (SO) treatment using vegetable oil of Zlotus seeds

27 Mice Burn Model After general anesthesia using etherwe have shaved the dorsal part of the animal in which wehave induced thermal burns e choice of this bodyrsquos partcould be justified by the facility of access (Figure 1) Burnshave been applied using a counterweight in a round contactsurface with 1 cm in diameter (Figure 2)is one was heatedat 100degC and then applied for 20 seconds in the preparedpart is technique was performed as described by Cai et al[15]

28 Treatment Application After burns induction treatedanimals have received treatments (Figure 3)

Lot PC using 01ml of silver sulfadiazine spread out onthe woundLot SO using 01ml of Z lotus vegetable oil

Treatments were applied one time per day since theexperiment beginning until the cure of treated animals Miceof negative test lot do not receive any treatment and theyhave suffered the same degree of stress associated with theapplication of treatment

e control of wound evolution was undertaken onetime per day by taking photose documentation of woundhealing evolution through photography has the advantage ofavoiding contact with the wound thus a permanent regis-tration not just of the wound size but also its appearanceeexperimental procedure was performed as described byChang et al [16]

e Scientific World Journal 3

29 Ethical Note is study was performed under theproper legislation of the Moroccan law and was approved bythe Ethical Committee of Moroccan Association for Ani-malrsquos Health and Laboratory of Functional Ecology andEnvironment Biology Department Faculty of Science andTechnology-Fez Also during the study all tests and analyseswere recorded with minimum disturbance in conformitywith Moroccan legislation Finally animalrsquos health was di-agnosed by animal rearing cell in Biology Department

210 Healing Evolution e study of burns healing evolu-tion was performed using digital planimetry e generalprinciple of this technique is taking pictures of wounds atregular intervals and then following the evolution of theirsurface e focus of the pictures and resolution were ad-justed using the software ldquoImageJrdquo is method is rapidprecise and objective

2101 Calculation of Contraction Percentage In order todetermine the percentage of wound contraction the tech-niques reported by Gopinath et al [17] have been used itconsists in calculation of surface means of wounds and itscomparison with the initial burn using the followingequation

de contraction Tpi J0ndashTp to Jn

Tpitimes 100 (6)

where Tp is the size of the wound and Tpi is the size of theinitial wound

211 Calculation of Reepithelialization Period e period ofreepithelialization was determined by the number of daysrequired for the fall of the eschar and total closure of thewound that leaves behind which did not leave residualinjury [18 19]

(a) (b)

Figure 2 (a) Burn performance (b) aspect of burn immediately after induction

(a) (b)

Figure 3 Treatment application (a) seedsrsquo oil and (b) cream (sulfadiazine) Note photographs have been taken from the same angle in orderto minimize the camera angle variations which could cause an underestimation of the wound surface

Figure 1 Shaving of the target site

4 e Scientific World Journal

212 Statistical Analysis Data were subjected to two-wayanalysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to determine sig-nificant differences among the treatments e data wereprocessed using the ldquoSYS-TAT 12rdquo software A meancomparison test was performed whenever there was a sig-nificant factor effect studied by ANOVA

3 Results and Discussion

31YieldofVegetableOilPrepared fromSeeds Zizyphus lotusseeds contain an oil rate of 30 and this result is inagreement with the investigation reported by Hachimi et al[20] in which they have demonstrated that populations ofjujube contain an excellent extraction oil rate of 2925followed by pomegranate (2339) e most weak value isobserved for the varieties of Barbary fig with 874

32 Chemical Characterization of Seedsrsquo Oil

321 Iodine Index e determination of the iodine indexallowed us to highlight the degree of unsaturation of the oilus the obtained value in our study is of the order of6985 g of iodine100 g of fat body comparing it to that ofolive oil which varies between 70 and 94 g of iodine100 g ofoil [21] is allows us to demonstrate that Z lotus vegetableoil presents an unsaturation degree not neglected isfinding is in accordance with the previous work of someauthors [20] having noticed that the vegetable oil of Z lotusis unsaturated with the presence of four majority fatty acidsnamely oleic acid (6249) linoleic acid (1631) palmiticacid (1027) and stearic acid (648) Overall in thesevegetable oils unsaturated fatty acids are present in im-portant quantity (8183) in comparison with saturated fattyacids e determination of the iodine index allowed us tonotice that the number of double bonds of this vegetable oilis 1 for 004 gram of oil

322 Acidity Index e quality of vegetable oil is deter-mined by the value of acidity index is parameter char-acterizes the purity and the stability of oils at ambienttemperaturee obtained results have demonstrated that Zlotus oil presents a weak acidity index of 008mg KOHgfatty body It is inferior to the most of usual oils such assoybean oil (max 3mgg) and olive oil that varies between037 and 049mgg of oil [21] e low value of acidity indexconfers a good stability to oil

323 Peroxide Index e peroxide index depends onconservation conditions and extraction modes It seems thatthis index has a significant sensibility and represents a veryuseful criterion for assessing the first stages of oxidativedeterioration e obtained value of the peroxide index inthe current survey is 8meqmiddotO2kg of oil (Table 2) is valueis superior to that of olive oil (114meqmiddotO2kg) [21] How-ever the value obtained in our study is inferior to10meqmiddotO2kg which characterizes the most of the con-ventional oils [22]

33 Gas Chromatography e spectral analysis by gaschromatography has shown the presence of 53 majority andminority molecules (Figure 4)emajority compounds arenamely linoleic acid with 37 palmitic acid with 28 andoleic acid with 25 Consequently minority compoundsrepresent 10

In order to highlight the effect of Z lotus vegetable oil onthermal burns of mice numerous parameters have beenstudied e observed effect is compared with that obtainedby silver sulfadiazine 1 as standard treatment on burn careunits

34AverageReepithelializationTimes e average completereepithelialization times of the burns of the three lots ofstudied mice (seedsrsquo oil positive control and negativecontrol) are presented in Table 3 e obtained results haveshown that the seedsrsquo oil (SO) of Z lotus has a beneficialeffect on healing of lesions caused by burns in the treatedmice Moreover the average duration of total healing of theburns of treated mice with SO is 1567plusmn 924 days isduration is very inferior to the average complete reepithe-lialization duration of positive (PC) and negative control(NC) of mice e statistical treatment of the obtained re-sults has revealed highly significant differences betweendifferent groups of studied mice (SO PC and NC)(ANOVA F 12077 ddl 2 Plt 0001)

35 Variation of the Average Surface of Burns and the Per-centage of Contraction ese parameters are presented inFigures 5 and 6 According to the obtained findings we havenoticed that the surface of burns decreases following appliedtreatments is decrease varies upon the nature of thereported treatment During the first days (from D1 to D7) ofpost-burn treatment which comprises the inflammatoryphase of healing burns of SO lots have registered decreasesin their highest surfaces (from 168plusmn 405mm2 to110plusmn 1541mm2) with a contraction percentage of 3401However the reductions in the surfaces of the lowest burnshave been noticed in lot of NC from 1693plusmn 537 to163plusmn 657mm2 with a low contraction percentage of 378From the 14th day of treatment the difference in size be-tween the burns of the three lots of studied mice was ac-centuated All the lesions caused in the mice of lot SO weretotally healed e NC group presents the most importantaverage surface of 121plusmn 930mm2 with a contraction per-centage of 2511 us the first cases of total healing ofburns were observed up to 28th day (Figure 7) e analysisof the relative variance of burns surfaces has demonstrated avery high significant effect between the three studied lots(ANOVA ddl 2 F 3935 Plt 0001)

Table 2 Chemical parameters of Z lotus vegetable oil

Index Macerationhexanevalues

Acidity index 008 (mgmiddotKOHgmiddotmg)Iodine index 6985 (g100 gmiddotmg)Peroxide index 5 (meqmiddotO2kg)

e Scientific World Journal 5

4 Discussion

e obtained findings in the current study are in agreementwith several other works that have shown the therapeuticvirtues of Zizyphus lotus as one of the most interestingaromatic and medicinal plants [23 24] Moreover Z lotusoil has displayed a promising anti-inflammatory activity[25] ese results confirm the traditional uses of Zizyphuslotus It is known that silver sulfadiazine (SS) is used for itsantimicrobial effect in order to fight a possible infectionwhose prevention is necessary for good healing of wounds

[26] Another advantage is its simple use and efficacy in thetreatment of skin ulcers [27] Despite these many advan-tages numerous negative side effects of this medical drughave been reported including renal toxicity and leucopeniawhich limit its use for long periods of treatment and overextended wounds [28] and delayed healing cases have beenalso reported [29] In addition allergic reactions to silversulfadiazine limit its use for some patients [30] e healingeffect of Z lotus oil was more marked during the in-flammatory phase of wound healing where wounds of thetreated lot showed very large reductions in size comparedwith those of PC and NC and this could be explained by itsanti-inflammatory activity

ese results are in disagreement with those found byAbdeldjelil [31] and he has shown that lentisque oil has astronger effect during the proliferative phase of healingAs any natural product the healing effect of this vege-table oil seems to be due to the various chemical con-stituents involved in its composition According toseveral authors natural healing products manifest their

Table 3 Average duration (days) of complete reepithelialization ofburns of mice in different lots (SO PC and NC)

LotsNC SO PC2833plusmn 713 (D) 1567plusmn 924 (D) 2267plusmn 858 (D)

020406080

100120140160180200

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

TNTPHG

Ave

rage

surfa

ce o

f bur

ns (m

m2 )

Figure 5 Evolution of the average surface of burns caused in thethree lots (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

Cont

ract

ion

perc

enta

ges o

fbu

rns (

)

TNTPHG

Figure 6 Contraction percentages of burns in the three lots oftreated mice (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000Time

