sgsn9810 uag product description v800r009

HUAWEI SGSN9810 Serving GRPS Support Node(UAG) V800R009 Product Description

Issue 01

Date 2009-07-02

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Address: Huawei Industrial Base

Bantian, Longgang

Shenzhen 518129

People's Republic of China

Website: http://www.huawei.com

Email: [email protected]


Contents

1 Introduction to the SGSN9810(UAG).................................................................................... 5

1.1 Structure of a GPRS/UMTS Network .............................................................................................................. 5

1.2 Huawei GPRS/UMTS CN-PS Solution ........................................................................................................... 6

1.2.1 SGSN ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.2.2 GGSN...................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.2.3 HA........................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.2.4 CG........................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.2.5 AAA Server............................................................................................................................................. 7

1.2.6 DNS Server ............................................................................................................................................. 7

1.2.7 BG........................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.3 Overview of the SGSN9810(UAG) ................................................................................................................. 7

2 Key Benefits .............................................................................................................................. 7

2.1 Large Capacity and High Integration ............................................................................................................... 7

2.2 High-Speed Hardware Forwarding .................................................................................................................. 7

2.3 Supporting Boards of 750C Series ................................................................................................................... 7

2.4 Standard Protocol Interfaces ............................................................................................................................ 7

2.5 Abundant Physical Interfaces ........................................................................................................................... 7

2.6 Rich Services and Functions ............................................................................................................................ 7

2.7 Accurate Clock System .................................................................................................................................... 7

2.8 Easy Operation and Maintenance..................................................................................................................... 7

2.9 High Reliability................................................................................................................................................ 7

3 System Structure ...................................................................................................................... 7

3.1 Hardware Configuration................................................................................................................................... 7

3.1.1 Cabinet Configuration............................................................................................................................. 7

3.1.2 Switching Subrack ..................................................................................................................................7

3.1.3 Basic Subrack.......................................................................................................................................... 7

3.1.4 Extended Subrack ...................................................................................................................................7

3.2 Software Structure............................................................................................................................................ 7

3.3 Logical Structure .............................................................................................................................................. 7

3.3.2 ATM Switching Subsystem..................................................................................................................... 7

3.3.3 PS Transfer Subsystem............................................................................................................................ 7

3.3.4 UAP Data Forwarding Subsystem .......................................................................................................... 7


3.3.5 Gb Interface Processing Subsystem........................................................................................................ 7

3.3.6 Signaling Processing Subsystem............................................................................................................. 7

3.3.7 UAG Signaling Processing SubSystem................................................................................................... 7

3.3.8 Lawful Interception Subsystem............................................................................................................... 7

3.3.9 Charging Subsystem ............................................................................................................................... 7

3.3.10 Iu Interface Control Plane Processing Subsystem................................................................................. 7

3.3.11 GTP Control Plane Processing Subsystem............................................................................................ 7

3.3.12 Operation and Maintenance Subsystem ................................................................................................ 7

3.3.13 Clock Subsystem...................................................................................................................................7

4 Services and Functions ............................................................................................................ 7

4.1 SGSN Services ................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.1.1 IP/PPP Bearer Services ........................................................................................................................... 7

4.1.2 Short Message Services .......................................................................................................................... 7

4.1.3 Location Services.................................................................................................................................... 7

4.1.4 CAMEL Phase 3 Services....................................................................................................................... 7

4.1.5 Lawful Interception................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2 SGSN Functions............................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.1 Mobility Management............................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.2 Session Management............................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.3 Routing.................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.4 IPv6 Support ........................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.5 IPSec and LLC Encryption ..................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.6 Charging.................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.7 QoS ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.8 Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.9 RAN Sharing in Connected State............................................................................................................ 7

4.2.10 MVNO .................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.11 UESBI-Iu .............................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.12 Multi-SPs and 2 Mbit/s Signaling Links ............................................................................................... 7

4.2.13 NTP Client Functions............................................................................................................................ 7

4.2.14 Network-Assisted Cell Change ............................................................................................................. 7

4.2.15 SIGTRAN Support................................................................................................................................ 7

4.2.16 Gb over IP ............................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.17 Differential Services .............................................................................................................................7

4.2.18 Handover Strategy Control ................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.19 Enhanced MBMS.................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.20 Network Share ...................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.21 Security Solution................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.22 Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) .......................................................................................... 7

4.2.23 Direct Tunnel ........................................................................................................................................ 7

4.2.24 SGSN N+1Backup................................................................................................................................ 7


4.2.25 Multi SIM.............................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.26 HSPA..................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.3 UAG Funtions .................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.3.1 uBro Entire System Solution................................................................................................................... 7