0

5000000

1e + 07

15e + 07

2e + 07

25e + 07

3e + 07

35e + 07

4e + 07

45e + 07

5e + 07

Abun

danc

e

Figure 4 Burns of mice treated using vegetable oil of Z lotus seeds

6 e Scientific World Journal

effects through one of the following mechanisms anti-microbial effect anti-inflammatory effect antioxidantstimulation of collagen synthesis and cell proliferation[32] In the case of Zizyphus lotus oil its richness inbioactive molecules such as fatty acids triglyceridesphytosterols tocopherols and polyphenols could explainthe observed healing effect in the current survey [20 33]Under the effect of burns the structure of the upperlayers of the epidermis is damaged and the skin loses itsprotective hydrolipidic film As a result the skin per-forms less of its role as a barrier and becomes on the onehand a gateway for bacteria and on the other hand itretains less water than it contains [34] e protectiveeffect of Z lotus vegetable oil on burned skin is thereforedirectly related to its high lipid content is finding hasbeen revealed previously [20] and showed that thevegetable oil prepared from Z lotus seeds is very rich inunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with 8183 in com-parison with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ese lipidswould limit the transcutaneous loss of water e ad-dition of antioxidants to the list of treatments of patientswith burns has beneficial effects such as reducing theincidence of wound infection and reducing healing timecompared to other conventionally treated patientswithout the addition of antioxidants [35] Based on theresults reported by Chouaibi et al [33] the oil of Z lotusoil contains tocopherols polyphenols (14483 mgkg ofoil) and carotenoids (634 mgkg of oil) ese com-pounds have a hydroxyl function (minusOH) that allows themto trap free radicals thus giving them an importantantioxidant power is could explain the total healingeffect of lots treated by Z lotus during a period less thanthat of NC and PC

5 Conclusion

e analysis of obtained data in the current study is en-couraging and shows that the use of Zizyphus lotus as ananti-infectious agent in traditional environments is justifiedand that it should be studied more widely in order to exploreits potential in the treatment of infectious diseases Fur-thermore the obtained results allow us to conclude that theoil extracted from seeds of Zizyphus lotus could be used tocure burns

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] M Ghalem S Merghache and M Belarbi ldquoStudy on theantioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus fromthe Western region of Algeriardquo Pharmacognosy Journalvol 6 no 4 pp 32ndash42 2014

[2] W Borgi K Ghedira and N Chouchane ldquoAntiinflammatoryand analgesic activities of Ziziphus lotus root barksrdquo Fito-terapia vol 78 no 1 pp 16ndash19 2007

[3] M Abu-Zarga S Sabri A Al-Boudi S Ajaz N Sultana andA Ur-Rahman ldquoNew cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphuslotusrdquo Journal of Natural Products vol 58 no 4 pp 504ndash5111995

[4] A O Abdel-Zaher S Y Salim M H Assaf and R H Abdel-Hady ldquoAntidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-

Groupes D 1 D 7 D 14 D 21

Seed oil

Positive control

Negative control

Figure 7 Aspects of burns in the three lots of treated mice (SO NC and PC) from 1st to 21st day

e Scientific World Journal 7

christi leavesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 101no 1ndash3 pp 129ndash138 2005

[5] S Suksamrarn N Suwannapoch N Aunchai et al ldquoZiziphineN O P and Q New antiplasmodial cyclopeptides alkaloidsfrom Zizyphus oenoplia var brunonianardquo Tetrahedronvol 61 no 5 pp 1175ndash1180 2005

[6] C Benammar C Baghdad M Belarbi S SubramaniamA Hichami and N A Khan ldquoAntidiabetic and antioxidantactivities of Zizyphus lotus L aqueous extracts in wistar ratsrdquoJournal of Nutrition and Food Sciences vol s8 pp 1ndash6 2014

[7] M Cheurfa R Allem K Zabel et al ldquoe effects of Gly-cyrrhiza glabra L And Zizyphus lotus L Root extracts on somehuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15pp 1ndash7 2017

[8] M Ikram Y Ogihara and K Yamasaki ldquoStructure of a newsaponin from Ziziphus vulgarisrdquo Journal of Natural Productsvol 44 no 1 pp 91ndash93 1981

[9] S Abdoul-Azize ldquoPotential benefits of jujube (Zizyphus lotusL) bioactive compounds for nutrition and healthrdquo Journal ofNutrition and Metabolism vol 2016 Article ID 286747013 pages 2016

[10] M Chaib and M Boukhris Flore Succin Ite et Illustree desZones Arides et Sahariennes de la Tunisie Association Pour laProtection de la Nature et de lrsquoEnvironnement Sfax Tunisia1998

[11] K Jayakumar ldquoEthno medicinal value of plants in anjavurdistrict Tamil Nadu Indiardquo International Letters of NaturalSciences vol 29 pp 33ndash42 2015

[12] C Bekhechi-Benhabib ldquoAnalyse drsquohuile essentielle drsquoam-moıdes verticillata (Nunkha) de la region de Tlemcen et etudede son pouvoir antimicrobienrdquoese deMagister de BiologieUniversite Abou Bekr Belkaid de Tlemcen Algerie TlemcenAlgeria 2001

[13] J P Wolff Manuel drsquoanalyse des Corps Gras Azoulay ParisFrance 1968

[14] AFNOR Recueil de Normes Franccedilaises des corps grasoleagineuses et produits derives AFNOR Paris France 1981

[15] E Z Cai C H Ang A Raju et al ldquoCreation of consistentburn wounds a rat modelrdquo Archives of Plastic Surgery vol 41no 4 pp 317ndash324 2014

[16] A C Chang B Dearman and J E Greenwood ldquoA com-parison of wound area measurement technique visitrakversus photographyrdquo Eplasty vol 11 pp 158ndash166 2011

[17] D Gopinath K Ahmed K Gomathi K Chitra P K Sehgaland R Jayakumar ldquoDermal wound healing processes withcurcumin incorporated collagen filmsrdquo Biomaterials vol 25no 10 pp 1911ndash1917 2004

[18] R S Bhat J Shankrappa and H G Shivakumar ldquoFormu-lation and evaluation of polyherbal wound treatmentsrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutics vol 2 pp 11ndash17 2007

[19] R akur N Jain R Pathak and S S Sandhu ldquoPractices inwound healing studies of plantsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID438056 17 pages 2011

[20] F E Hachimi A E Antari M Boujnah A Bendrisse andC Alfaiz ldquoComparaison des huiles des graines et de la teneuren acides gras de differentes populations marocaines dejujubier de grenadier et de figuier de barbarierdquo Journal ofMaterials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 5pp 1488ndash1502 2015

[21] I Bentekaya andM Hassouna ldquoEtude de la stabilite oxydativede lrsquohuile drsquoolive vierge extra tunisienne au cours de sonstockagerdquo Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides vol 12 no 5-6pp 447ndash454 2005

[22] Codex Alimentarius Commision Codex Alimentarius FatsOils and Related Products Codex Alimentarius CommisionRome Italy 1992

[23] O Benkhnigue L Zidane M Fadli et al ldquoEtude ethno-botanique des plantes medicinales dans la region de mechraabel ksiri (Region du gharb du maroc)rdquo Acta Botanica Bar-cinonensia vol 53 pp 191ndash216 2011

[24] A Douidi L Bachiri M Bammou J Ibijbijen and N LailaldquoEtude ethnobotanique au moyen Altals centralrdquo EuropeanScientific Journal vol 11 no 24 pp 226ndash242 2015

[25] F E Hachimi C Alfaiz A Bendriss Y Cherrah andK Alaoui ldquoActivite anti-inflammatoire de lrsquohuile des grainesde Zizyphus lotus (L)rdquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15 no 3pp 147ndash154 2016

[26] P D Goldenheim ldquoAn appraisal of povidone-iodine andwound healingrdquo Postgraduate Medical Journal vol 69pp 97ndash105 1993

[27] C McNulty G L Rodgers and J E Mortensen An Overviewof the Topical Antimicrobial Agents Used in the Treatment ofBurn Wounds Journal of Continuing Education Topics ampIssues vol 273 pp 74ndash78 2004

[28] B S Atiyeh M Costagliola S N Hayek and S A DiboldquoEffect of silver on burn wound infection control and healingreview of the literaturerdquo Burns vol 33 no 2 pp 139ndash1482007

[29] H Klasen W Woerner D Wolke et al ldquoComparing theGerman versions of the strengths and difficulties question-naire (SDQ-Deu) and the child behavior checklistrdquo EuropeanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry vol 9 no 4 pp 271ndash2762000

[30] A Fraser-Moodie ldquoSensitivity to silver in a patient treatedwith silver sulphadiazine (Flamazine)rdquo Burns vol 18 no 1pp 74-75 1992

[31] M Abdeldjelil ldquoEffet cicatrisant de produit a la base drsquohuile delentisque (Pistacia lentiscus L) sur les brulures experimentaleschez le ratrdquo 2016

[32] R Bahramsoltani M H Farzaei and R Rahimi ldquoMedicinalplants and their natural components as future drugs for thetreatment of burn wounds an integrative reviewrdquo Archives ofDermatological Research vol 306 no 7 pp 601ndash617 2014

[33] M Chouaibi N Mahfoudhi L Rezig F Donsı G Ferrariand S Hamdi ldquoNutritional composition of Zizyphus lotus Lseedsrdquo Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol 92no 6 pp 1171ndash1177 2012

[34] J F Platon ldquoLes lipides en cosmetologierdquo Oilseeds and FatsCrops and Lipids vol 41 pp 275ndash281 1997

[35] A S Sahib F H Al-Jawad and A A Alkaisy ldquoEffect ofantioxidants on the incidence of wound infection in burnpatientsrdquo Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters vol 23 no 4pp 199ndash205 2010

8 e Scientific World Journal

29 Ethical Note is study was performed under theproper legislation of the Moroccan law and was approved bythe Ethical Committee of Moroccan Association for Ani-malrsquos Health and Laboratory of Functional Ecology andEnvironment Biology Department Faculty of Science andTechnology-Fez Also during the study all tests and analyseswere recorded with minimum disturbance in conformitywith Moroccan legislation Finally animalrsquos health was di-agnosed by animal rearing cell in Biology Department

210 Healing Evolution e study of burns healing evolu-tion was performed using digital planimetry e generalprinciple of this technique is taking pictures of wounds atregular intervals and then following the evolution of theirsurface e focus of the pictures and resolution were ad-justed using the software ldquoImageJrdquo is method is rapidprecise and objective

2101 Calculation of Contraction Percentage In order todetermine the percentage of wound contraction the tech-niques reported by Gopinath et al [17] have been used itconsists in calculation of surface means of wounds and itscomparison with the initial burn using the followingequation

de contraction Tpi J0ndashTp to Jn

Tpitimes 100 (6)

where Tp is the size of the wound and Tpi is the size of theinitial wound

211 Calculation of Reepithelialization Period e period ofreepithelialization was determined by the number of daysrequired for the fall of the eschar and total closure of thewound that leaves behind which did not leave residualinjury [18 19]

(a) (b)

Figure 2 (a) Burn performance (b) aspect of burn immediately after induction

(a) (b)

Figure 3 Treatment application (a) seedsrsquo oil and (b) cream (sulfadiazine) Note photographs have been taken from the same angle in orderto minimize the camera angle variations which could cause an underestimation of the wound surface

Figure 1 Shaving of the target site

4 e Scientific World Journal

212 Statistical Analysis Data were subjected to two-wayanalysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to determine sig-nificant differences among the treatments e data wereprocessed using the ldquoSYS-TAT 12rdquo software A meancomparison test was performed whenever there was a sig-nificant factor effect studied by ANOVA

3 Results and Discussion

31YieldofVegetableOilPrepared fromSeeds Zizyphus lotusseeds contain an oil rate of 30 and this result is inagreement with the investigation reported by Hachimi et al[20] in which they have demonstrated that populations ofjujube contain an excellent extraction oil rate of 2925followed by pomegranate (2339) e most weak value isobserved for the varieties of Barbary fig with 874

32 Chemical Characterization of Seedsrsquo Oil

321 Iodine Index e determination of the iodine indexallowed us to highlight the degree of unsaturation of the oilus the obtained value in our study is of the order of6985 g of iodine100 g of fat body comparing it to that ofolive oil which varies between 70 and 94 g of iodine100 g ofoil [21] is allows us to demonstrate that Z lotus vegetableoil presents an unsaturation degree not neglected isfinding is in accordance with the previous work of someauthors [20] having noticed that the vegetable oil of Z lotusis unsaturated with the presence of four majority fatty acidsnamely oleic acid (6249) linoleic acid (1631) palmiticacid (1027) and stearic acid (648) Overall in thesevegetable oils unsaturated fatty acids are present in im-portant quantity (8183) in comparison with saturated fattyacids e determination of the iodine index allowed us tonotice that the number of double bonds of this vegetable oilis 1 for 004 gram of oil

322 Acidity Index e quality of vegetable oil is deter-mined by the value of acidity index is parameter char-acterizes the purity and the stability of oils at ambienttemperaturee obtained results have demonstrated that Zlotus oil presents a weak acidity index of 008mg KOHgfatty body It is inferior to the most of usual oils such assoybean oil (max 3mgg) and olive oil that varies between037 and 049mgg of oil [21] e low value of acidity indexconfers a good stability to oil

323 Peroxide Index e peroxide index depends onconservation conditions and extraction modes It seems thatthis index has a significant sensibility and represents a veryuseful criterion for assessing the first stages of oxidativedeterioration e obtained value of the peroxide index inthe current survey is 8meqmiddotO2kg of oil (Table 2) is valueis superior to that of olive oil (114meqmiddotO2kg) [21] How-ever the value obtained in our study is inferior to10meqmiddotO2kg which characterizes the most of the con-ventional oils [22]

33 Gas Chromatography e spectral analysis by gaschromatography has shown the presence of 53 majority andminority molecules (Figure 4)emajority compounds arenamely linoleic acid with 37 palmitic acid with 28 andoleic acid with 25 Consequently minority compoundsrepresent 10

In order to highlight the effect of Z lotus vegetable oil onthermal burns of mice numerous parameters have beenstudied e observed effect is compared with that obtainedby silver sulfadiazine 1 as standard treatment on burn careunits

34AverageReepithelializationTimes e average completereepithelialization times of the burns of the three lots ofstudied mice (seedsrsquo oil positive control and negativecontrol) are presented in Table 3 e obtained results haveshown that the seedsrsquo oil (SO) of Z lotus has a beneficialeffect on healing of lesions caused by burns in the treatedmice Moreover the average duration of total healing of theburns of treated mice with SO is 1567plusmn 924 days isduration is very inferior to the average complete reepithe-lialization duration of positive (PC) and negative control(NC) of mice e statistical treatment of the obtained re-sults has revealed highly significant differences betweendifferent groups of studied mice (SO PC and NC)(ANOVA F 12077 ddl 2 Plt 0001)

35 Variation of the Average Surface of Burns and the Per-centage of Contraction ese parameters are presented inFigures 5 and 6 According to the obtained findings we havenoticed that the surface of burns decreases following appliedtreatments is decrease varies upon the nature of thereported treatment During the first days (from D1 to D7) ofpost-burn treatment which comprises the inflammatoryphase of healing burns of SO lots have registered decreasesin their highest surfaces (from 168plusmn 405mm2 to110plusmn 1541mm2) with a contraction percentage of 3401However the reductions in the surfaces of the lowest burnshave been noticed in lot of NC from 1693plusmn 537 to163plusmn 657mm2 with a low contraction percentage of 378From the 14th day of treatment the difference in size be-tween the burns of the three lots of studied mice was ac-centuated All the lesions caused in the mice of lot SO weretotally healed e NC group presents the most importantaverage surface of 121plusmn 930mm2 with a contraction per-centage of 2511 us the first cases of total healing ofburns were observed up to 28th day (Figure 7) e analysisof the relative variance of burns surfaces has demonstrated avery high significant effect between the three studied lots(ANOVA ddl 2 F 3935 Plt 0001)

Table 2 Chemical parameters of Z lotus vegetable oil

Index Macerationhexanevalues

Acidity index 008 (mgmiddotKOHgmiddotmg)Iodine index 6985 (g100 gmiddotmg)Peroxide index 5 (meqmiddotO2kg)

e Scientific World Journal 5

4 Discussion

e obtained findings in the current study are in agreementwith several other works that have shown the therapeuticvirtues of Zizyphus lotus as one of the most interestingaromatic and medicinal plants [23 24] Moreover Z lotusoil has displayed a promising anti-inflammatory activity[25] ese results confirm the traditional uses of Zizyphuslotus It is known that silver sulfadiazine (SS) is used for itsantimicrobial effect in order to fight a possible infectionwhose prevention is necessary for good healing of wounds

[26] Another advantage is its simple use and efficacy in thetreatment of skin ulcers [27] Despite these many advan-tages numerous negative side effects of this medical drughave been reported including renal toxicity and leucopeniawhich limit its use for long periods of treatment and overextended wounds [28] and delayed healing cases have beenalso reported [29] In addition allergic reactions to silversulfadiazine limit its use for some patients [30] e healingeffect of Z lotus oil was more marked during the in-flammatory phase of wound healing where wounds of thetreated lot showed very large reductions in size comparedwith those of PC and NC and this could be explained by itsanti-inflammatory activity

ese results are in disagreement with those found byAbdeldjelil [31] and he has shown that lentisque oil has astronger effect during the proliferative phase of healingAs any natural product the healing effect of this vege-table oil seems to be due to the various chemical con-stituents involved in its composition According toseveral authors natural healing products manifest their

Table 3 Average duration (days) of complete reepithelialization ofburns of mice in different lots (SO PC and NC)

LotsNC SO PC2833plusmn 713 (D) 1567plusmn 924 (D) 2267plusmn 858 (D)

020406080

100120140160180200

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

TNTPHG

Ave

rage

surfa

ce o

f bur

ns (m

m2 )

Figure 5 Evolution of the average surface of burns caused in thethree lots (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

Cont

ract

ion

perc

enta

ges o

fbu

rns (

)

TNTPHG

Figure 6 Contraction percentages of burns in the three lots oftreated mice (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000Time

0

5000000

1e + 07

15e + 07

2e + 07

25e + 07

3e + 07

35e + 07

4e + 07

45e + 07

5e + 07

Abun

danc

e

Figure 4 Burns of mice treated using vegetable oil of Z lotus seeds

6 e Scientific World Journal

effects through one of the following mechanisms anti-microbial effect anti-inflammatory effect antioxidantstimulation of collagen synthesis and cell proliferation[32] In the case of Zizyphus lotus oil its richness inbioactive molecules such as fatty acids triglyceridesphytosterols tocopherols and polyphenols could explainthe observed healing effect in the current survey [20 33]Under the effect of burns the structure of the upperlayers of the epidermis is damaged and the skin loses itsprotective hydrolipidic film As a result the skin per-forms less of its role as a barrier and becomes on the onehand a gateway for bacteria and on the other hand itretains less water than it contains [34] e protectiveeffect of Z lotus vegetable oil on burned skin is thereforedirectly related to its high lipid content is finding hasbeen revealed previously [20] and showed that thevegetable oil prepared from Z lotus seeds is very rich inunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with 8183 in com-parison with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ese lipidswould limit the transcutaneous loss of water e ad-dition of antioxidants to the list of treatments of patientswith burns has beneficial effects such as reducing theincidence of wound infection and reducing healing timecompared to other conventionally treated patientswithout the addition of antioxidants [35] Based on theresults reported by Chouaibi et al [33] the oil of Z lotusoil contains tocopherols polyphenols (14483 mgkg ofoil) and carotenoids (634 mgkg of oil) ese com-pounds have a hydroxyl function (minusOH) that allows themto trap free radicals thus giving them an importantantioxidant power is could explain the total healingeffect of lots treated by Z lotus during a period less thanthat of NC and PC

5 Conclusion

e analysis of obtained data in the current study is en-couraging and shows that the use of Zizyphus lotus as ananti-infectious agent in traditional environments is justifiedand that it should be studied more widely in order to exploreits potential in the treatment of infectious diseases Fur-thermore the obtained results allow us to conclude that theoil extracted from seeds of Zizyphus lotus could be used tocure burns

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] M Ghalem S Merghache and M Belarbi ldquoStudy on theantioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus fromthe Western region of Algeriardquo Pharmacognosy Journalvol 6 no 4 pp 32ndash42 2014

[2] W Borgi K Ghedira and N Chouchane ldquoAntiinflammatoryand analgesic activities of Ziziphus lotus root barksrdquo Fito-terapia vol 78 no 1 pp 16ndash19 2007

[3] M Abu-Zarga S Sabri A Al-Boudi S Ajaz N Sultana andA Ur-Rahman ldquoNew cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphuslotusrdquo Journal of Natural Products vol 58 no 4 pp 504ndash5111995

[4] A O Abdel-Zaher S Y Salim M H Assaf and R H Abdel-Hady ldquoAntidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-