4.3.2 Interface Function ................................................................................................................................... 7

4.3.3 Forwarding the CS Signaling and Service Data...................................................................................... 7

4.3.4 Forwarding PS Signaling and Service Data in integrated UAG mode.................................................... 7

4.3.5 Forwarding the PS Signaling and Service Data in independent UAG mode .......................................... 7

4.3.6 Connecting Multiple CNs at the Same Time........................................................................................... 7

4.3.7 AP-AP Handover.....................................................................................................................................7

4.3.8 Switching Between the AP and the Macro Network ............................................................................... 7

4.3.9 Anti-jitter function .................................................................................................................................. 7

5 Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................................... 7

5.1 O&M System ................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2 Configuration Management.............................................................................................................................. 7

5.3 Equipment Management .................................................................................................................................. 7

5.4 Tracing Management........................................................................................................................................ 7

5.5 Performance Management................................................................................................................................ 7

5.6 Fault Management............................................................................................................................................ 7

5.7 Security Management....................................................................................................................................... 7

5.8 CHR ................................................................................................................................................................. 7

5.9 SSL................................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.10 SSH ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

5.11 Online Help .................................................................................................................................................... 7

6 Reliability.................................................................................................................................. 7

6.1 Hardware Reliability ........................................................................................................................................ 7

6.1.1 Board Hot Backup...................................................................................................................................7

6.1.2 ASIC Technology....................................................................................................................................7

6.1.3 Quality Components ............................................................................................................................... 7

6.1.4 Load Sharing........................................................................................................................................... 7

6.1.5 Power Supply Reliability ........................................................................................................................ 7

6.2 Software Reliability ......................................................................................................................................... 7

6.2.1 Reliability Building at Different Phases.................................................................................................. 7

6.2.2 Error Tolerance ....................................................................................................................................... 7

6.3 Charging Reliability ......................................................................................................................................... 7

7 Technical Specifications.......................................................................................................... 7

7.1 Performance Specifications.............................................................................................................................. 7

7.2 Physical Interfaces ........................................................................................................................................... 7

7.3 Clock Indexes................................................................................................................................................... 7

7.4 Engineering Specifications............................................................................................................................... 7

7.4.1 Power Consumption................................................................................................................................ 7


7.4.2 Dimensions and Weight of Cabinets ....................................................................................................... 7

7.4.3 Environment Requirements..................................................................................................................... 7

7.5 Reliability Specifications ................................................................................................................................. 7

8 Installation ................................................................................................................................ 7

A Acronyms and Abbreviations................................................................................................ 7


1 Introduction to the SGSN9810(UAG)

The SGSN9810(UAG) is a core device of the packet domain of the GPRS/UMTS core network. It offers the functions of two logical entities, namely, the SGSN and UAG.

1.1 Structure of a GPRS/UMTS Network

The current wireless technology is evolving from 2G global system for mobile communications (GSM) to 3G UMTS by way of 2.5G GPRS. Mobile communication networks now cover large areas, transfer data in high speed, and can access the Internet. These networks provide a wide range of multimedia services such as voice, data, and video and can be accessed anytime and anywhere.

Figure 1-1 shows the structure of a GPRS/UMTS network.


Figure 1-1 Structure of a GPRS/UMTS network

Other PLMN

NodeB

RNC

UMTS UTRAN

RANGSM/GPRS BSS

BSC

CN-CSMGW/MSC

Server

HLR

SGSN

Firewall

BGDNS Server

SMS-GMSCSMS-IWMSC

GMSC

BillingCenter

CG

GGSN/FA

CN-PS

DNSServer

WAPGateway

AAAServer

Firewall

BTSMS

HA

CoreNetwork

PSTN,ISDN

Internet,Intranet,

etc.

SS7

EIR

UAP

MS

MS

As shown in Figure 1-1, a GPRS/UMTS network consists of the following parts:

� Mobile station (MS): user equipment capable of originating and receiving calls over the air interface. To handle data services, the MS establishes a logical link with the packet switched (PS) domain.

� Radio access network (RAN): handles all radio related functions.

� Core network-circuit switching (CN-CS): provides circuit services and connects to external circuit switched networks, such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN).

� CN-PS: provides packet data services and connects to external public data networks (PDNs), such as the Internet.

1.2 Huawei GPRS/UMTS CN-PS Solution

The Huawei GPRS/UMTS CN-PS consists of the following main network entities:

� Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)

� Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) and foreign agent (FA)

� Home agent (HA)

� Charging gateway (CG)

� Authentication, authorization, accounting (AAA) server

� Domain name system (DNS) server

� Border gateway (BG)


The CN-PS offers the means for an MS to access an external PDN. It provides packet data services and charging services, such as prepaid and postpaid services.