Groupes D 1 D 7 D 14 D 21

Seed oil

Positive control

Negative control

Figure 7 Aspects of burns in the three lots of treated mice (SO NC and PC) from 1st to 21st day

e Scientific World Journal 7

christi leavesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 101no 1ndash3 pp 129ndash138 2005

[5] S Suksamrarn N Suwannapoch N Aunchai et al ldquoZiziphineN O P and Q New antiplasmodial cyclopeptides alkaloidsfrom Zizyphus oenoplia var brunonianardquo Tetrahedronvol 61 no 5 pp 1175ndash1180 2005

[6] C Benammar C Baghdad M Belarbi S SubramaniamA Hichami and N A Khan ldquoAntidiabetic and antioxidantactivities of Zizyphus lotus L aqueous extracts in wistar ratsrdquoJournal of Nutrition and Food Sciences vol s8 pp 1ndash6 2014

[7] M Cheurfa R Allem K Zabel et al ldquoe effects of Gly-cyrrhiza glabra L And Zizyphus lotus L Root extracts on somehuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15pp 1ndash7 2017

[8] M Ikram Y Ogihara and K Yamasaki ldquoStructure of a newsaponin from Ziziphus vulgarisrdquo Journal of Natural Productsvol 44 no 1 pp 91ndash93 1981

[9] S Abdoul-Azize ldquoPotential benefits of jujube (Zizyphus lotusL) bioactive compounds for nutrition and healthrdquo Journal ofNutrition and Metabolism vol 2016 Article ID 286747013 pages 2016

[10] M Chaib and M Boukhris Flore Succin Ite et Illustree desZones Arides et Sahariennes de la Tunisie Association Pour laProtection de la Nature et de lrsquoEnvironnement Sfax Tunisia1998

[11] K Jayakumar ldquoEthno medicinal value of plants in anjavurdistrict Tamil Nadu Indiardquo International Letters of NaturalSciences vol 29 pp 33ndash42 2015

[12] C Bekhechi-Benhabib ldquoAnalyse drsquohuile essentielle drsquoam-moıdes verticillata (Nunkha) de la region de Tlemcen et etudede son pouvoir antimicrobienrdquoese deMagister de BiologieUniversite Abou Bekr Belkaid de Tlemcen Algerie TlemcenAlgeria 2001

[13] J P Wolff Manuel drsquoanalyse des Corps Gras Azoulay ParisFrance 1968

[14] AFNOR Recueil de Normes Franccedilaises des corps grasoleagineuses et produits derives AFNOR Paris France 1981

[15] E Z Cai C H Ang A Raju et al ldquoCreation of consistentburn wounds a rat modelrdquo Archives of Plastic Surgery vol 41no 4 pp 317ndash324 2014

[16] A C Chang B Dearman and J E Greenwood ldquoA com-parison of wound area measurement technique visitrakversus photographyrdquo Eplasty vol 11 pp 158ndash166 2011

[17] D Gopinath K Ahmed K Gomathi K Chitra P K Sehgaland R Jayakumar ldquoDermal wound healing processes withcurcumin incorporated collagen filmsrdquo Biomaterials vol 25no 10 pp 1911ndash1917 2004

[18] R S Bhat J Shankrappa and H G Shivakumar ldquoFormu-lation and evaluation of polyherbal wound treatmentsrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutics vol 2 pp 11ndash17 2007

[19] R akur N Jain R Pathak and S S Sandhu ldquoPractices inwound healing studies of plantsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID438056 17 pages 2011

[20] F E Hachimi A E Antari M Boujnah A Bendrisse andC Alfaiz ldquoComparaison des huiles des graines et de la teneuren acides gras de differentes populations marocaines dejujubier de grenadier et de figuier de barbarierdquo Journal ofMaterials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 5pp 1488ndash1502 2015

[21] I Bentekaya andM Hassouna ldquoEtude de la stabilite oxydativede lrsquohuile drsquoolive vierge extra tunisienne au cours de sonstockagerdquo Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides vol 12 no 5-6pp 447ndash454 2005

[22] Codex Alimentarius Commision Codex Alimentarius FatsOils and Related Products Codex Alimentarius CommisionRome Italy 1992

[23] O Benkhnigue L Zidane M Fadli et al ldquoEtude ethno-botanique des plantes medicinales dans la region de mechraabel ksiri (Region du gharb du maroc)rdquo Acta Botanica Bar-cinonensia vol 53 pp 191ndash216 2011

[24] A Douidi L Bachiri M Bammou J Ibijbijen and N LailaldquoEtude ethnobotanique au moyen Altals centralrdquo EuropeanScientific Journal vol 11 no 24 pp 226ndash242 2015

[25] F E Hachimi C Alfaiz A Bendriss Y Cherrah andK Alaoui ldquoActivite anti-inflammatoire de lrsquohuile des grainesde Zizyphus lotus (L)rdquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15 no 3pp 147ndash154 2016

[26] P D Goldenheim ldquoAn appraisal of povidone-iodine andwound healingrdquo Postgraduate Medical Journal vol 69pp 97ndash105 1993

[27] C McNulty G L Rodgers and J E Mortensen An Overviewof the Topical Antimicrobial Agents Used in the Treatment ofBurn Wounds Journal of Continuing Education Topics ampIssues vol 273 pp 74ndash78 2004

[28] B S Atiyeh M Costagliola S N Hayek and S A DiboldquoEffect of silver on burn wound infection control and healingreview of the literaturerdquo Burns vol 33 no 2 pp 139ndash1482007

[29] H Klasen W Woerner D Wolke et al ldquoComparing theGerman versions of the strengths and difficulties question-naire (SDQ-Deu) and the child behavior checklistrdquo EuropeanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry vol 9 no 4 pp 271ndash2762000

[30] A Fraser-Moodie ldquoSensitivity to silver in a patient treatedwith silver sulphadiazine (Flamazine)rdquo Burns vol 18 no 1pp 74-75 1992

[31] M Abdeldjelil ldquoEffet cicatrisant de produit a la base drsquohuile delentisque (Pistacia lentiscus L) sur les brulures experimentaleschez le ratrdquo 2016

[32] R Bahramsoltani M H Farzaei and R Rahimi ldquoMedicinalplants and their natural components as future drugs for thetreatment of burn wounds an integrative reviewrdquo Archives ofDermatological Research vol 306 no 7 pp 601ndash617 2014

[33] M Chouaibi N Mahfoudhi L Rezig F Donsı G Ferrariand S Hamdi ldquoNutritional composition of Zizyphus lotus Lseedsrdquo Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol 92no 6 pp 1171ndash1177 2012

[34] J F Platon ldquoLes lipides en cosmetologierdquo Oilseeds and FatsCrops and Lipids vol 41 pp 275ndash281 1997

[35] A S Sahib F H Al-Jawad and A A Alkaisy ldquoEffect ofantioxidants on the incidence of wound infection in burnpatientsrdquo Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters vol 23 no 4pp 199ndash205 2010

8 e Scientific World Journal

212 Statistical Analysis Data were subjected to two-wayanalysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to determine sig-nificant differences among the treatments e data wereprocessed using the ldquoSYS-TAT 12rdquo software A meancomparison test was performed whenever there was a sig-nificant factor effect studied by ANOVA

3 Results and Discussion

31YieldofVegetableOilPrepared fromSeeds Zizyphus lotusseeds contain an oil rate of 30 and this result is inagreement with the investigation reported by Hachimi et al[20] in which they have demonstrated that populations ofjujube contain an excellent extraction oil rate of 2925followed by pomegranate (2339) e most weak value isobserved for the varieties of Barbary fig with 874

32 Chemical Characterization of Seedsrsquo Oil

321 Iodine Index e determination of the iodine indexallowed us to highlight the degree of unsaturation of the oilus the obtained value in our study is of the order of6985 g of iodine100 g of fat body comparing it to that ofolive oil which varies between 70 and 94 g of iodine100 g ofoil [21] is allows us to demonstrate that Z lotus vegetableoil presents an unsaturation degree not neglected isfinding is in accordance with the previous work of someauthors [20] having noticed that the vegetable oil of Z lotusis unsaturated with the presence of four majority fatty acidsnamely oleic acid (6249) linoleic acid (1631) palmiticacid (1027) and stearic acid (648) Overall in thesevegetable oils unsaturated fatty acids are present in im-portant quantity (8183) in comparison with saturated fattyacids e determination of the iodine index allowed us tonotice that the number of double bonds of this vegetable oilis 1 for 004 gram of oil

322 Acidity Index e quality of vegetable oil is deter-mined by the value of acidity index is parameter char-acterizes the purity and the stability of oils at ambienttemperaturee obtained results have demonstrated that Zlotus oil presents a weak acidity index of 008mg KOHgfatty body It is inferior to the most of usual oils such assoybean oil (max 3mgg) and olive oil that varies between037 and 049mgg of oil [21] e low value of acidity indexconfers a good stability to oil

323 Peroxide Index e peroxide index depends onconservation conditions and extraction modes It seems thatthis index has a significant sensibility and represents a veryuseful criterion for assessing the first stages of oxidativedeterioration e obtained value of the peroxide index inthe current survey is 8meqmiddotO2kg of oil (Table 2) is valueis superior to that of olive oil (114meqmiddotO2kg) [21] How-ever the value obtained in our study is inferior to10meqmiddotO2kg which characterizes the most of the con-ventional oils [22]

33 Gas Chromatography e spectral analysis by gaschromatography has shown the presence of 53 majority andminority molecules (Figure 4)emajority compounds arenamely linoleic acid with 37 palmitic acid with 28 andoleic acid with 25 Consequently minority compoundsrepresent 10

In order to highlight the effect of Z lotus vegetable oil onthermal burns of mice numerous parameters have beenstudied e observed effect is compared with that obtainedby silver sulfadiazine 1 as standard treatment on burn careunits

34AverageReepithelializationTimes e average completereepithelialization times of the burns of the three lots ofstudied mice (seedsrsquo oil positive control and negativecontrol) are presented in Table 3 e obtained results haveshown that the seedsrsquo oil (SO) of Z lotus has a beneficialeffect on healing of lesions caused by burns in the treatedmice Moreover the average duration of total healing of theburns of treated mice with SO is 1567plusmn 924 days isduration is very inferior to the average complete reepithe-lialization duration of positive (PC) and negative control(NC) of mice e statistical treatment of the obtained re-sults has revealed highly significant differences betweendifferent groups of studied mice (SO PC and NC)(ANOVA F 12077 ddl 2 Plt 0001)

35 Variation of the Average Surface of Burns and the Per-centage of Contraction ese parameters are presented inFigures 5 and 6 According to the obtained findings we havenoticed that the surface of burns decreases following appliedtreatments is decrease varies upon the nature of thereported treatment During the first days (from D1 to D7) ofpost-burn treatment which comprises the inflammatoryphase of healing burns of SO lots have registered decreasesin their highest surfaces (from 168plusmn 405mm2 to110plusmn 1541mm2) with a contraction percentage of 3401However the reductions in the surfaces of the lowest burnshave been noticed in lot of NC from 1693plusmn 537 to163plusmn 657mm2 with a low contraction percentage of 378From the 14th day of treatment the difference in size be-tween the burns of the three lots of studied mice was ac-centuated All the lesions caused in the mice of lot SO weretotally healed e NC group presents the most importantaverage surface of 121plusmn 930mm2 with a contraction per-centage of 2511 us the first cases of total healing ofburns were observed up to 28th day (Figure 7) e analysisof the relative variance of burns surfaces has demonstrated avery high significant effect between the three studied lots(ANOVA ddl 2 F 3935 Plt 0001)

Table 2 Chemical parameters of Z lotus vegetable oil

Index Macerationhexanevalues

Acidity index 008 (mgmiddotKOHgmiddotmg)Iodine index 6985 (g100 gmiddotmg)Peroxide index 5 (meqmiddotO2kg)

e Scientific World Journal 5

4 Discussion

e obtained findings in the current study are in agreementwith several other works that have shown the therapeuticvirtues of Zizyphus lotus as one of the most interestingaromatic and medicinal plants [23 24] Moreover Z lotusoil has displayed a promising anti-inflammatory activity[25] ese results confirm the traditional uses of Zizyphuslotus It is known that silver sulfadiazine (SS) is used for itsantimicrobial effect in order to fight a possible infectionwhose prevention is necessary for good healing of wounds

[26] Another advantage is its simple use and efficacy in thetreatment of skin ulcers [27] Despite these many advan-tages numerous negative side effects of this medical drughave been reported including renal toxicity and leucopeniawhich limit its use for long periods of treatment and overextended wounds [28] and delayed healing cases have beenalso reported [29] In addition allergic reactions to silversulfadiazine limit its use for some patients [30] e healingeffect of Z lotus oil was more marked during the in-flammatory phase of wound healing where wounds of thetreated lot showed very large reductions in size comparedwith those of PC and NC and this could be explained by itsanti-inflammatory activity

ese results are in disagreement with those found byAbdeldjelil [31] and he has shown that lentisque oil has astronger effect during the proliferative phase of healingAs any natural product the healing effect of this vege-table oil seems to be due to the various chemical con-stituents involved in its composition According toseveral authors natural healing products manifest their

Table 3 Average duration (days) of complete reepithelialization ofburns of mice in different lots (SO PC and NC)

LotsNC SO PC2833plusmn 713 (D) 1567plusmn 924 (D) 2267plusmn 858 (D)

020406080

100120140160180200

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

TNTPHG

Ave

rage

surfa

ce o

f bur

ns (m

m2 )

Figure 5 Evolution of the average surface of burns caused in thethree lots (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

Cont

ract

ion

perc

enta

ges o

fbu

rns (

)

TNTPHG

Figure 6 Contraction percentages of burns in the three lots oftreated mice (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000Time

0

5000000

1e + 07

15e + 07

2e + 07

25e + 07

3e + 07

35e + 07

4e + 07

45e + 07

5e + 07

Abun

danc

e

Figure 4 Burns of mice treated using vegetable oil of Z lotus seeds

6 e Scientific World Journal

effects through one of the following mechanisms anti-microbial effect anti-inflammatory effect antioxidantstimulation of collagen synthesis and cell proliferation[32] In the case of Zizyphus lotus oil its richness inbioactive molecules such as fatty acids triglyceridesphytosterols tocopherols and polyphenols could explainthe observed healing effect in the current survey [20 33]Under the effect of burns the structure of the upperlayers of the epidermis is damaged and the skin loses itsprotective hydrolipidic film As a result the skin per-forms less of its role as a barrier and becomes on the onehand a gateway for bacteria and on the other hand itretains less water than it contains [34] e protectiveeffect of Z lotus vegetable oil on burned skin is thereforedirectly related to its high lipid content is finding hasbeen revealed previously [20] and showed that thevegetable oil prepared from Z lotus seeds is very rich inunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with 8183 in com-parison with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ese lipidswould limit the transcutaneous loss of water e ad-dition of antioxidants to the list of treatments of patientswith burns has beneficial effects such as reducing theincidence of wound infection and reducing healing timecompared to other conventionally treated patientswithout the addition of antioxidants [35] Based on theresults reported by Chouaibi et al [33] the oil of Z lotusoil contains tocopherols polyphenols (14483 mgkg ofoil) and carotenoids (634 mgkg of oil) ese com-pounds have a hydroxyl function (minusOH) that allows themto trap free radicals thus giving them an importantantioxidant power is could explain the total healingeffect of lots treated by Z lotus during a period less thanthat of NC and PC

5 Conclusion

e analysis of obtained data in the current study is en-couraging and shows that the use of Zizyphus lotus as ananti-infectious agent in traditional environments is justifiedand that it should be studied more widely in order to exploreits potential in the treatment of infectious diseases Fur-thermore the obtained results allow us to conclude that theoil extracted from seeds of Zizyphus lotus could be used tocure burns

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] M Ghalem S Merghache and M Belarbi ldquoStudy on theantioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus fromthe Western region of Algeriardquo Pharmacognosy Journalvol 6 no 4 pp 32ndash42 2014

[2] W Borgi K Ghedira and N Chouchane ldquoAntiinflammatoryand analgesic activities of Ziziphus lotus root barksrdquo Fito-terapia vol 78 no 1 pp 16ndash19 2007

[3] M Abu-Zarga S Sabri A Al-Boudi S Ajaz N Sultana andA Ur-Rahman ldquoNew cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphuslotusrdquo Journal of Natural Products vol 58 no 4 pp 504ndash5111995

[4] A O Abdel-Zaher S Y Salim M H Assaf and R H Abdel-Hady ldquoAntidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-

Groupes D 1 D 7 D 14 D 21

Seed oil

Positive control

Negative control

Figure 7 Aspects of burns in the three lots of treated mice (SO NC and PC) from 1st to 21st day

e Scientific World Journal 7

christi leavesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 101no 1ndash3 pp 129ndash138 2005

[5] S Suksamrarn N Suwannapoch N Aunchai et al ldquoZiziphineN O P and Q New antiplasmodial cyclopeptides alkaloidsfrom Zizyphus oenoplia var brunonianardquo Tetrahedronvol 61 no 5 pp 1175ndash1180 2005

[6] C Benammar C Baghdad M Belarbi S SubramaniamA Hichami and N A Khan ldquoAntidiabetic and antioxidantactivities of Zizyphus lotus L aqueous extracts in wistar ratsrdquoJournal of Nutrition and Food Sciences vol s8 pp 1ndash6 2014

[7] M Cheurfa R Allem K Zabel et al ldquoe effects of Gly-cyrrhiza glabra L And Zizyphus lotus L Root extracts on somehuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15pp 1ndash7 2017

[8] M Ikram Y Ogihara and K Yamasaki ldquoStructure of a newsaponin from Ziziphus vulgarisrdquo Journal of Natural Productsvol 44 no 1 pp 91ndash93 1981

[9] S Abdoul-Azize ldquoPotential benefits of jujube (Zizyphus lotusL) bioactive compounds for nutrition and healthrdquo Journal ofNutrition and Metabolism vol 2016 Article ID 286747013 pages 2016

[10] M Chaib and M Boukhris Flore Succin Ite et Illustree desZones Arides et Sahariennes de la Tunisie Association Pour laProtection de la Nature et de lrsquoEnvironnement Sfax Tunisia1998

[11] K Jayakumar ldquoEthno medicinal value of plants in anjavurdistrict Tamil Nadu Indiardquo International Letters of NaturalSciences vol 29 pp 33ndash42 2015

[12] C Bekhechi-Benhabib ldquoAnalyse drsquohuile essentielle drsquoam-moıdes verticillata (Nunkha) de la region de Tlemcen et etudede son pouvoir antimicrobienrdquoese deMagister de BiologieUniversite Abou Bekr Belkaid de Tlemcen Algerie TlemcenAlgeria 2001

[13] J P Wolff Manuel drsquoanalyse des Corps Gras Azoulay ParisFrance 1968

[14] AFNOR Recueil de Normes Franccedilaises des corps grasoleagineuses et produits derives AFNOR Paris France 1981

[15] E Z Cai C H Ang A Raju et al ldquoCreation of consistentburn wounds a rat modelrdquo Archives of Plastic Surgery vol 41no 4 pp 317ndash324 2014

[16] A C Chang B Dearman and J E Greenwood ldquoA com-parison of wound area measurement technique visitrakversus photographyrdquo Eplasty vol 11 pp 158ndash166 2011

[17] D Gopinath K Ahmed K Gomathi K Chitra P K Sehgaland R Jayakumar ldquoDermal wound healing processes withcurcumin incorporated collagen filmsrdquo Biomaterials vol 25no 10 pp 1911ndash1917 2004

[18] R S Bhat J Shankrappa and H G Shivakumar ldquoFormu-lation and evaluation of polyherbal wound treatmentsrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutics vol 2 pp 11ndash17 2007

[19] R akur N Jain R Pathak and S S Sandhu ldquoPractices inwound healing studies of plantsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID438056 17 pages 2011

[20] F E Hachimi A E Antari M Boujnah A Bendrisse andC Alfaiz ldquoComparaison des huiles des graines et de la teneuren acides gras de differentes populations marocaines dejujubier de grenadier et de figuier de barbarierdquo Journal ofMaterials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 5pp 1488ndash1502 2015

[21] I Bentekaya andM Hassouna ldquoEtude de la stabilite oxydativede lrsquohuile drsquoolive vierge extra tunisienne au cours de sonstockagerdquo Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides vol 12 no 5-6pp 447ndash454 2005

[22] Codex Alimentarius Commision Codex Alimentarius FatsOils and Related Products Codex Alimentarius CommisionRome Italy 1992

[23] O Benkhnigue L Zidane M Fadli et al ldquoEtude ethno-botanique des plantes medicinales dans la region de mechraabel ksiri (Region du gharb du maroc)rdquo Acta Botanica Bar-cinonensia vol 53 pp 191ndash216 2011

[24] A Douidi L Bachiri M Bammou J Ibijbijen and N LailaldquoEtude ethnobotanique au moyen Altals centralrdquo EuropeanScientific Journal vol 11 no 24 pp 226ndash242 2015

[25] F E Hachimi C Alfaiz A Bendriss Y Cherrah andK Alaoui ldquoActivite anti-inflammatoire de lrsquohuile des grainesde Zizyphus lotus (L)rdquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15 no 3pp 147ndash154 2016

[26] P D Goldenheim ldquoAn appraisal of povidone-iodine andwound healingrdquo Postgraduate Medical Journal vol 69pp 97ndash105 1993

[27] C McNulty G L Rodgers and J E Mortensen An Overviewof the Topical Antimicrobial Agents Used in the Treatment ofBurn Wounds Journal of Continuing Education Topics ampIssues vol 273 pp 74ndash78 2004

[28] B S Atiyeh M Costagliola S N Hayek and S A DiboldquoEffect of silver on burn wound infection control and healingreview of the literaturerdquo Burns vol 33 no 2 pp 139ndash1482007

[29] H Klasen W Woerner D Wolke et al ldquoComparing theGerman versions of the strengths and difficulties question-naire (SDQ-Deu) and the child behavior checklistrdquo EuropeanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry vol 9 no 4 pp 271ndash2762000

[30] A Fraser-Moodie ldquoSensitivity to silver in a patient treatedwith silver sulphadiazine (Flamazine)rdquo Burns vol 18 no 1pp 74-75 1992

[31] M Abdeldjelil ldquoEffet cicatrisant de produit a la base drsquohuile delentisque (Pistacia lentiscus L) sur les brulures experimentaleschez le ratrdquo 2016

[32] R Bahramsoltani M H Farzaei and R Rahimi ldquoMedicinalplants and their natural components as future drugs for thetreatment of burn wounds an integrative reviewrdquo Archives ofDermatological Research vol 306 no 7 pp 601ndash617 2014

[33] M Chouaibi N Mahfoudhi L Rezig F Donsı G Ferrariand S Hamdi ldquoNutritional composition of Zizyphus lotus Lseedsrdquo Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol 92no 6 pp 1171ndash1177 2012

[34] J F Platon ldquoLes lipides en cosmetologierdquo Oilseeds and FatsCrops and Lipids vol 41 pp 275ndash281 1997

[35] A S Sahib F H Al-Jawad and A A Alkaisy ldquoEffect ofantioxidants on the incidence of wound infection in burnpatientsrdquo Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters vol 23 no 4pp 199ndash205 2010

8 e Scientific World Journal

4 Discussion

e obtained findings in the current study are in agreementwith several other works that have shown the therapeuticvirtues of Zizyphus lotus as one of the most interestingaromatic and medicinal plants [23 24] Moreover Z lotusoil has displayed a promising anti-inflammatory activity[25] ese results confirm the traditional uses of Zizyphuslotus It is known that silver sulfadiazine (SS) is used for itsantimicrobial effect in order to fight a possible infectionwhose prevention is necessary for good healing of wounds

[26] Another advantage is its simple use and efficacy in thetreatment of skin ulcers [27] Despite these many advan-tages numerous negative side effects of this medical drughave been reported including renal toxicity and leucopeniawhich limit its use for long periods of treatment and overextended wounds [28] and delayed healing cases have beenalso reported [29] In addition allergic reactions to silversulfadiazine limit its use for some patients [30] e healingeffect of Z lotus oil was more marked during the in-flammatory phase of wound healing where wounds of thetreated lot showed very large reductions in size comparedwith those of PC and NC and this could be explained by itsanti-inflammatory activity

ese results are in disagreement with those found byAbdeldjelil [31] and he has shown that lentisque oil has astronger effect during the proliferative phase of healingAs any natural product the healing effect of this vege-table oil seems to be due to the various chemical con-stituents involved in its composition According toseveral authors natural healing products manifest their

Table 3 Average duration (days) of complete reepithelialization ofburns of mice in different lots (SO PC and NC)

LotsNC SO PC2833plusmn 713 (D) 1567plusmn 924 (D) 2267plusmn 858 (D)

020406080

100120140160180200

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

TNTPHG

Ave

rage

surfa

ce o

f bur

ns (m

m2 )

Figure 5 Evolution of the average surface of burns caused in thethree lots (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

J 1 J 7 J 14 J 21

Cont

ract

ion

perc

enta

ges o

fbu

rns (

)

TNTPHG

Figure 6 Contraction percentages of burns in the three lots oftreated mice (SO NC and PC) Vertical bars correspond to the SE(n 6)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000Time

0

5000000

1e + 07

15e + 07

2e + 07

25e + 07

3e + 07

35e + 07

4e + 07

45e + 07

5e + 07

Abun

danc

e

Figure 4 Burns of mice treated using vegetable oil of Z lotus seeds

6 e Scientific World Journal

effects through one of the following mechanisms anti-microbial effect anti-inflammatory effect antioxidantstimulation of collagen synthesis and cell proliferation[32] In the case of Zizyphus lotus oil its richness inbioactive molecules such as fatty acids triglyceridesphytosterols tocopherols and polyphenols could explainthe observed healing effect in the current survey [20 33]Under the effect of burns the structure of the upperlayers of the epidermis is damaged and the skin loses itsprotective hydrolipidic film As a result the skin per-forms less of its role as a barrier and becomes on the onehand a gateway for bacteria and on the other hand itretains less water than it contains [34] e protectiveeffect of Z lotus vegetable oil on burned skin is thereforedirectly related to its high lipid content is finding hasbeen revealed previously [20] and showed that thevegetable oil prepared from Z lotus seeds is very rich inunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with 8183 in com-parison with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ese lipidswould limit the transcutaneous loss of water e ad-dition of antioxidants to the list of treatments of patientswith burns has beneficial effects such as reducing theincidence of wound infection and reducing healing timecompared to other conventionally treated patientswithout the addition of antioxidants [35] Based on theresults reported by Chouaibi et al [33] the oil of Z lotusoil contains tocopherols polyphenols (14483 mgkg ofoil) and carotenoids (634 mgkg of oil) ese com-pounds have a hydroxyl function (minusOH) that allows themto trap free radicals thus giving them an importantantioxidant power is could explain the total healingeffect of lots treated by Z lotus during a period less thanthat of NC and PC

5 Conclusion

e analysis of obtained data in the current study is en-couraging and shows that the use of Zizyphus lotus as ananti-infectious agent in traditional environments is justifiedand that it should be studied more widely in order to exploreits potential in the treatment of infectious diseases Fur-thermore the obtained results allow us to conclude that theoil extracted from seeds of Zizyphus lotus could be used tocure burns

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] M Ghalem S Merghache and M Belarbi ldquoStudy on theantioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus fromthe Western region of Algeriardquo Pharmacognosy Journalvol 6 no 4 pp 32ndash42 2014

[2] W Borgi K Ghedira and N Chouchane ldquoAntiinflammatoryand analgesic activities of Ziziphus lotus root barksrdquo Fito-terapia vol 78 no 1 pp 16ndash19 2007

[3] M Abu-Zarga S Sabri A Al-Boudi S Ajaz N Sultana andA Ur-Rahman ldquoNew cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphuslotusrdquo Journal of Natural Products vol 58 no 4 pp 504ndash5111995

[4] A O Abdel-Zaher S Y Salim M H Assaf and R H Abdel-Hady ldquoAntidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-

Groupes D 1 D 7 D 14 D 21

Seed oil

Positive control

Negative control

Figure 7 Aspects of burns in the three lots of treated mice (SO NC and PC) from 1st to 21st day

e Scientific World Journal 7

christi leavesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 101no 1ndash3 pp 129ndash138 2005

[5] S Suksamrarn N Suwannapoch N Aunchai et al ldquoZiziphineN O P and Q New antiplasmodial cyclopeptides alkaloidsfrom Zizyphus oenoplia var brunonianardquo Tetrahedronvol 61 no 5 pp 1175ndash1180 2005

[6] C Benammar C Baghdad M Belarbi S SubramaniamA Hichami and N A Khan ldquoAntidiabetic and antioxidantactivities of Zizyphus lotus L aqueous extracts in wistar ratsrdquoJournal of Nutrition and Food Sciences vol s8 pp 1ndash6 2014

[7] M Cheurfa R Allem K Zabel et al ldquoe effects of Gly-cyrrhiza glabra L And Zizyphus lotus L Root extracts on somehuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15pp 1ndash7 2017

[8] M Ikram Y Ogihara and K Yamasaki ldquoStructure of a newsaponin from Ziziphus vulgarisrdquo Journal of Natural Productsvol 44 no 1 pp 91ndash93 1981

[9] S Abdoul-Azize ldquoPotential benefits of jujube (Zizyphus lotusL) bioactive compounds for nutrition and healthrdquo Journal ofNutrition and Metabolism vol 2016 Article ID 286747013 pages 2016

[10] M Chaib and M Boukhris Flore Succin Ite et Illustree desZones Arides et Sahariennes de la Tunisie Association Pour laProtection de la Nature et de lrsquoEnvironnement Sfax Tunisia1998

[11] K Jayakumar ldquoEthno medicinal value of plants in anjavurdistrict Tamil Nadu Indiardquo International Letters of NaturalSciences vol 29 pp 33ndash42 2015

[12] C Bekhechi-Benhabib ldquoAnalyse drsquohuile essentielle drsquoam-moıdes verticillata (Nunkha) de la region de Tlemcen et etudede son pouvoir antimicrobienrdquoese deMagister de BiologieUniversite Abou Bekr Belkaid de Tlemcen Algerie TlemcenAlgeria 2001

[13] J P Wolff Manuel drsquoanalyse des Corps Gras Azoulay ParisFrance 1968

[14] AFNOR Recueil de Normes Franccedilaises des corps grasoleagineuses et produits derives AFNOR Paris France 1981

[15] E Z Cai C H Ang A Raju et al ldquoCreation of consistentburn wounds a rat modelrdquo Archives of Plastic Surgery vol 41no 4 pp 317ndash324 2014

[16] A C Chang B Dearman and J E Greenwood ldquoA com-parison of wound area measurement technique visitrakversus photographyrdquo Eplasty vol 11 pp 158ndash166 2011

[17] D Gopinath K Ahmed K Gomathi K Chitra P K Sehgaland R Jayakumar ldquoDermal wound healing processes withcurcumin incorporated collagen filmsrdquo Biomaterials vol 25no 10 pp 1911ndash1917 2004

[18] R S Bhat J Shankrappa and H G Shivakumar ldquoFormu-lation and evaluation of polyherbal wound treatmentsrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutics vol 2 pp 11ndash17 2007

[19] R akur N Jain R Pathak and S S Sandhu ldquoPractices inwound healing studies of plantsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID438056 17 pages 2011

[20] F E Hachimi A E Antari M Boujnah A Bendrisse andC Alfaiz ldquoComparaison des huiles des graines et de la teneuren acides gras de differentes populations marocaines dejujubier de grenadier et de figuier de barbarierdquo Journal ofMaterials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 5pp 1488ndash1502 2015

[21] I Bentekaya andM Hassouna ldquoEtude de la stabilite oxydativede lrsquohuile drsquoolive vierge extra tunisienne au cours de sonstockagerdquo Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides vol 12 no 5-6pp 447ndash454 2005

[22] Codex Alimentarius Commision Codex Alimentarius FatsOils and Related Products Codex Alimentarius CommisionRome Italy 1992

[23] O Benkhnigue L Zidane M Fadli et al ldquoEtude ethno-botanique des plantes medicinales dans la region de mechraabel ksiri (Region du gharb du maroc)rdquo Acta Botanica Bar-cinonensia vol 53 pp 191ndash216 2011

[24] A Douidi L Bachiri M Bammou J Ibijbijen and N LailaldquoEtude ethnobotanique au moyen Altals centralrdquo EuropeanScientific Journal vol 11 no 24 pp 226ndash242 2015

[25] F E Hachimi C Alfaiz A Bendriss Y Cherrah andK Alaoui ldquoActivite anti-inflammatoire de lrsquohuile des grainesde Zizyphus lotus (L)rdquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15 no 3pp 147ndash154 2016

[26] P D Goldenheim ldquoAn appraisal of povidone-iodine andwound healingrdquo Postgraduate Medical Journal vol 69pp 97ndash105 1993

[27] C McNulty G L Rodgers and J E Mortensen An Overviewof the Topical Antimicrobial Agents Used in the Treatment ofBurn Wounds Journal of Continuing Education Topics ampIssues vol 273 pp 74ndash78 2004

[28] B S Atiyeh M Costagliola S N Hayek and S A DiboldquoEffect of silver on burn wound infection control and healingreview of the literaturerdquo Burns vol 33 no 2 pp 139ndash1482007

[29] H Klasen W Woerner D Wolke et al ldquoComparing theGerman versions of the strengths and difficulties question-naire (SDQ-Deu) and the child behavior checklistrdquo EuropeanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry vol 9 no 4 pp 271ndash2762000

[30] A Fraser-Moodie ldquoSensitivity to silver in a patient treatedwith silver sulphadiazine (Flamazine)rdquo Burns vol 18 no 1pp 74-75 1992

[31] M Abdeldjelil ldquoEffet cicatrisant de produit a la base drsquohuile delentisque (Pistacia lentiscus L) sur les brulures experimentaleschez le ratrdquo 2016

[32] R Bahramsoltani M H Farzaei and R Rahimi ldquoMedicinalplants and their natural components as future drugs for thetreatment of burn wounds an integrative reviewrdquo Archives ofDermatological Research vol 306 no 7 pp 601ndash617 2014

[33] M Chouaibi N Mahfoudhi L Rezig F Donsı G Ferrariand S Hamdi ldquoNutritional composition of Zizyphus lotus Lseedsrdquo Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol 92no 6 pp 1171ndash1177 2012

[34] J F Platon ldquoLes lipides en cosmetologierdquo Oilseeds and FatsCrops and Lipids vol 41 pp 275ndash281 1997

[35] A S Sahib F H Al-Jawad and A A Alkaisy ldquoEffect ofantioxidants on the incidence of wound infection in burnpatientsrdquo Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters vol 23 no 4pp 199ndash205 2010

8 e Scientific World Journal

effects through one of the following mechanisms anti-microbial effect anti-inflammatory effect antioxidantstimulation of collagen synthesis and cell proliferation[32] In the case of Zizyphus lotus oil its richness inbioactive molecules such as fatty acids triglyceridesphytosterols tocopherols and polyphenols could explainthe observed healing effect in the current survey [20 33]Under the effect of burns the structure of the upperlayers of the epidermis is damaged and the skin loses itsprotective hydrolipidic film As a result the skin per-forms less of its role as a barrier and becomes on the onehand a gateway for bacteria and on the other hand itretains less water than it contains [34] e protectiveeffect of Z lotus vegetable oil on burned skin is thereforedirectly related to its high lipid content is finding hasbeen revealed previously [20] and showed that thevegetable oil prepared from Z lotus seeds is very rich inunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with 8183 in com-parison with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ese lipidswould limit the transcutaneous loss of water e ad-dition of antioxidants to the list of treatments of patientswith burns has beneficial effects such as reducing theincidence of wound infection and reducing healing timecompared to other conventionally treated patientswithout the addition of antioxidants [35] Based on theresults reported by Chouaibi et al [33] the oil of Z lotusoil contains tocopherols polyphenols (14483 mgkg ofoil) and carotenoids (634 mgkg of oil) ese com-pounds have a hydroxyl function (minusOH) that allows themto trap free radicals thus giving them an importantantioxidant power is could explain the total healingeffect of lots treated by Z lotus during a period less thanthat of NC and PC

5 Conclusion

e analysis of obtained data in the current study is en-couraging and shows that the use of Zizyphus lotus as ananti-infectious agent in traditional environments is justifiedand that it should be studied more widely in order to exploreits potential in the treatment of infectious diseases Fur-thermore the obtained results allow us to conclude that theoil extracted from seeds of Zizyphus lotus could be used tocure burns

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study

Conflicts of Interest

e authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] M Ghalem S Merghache and M Belarbi ldquoStudy on theantioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus fromthe Western region of Algeriardquo Pharmacognosy Journalvol 6 no 4 pp 32ndash42 2014

[2] W Borgi K Ghedira and N Chouchane ldquoAntiinflammatoryand analgesic activities of Ziziphus lotus root barksrdquo Fito-terapia vol 78 no 1 pp 16ndash19 2007

[3] M Abu-Zarga S Sabri A Al-Boudi S Ajaz N Sultana andA Ur-Rahman ldquoNew cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphuslotusrdquo Journal of Natural Products vol 58 no 4 pp 504ndash5111995

[4] A O Abdel-Zaher S Y Salim M H Assaf and R H Abdel-Hady ldquoAntidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-

Groupes D 1 D 7 D 14 D 21

Seed oil

Positive control

Negative control

Figure 7 Aspects of burns in the three lots of treated mice (SO NC and PC) from 1st to 21st day

e Scientific World Journal 7

christi leavesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 101no 1ndash3 pp 129ndash138 2005

[5] S Suksamrarn N Suwannapoch N Aunchai et al ldquoZiziphineN O P and Q New antiplasmodial cyclopeptides alkaloidsfrom Zizyphus oenoplia var brunonianardquo Tetrahedronvol 61 no 5 pp 1175ndash1180 2005

[6] C Benammar C Baghdad M Belarbi S SubramaniamA Hichami and N A Khan ldquoAntidiabetic and antioxidantactivities of Zizyphus lotus L aqueous extracts in wistar ratsrdquoJournal of Nutrition and Food Sciences vol s8 pp 1ndash6 2014

[7] M Cheurfa R Allem K Zabel et al ldquoe effects of Gly-cyrrhiza glabra L And Zizyphus lotus L Root extracts on somehuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15pp 1ndash7 2017

[8] M Ikram Y Ogihara and K Yamasaki ldquoStructure of a newsaponin from Ziziphus vulgarisrdquo Journal of Natural Productsvol 44 no 1 pp 91ndash93 1981

[9] S Abdoul-Azize ldquoPotential benefits of jujube (Zizyphus lotusL) bioactive compounds for nutrition and healthrdquo Journal ofNutrition and Metabolism vol 2016 Article ID 286747013 pages 2016

[10] M Chaib and M Boukhris Flore Succin Ite et Illustree desZones Arides et Sahariennes de la Tunisie Association Pour laProtection de la Nature et de lrsquoEnvironnement Sfax Tunisia1998

[11] K Jayakumar ldquoEthno medicinal value of plants in anjavurdistrict Tamil Nadu Indiardquo International Letters of NaturalSciences vol 29 pp 33ndash42 2015

[12] C Bekhechi-Benhabib ldquoAnalyse drsquohuile essentielle drsquoam-moıdes verticillata (Nunkha) de la region de Tlemcen et etudede son pouvoir antimicrobienrdquoese deMagister de BiologieUniversite Abou Bekr Belkaid de Tlemcen Algerie TlemcenAlgeria 2001

[13] J P Wolff Manuel drsquoanalyse des Corps Gras Azoulay ParisFrance 1968

[14] AFNOR Recueil de Normes Franccedilaises des corps grasoleagineuses et produits derives AFNOR Paris France 1981

[15] E Z Cai C H Ang A Raju et al ldquoCreation of consistentburn wounds a rat modelrdquo Archives of Plastic Surgery vol 41no 4 pp 317ndash324 2014

[16] A C Chang B Dearman and J E Greenwood ldquoA com-parison of wound area measurement technique visitrakversus photographyrdquo Eplasty vol 11 pp 158ndash166 2011

[17] D Gopinath K Ahmed K Gomathi K Chitra P K Sehgaland R Jayakumar ldquoDermal wound healing processes withcurcumin incorporated collagen filmsrdquo Biomaterials vol 25no 10 pp 1911ndash1917 2004

[18] R S Bhat J Shankrappa and H G Shivakumar ldquoFormu-lation and evaluation of polyherbal wound treatmentsrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutics vol 2 pp 11ndash17 2007

[19] R akur N Jain R Pathak and S S Sandhu ldquoPractices inwound healing studies of plantsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID438056 17 pages 2011

[20] F E Hachimi A E Antari M Boujnah A Bendrisse andC Alfaiz ldquoComparaison des huiles des graines et de la teneuren acides gras de differentes populations marocaines dejujubier de grenadier et de figuier de barbarierdquo Journal ofMaterials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 5pp 1488ndash1502 2015

[21] I Bentekaya andM Hassouna ldquoEtude de la stabilite oxydativede lrsquohuile drsquoolive vierge extra tunisienne au cours de sonstockagerdquo Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides vol 12 no 5-6pp 447ndash454 2005

[22] Codex Alimentarius Commision Codex Alimentarius FatsOils and Related Products Codex Alimentarius CommisionRome Italy 1992

[23] O Benkhnigue L Zidane M Fadli et al ldquoEtude ethno-botanique des plantes medicinales dans la region de mechraabel ksiri (Region du gharb du maroc)rdquo Acta Botanica Bar-cinonensia vol 53 pp 191ndash216 2011

[24] A Douidi L Bachiri M Bammou J Ibijbijen and N LailaldquoEtude ethnobotanique au moyen Altals centralrdquo EuropeanScientific Journal vol 11 no 24 pp 226ndash242 2015

[25] F E Hachimi C Alfaiz A Bendriss Y Cherrah andK Alaoui ldquoActivite anti-inflammatoire de lrsquohuile des grainesde Zizyphus lotus (L)rdquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15 no 3pp 147ndash154 2016

[26] P D Goldenheim ldquoAn appraisal of povidone-iodine andwound healingrdquo Postgraduate Medical Journal vol 69pp 97ndash105 1993

[27] C McNulty G L Rodgers and J E Mortensen An Overviewof the Topical Antimicrobial Agents Used in the Treatment ofBurn Wounds Journal of Continuing Education Topics ampIssues vol 273 pp 74ndash78 2004

[28] B S Atiyeh M Costagliola S N Hayek and S A DiboldquoEffect of silver on burn wound infection control and healingreview of the literaturerdquo Burns vol 33 no 2 pp 139ndash1482007

[29] H Klasen W Woerner D Wolke et al ldquoComparing theGerman versions of the strengths and difficulties question-naire (SDQ-Deu) and the child behavior checklistrdquo EuropeanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry vol 9 no 4 pp 271ndash2762000

[30] A Fraser-Moodie ldquoSensitivity to silver in a patient treatedwith silver sulphadiazine (Flamazine)rdquo Burns vol 18 no 1pp 74-75 1992

[31] M Abdeldjelil ldquoEffet cicatrisant de produit a la base drsquohuile delentisque (Pistacia lentiscus L) sur les brulures experimentaleschez le ratrdquo 2016

[32] R Bahramsoltani M H Farzaei and R Rahimi ldquoMedicinalplants and their natural components as future drugs for thetreatment of burn wounds an integrative reviewrdquo Archives ofDermatological Research vol 306 no 7 pp 601ndash617 2014

[33] M Chouaibi N Mahfoudhi L Rezig F Donsı G Ferrariand S Hamdi ldquoNutritional composition of Zizyphus lotus Lseedsrdquo Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol 92no 6 pp 1171ndash1177 2012

[34] J F Platon ldquoLes lipides en cosmetologierdquo Oilseeds and FatsCrops and Lipids vol 41 pp 275ndash281 1997

[35] A S Sahib F H Al-Jawad and A A Alkaisy ldquoEffect ofantioxidants on the incidence of wound infection in burnpatientsrdquo Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters vol 23 no 4pp 199ndash205 2010

8 e Scientific World Journal

christi leavesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 101no 1ndash3 pp 129ndash138 2005

[5] S Suksamrarn N Suwannapoch N Aunchai et al ldquoZiziphineN O P and Q New antiplasmodial cyclopeptides alkaloidsfrom Zizyphus oenoplia var brunonianardquo Tetrahedronvol 61 no 5 pp 1175ndash1180 2005

[6] C Benammar C Baghdad M Belarbi S SubramaniamA Hichami and N A Khan ldquoAntidiabetic and antioxidantactivities of Zizyphus lotus L aqueous extracts in wistar ratsrdquoJournal of Nutrition and Food Sciences vol s8 pp 1ndash6 2014

[7] M Cheurfa R Allem K Zabel et al ldquoe effects of Gly-cyrrhiza glabra L And Zizyphus lotus L Root extracts on somehuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15pp 1ndash7 2017

[8] M Ikram Y Ogihara and K Yamasaki ldquoStructure of a newsaponin from Ziziphus vulgarisrdquo Journal of Natural Productsvol 44 no 1 pp 91ndash93 1981

[9] S Abdoul-Azize ldquoPotential benefits of jujube (Zizyphus lotusL) bioactive compounds for nutrition and healthrdquo Journal ofNutrition and Metabolism vol 2016 Article ID 286747013 pages 2016

[10] M Chaib and M Boukhris Flore Succin Ite et Illustree desZones Arides et Sahariennes de la Tunisie Association Pour laProtection de la Nature et de lrsquoEnvironnement Sfax Tunisia1998

[11] K Jayakumar ldquoEthno medicinal value of plants in anjavurdistrict Tamil Nadu Indiardquo International Letters of NaturalSciences vol 29 pp 33ndash42 2015

[12] C Bekhechi-Benhabib ldquoAnalyse drsquohuile essentielle drsquoam-moıdes verticillata (Nunkha) de la region de Tlemcen et etudede son pouvoir antimicrobienrdquoese deMagister de BiologieUniversite Abou Bekr Belkaid de Tlemcen Algerie TlemcenAlgeria 2001

[13] J P Wolff Manuel drsquoanalyse des Corps Gras Azoulay ParisFrance 1968

[14] AFNOR Recueil de Normes Franccedilaises des corps grasoleagineuses et produits derives AFNOR Paris France 1981

[15] E Z Cai C H Ang A Raju et al ldquoCreation of consistentburn wounds a rat modelrdquo Archives of Plastic Surgery vol 41no 4 pp 317ndash324 2014

[16] A C Chang B Dearman and J E Greenwood ldquoA com-parison of wound area measurement technique visitrakversus photographyrdquo Eplasty vol 11 pp 158ndash166 2011

[17] D Gopinath K Ahmed K Gomathi K Chitra P K Sehgaland R Jayakumar ldquoDermal wound healing processes withcurcumin incorporated collagen filmsrdquo Biomaterials vol 25no 10 pp 1911ndash1917 2004

[18] R S Bhat J Shankrappa and H G Shivakumar ldquoFormu-lation and evaluation of polyherbal wound treatmentsrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutics vol 2 pp 11ndash17 2007

[19] R akur N Jain R Pathak and S S Sandhu ldquoPractices inwound healing studies of plantsrdquo Evidence-Based Comple-mentary and Alternative Medicine vol 2011 Article ID438056 17 pages 2011

[20] F E Hachimi A E Antari M Boujnah A Bendrisse andC Alfaiz ldquoComparaison des huiles des graines et de la teneuren acides gras de differentes populations marocaines dejujubier de grenadier et de figuier de barbarierdquo Journal ofMaterials and Environmental Science vol 6 no 5pp 1488ndash1502 2015

[21] I Bentekaya andM Hassouna ldquoEtude de la stabilite oxydativede lrsquohuile drsquoolive vierge extra tunisienne au cours de sonstockagerdquo Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides vol 12 no 5-6pp 447ndash454 2005

[22] Codex Alimentarius Commision Codex Alimentarius FatsOils and Related Products Codex Alimentarius CommisionRome Italy 1992

[23] O Benkhnigue L Zidane M Fadli et al ldquoEtude ethno-botanique des plantes medicinales dans la region de mechraabel ksiri (Region du gharb du maroc)rdquo Acta Botanica Bar-cinonensia vol 53 pp 191ndash216 2011

[24] A Douidi L Bachiri M Bammou J Ibijbijen and N LailaldquoEtude ethnobotanique au moyen Altals centralrdquo EuropeanScientific Journal vol 11 no 24 pp 226ndash242 2015

[25] F E Hachimi C Alfaiz A Bendriss Y Cherrah andK Alaoui ldquoActivite anti-inflammatoire de lrsquohuile des grainesde Zizyphus lotus (L)rdquo Journal of Phytotherapy vol 15 no 3pp 147ndash154 2016

[26] P D Goldenheim ldquoAn appraisal of povidone-iodine andwound healingrdquo Postgraduate Medical Journal vol 69pp 97ndash105 1993

[27] C McNulty G L Rodgers and J E Mortensen An Overviewof the Topical Antimicrobial Agents Used in the Treatment ofBurn Wounds Journal of Continuing Education Topics ampIssues vol 273 pp 74ndash78 2004

[28] B S Atiyeh M Costagliola S N Hayek and S A DiboldquoEffect of silver on burn wound infection control and healingreview of the literaturerdquo Burns vol 33 no 2 pp 139ndash1482007

[29] H Klasen W Woerner D Wolke et al ldquoComparing theGerman versions of the strengths and difficulties question-naire (SDQ-Deu) and the child behavior checklistrdquo EuropeanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry vol 9 no 4 pp 271ndash2762000

[30] A Fraser-Moodie ldquoSensitivity to silver in a patient treatedwith silver sulphadiazine (Flamazine)rdquo Burns vol 18 no 1pp 74-75 1992

[31] M Abdeldjelil ldquoEffet cicatrisant de produit a la base drsquohuile delentisque (Pistacia lentiscus L) sur les brulures experimentaleschez le ratrdquo 2016

[32] R Bahramsoltani M H Farzaei and R Rahimi ldquoMedicinalplants and their natural components as future drugs for thetreatment of burn wounds an integrative reviewrdquo Archives ofDermatological Research vol 306 no 7 pp 601ndash617 2014

[33] M Chouaibi N Mahfoudhi L Rezig F Donsı G Ferrariand S Hamdi ldquoNutritional composition of Zizyphus lotus Lseedsrdquo Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol 92no 6 pp 1171ndash1177 2012

[34] J F Platon ldquoLes lipides en cosmetologierdquo Oilseeds and FatsCrops and Lipids vol 41 pp 275ndash281 1997

[35] A S Sahib F H Al-Jawad and A A Alkaisy ldquoEffect ofantioxidants on the incidence of wound infection in burnpatientsrdquo Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters vol 23 no 4pp 199ndash205 2010

8 e Scientific World Journal