1.2.1 SGSN

The SGSN is a functional entity that provides packet data services. It forwards incoming and outgoing internet protocol (IP) packets to the mobile stations (MSs) within its service area.

The SGSN provides the following functions:

� Routing and forwarding of data packets

� Encryption and authentication

� Session management

� Mobility management

� Logical link management

� Generation and output of call detail records (CDRs)

Apart from implementing the SGSN functions, the SGSN9810(UAG) integrates the access gateway (UAG) function. In this way, it implements the access and management of the access point (UAP), forwards CS data and signaling between the UAP/MS and MGW/MSC server, and the access of PS services through the UAP.

1.2.2 GGSN

The GGSN is also a functional entity that provides packet data services. It routes and encapsulates packet data between the GPRS/UMTS network and an external PDN.

The GGSN provides the following functions:

� Interface to an external PDN

The GGSN serves as a gateway for an MS to access the external PDN. For the external network, the GGSN serves as a router for all equipment in the GPRS/UMTS network.

� GPRS/UMTS session management

The GGSN sets up a connection between an MS and the external PDN.

� Data routing and forwarding

The GGSN receives data from the MS and then forwards the data to the external PDN. It also receives data from the external PDN and selects a transport channel in the GPRS/UMTS network based on the destination address to forward the data to the SGSN.

� FA functions

To support mobile Internet Protocol (IP) services, the GGSN is embedded with FA functions. In this case, the GGSN/FA serves as a gateway of the GPRS/UMTS network and an FA of the network visited by the MS.

� Charging for postpaid services

The GGSN generates and outputs CDRs based on the usage of the external network by the subscribers.

� Call control and service switching functions for prepaid services

For prepaid services, the GGSN serves as a service switching point (SSP) that connects a mobile network and an intelligent network.


1.2.3 HA

The HA is an entity that is used to support mobile IP access. It is an enhanced router that also maintains the current location information of the MSs.

The HA has the following function:

� Sending broadcast messages to the MSs so that the MSs know if they are on the home network.

� Handling and replying the registration requests from an MS. Generating mobility binding records (MBRs) between the MS home address and care-of address.

� Agency and forwarding: The HA reports the availability of network prefixes for the MS home address so that the packets for the MS home address can be routed to the home network. After encapsulating the packets, the HA tunnels them to the GGSN/FA, and then the GGSN/FA finally forwards the packets to the MS.

The FA and the HA are mandatory for mobile IP access. If the mobile IP access function is not required, the FA and the HA are not required.

1.2.4 CG

The CG is a new device added to the GPRS/UMTS network. It collects, consolidates, and preprocesses CDRs generated by the SGSN or the GGSN. It provides an interface to the billing center.

The CDRs are generated by several network entities when a GPRS or UMTS subscriber visits the Internet. Each entity may generate several CDRs.

The CG is used to reduce the work load of the billing center by consolidating and preprocessing the CDRs before sending them to the billing center. With the CG in the network, the SGSN or the GGSN need not provide the charging interface to the billing center.

1.2.5 AAA Server

The AAA server carries out authentication, authorization and accounting according to the Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol.

The AAA server is not specific to the GPRS/UMTS system.

1.2.6 DNS Server

There are two types of DNS server in a GPRS/UMTS network.

The first is the DNS between the GGSN and the external PDN. As an ordinary DNS on the Internet, this DNS resolves the domain name of the external PDN.

The second is the DNS on the GPRS/UMTS CN. The main functions of the DNS server include the following:

� Resolves the GGSN IP address from the access point name (APN) to set up a connection between the GGSN and the MS when the MS accesses the external PDN.

� Resolves the SGSN IP address from the old routing area code during the inter-SGSN routing area update.

� Resolves the SGSN IP address from the new radio network controller (RNC) identity (ID) during RNC relocation.


The DNS server is not specific to the GPRS/UMTS system.

1.2.7 BG

The BG is a router. In addition to security functions, it provides a routing function between the SGSN and the GGSN in different PLMNs.

The BG is not specific to the GPRS/UMTS system.

1.3 Overview of the SGSN9810(UAG)

The SGSN9810(UAG) can be used in a GPRS and a UMTS network. It supports up to 3 million subscribers attached to the network at the same time.

Figure 1-2 shows the SGSN9810(UAG) appearance.


Figure 1-2 SGSN9810(UAG) appearance

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides a wide range of services, functions, protocol interfaces, and physical interfaces. Built on the mature platform of Huawei products, it is reliable and easy to operate.

The services and functions of the SGSN9810(UAG) V800R009 include:

� IP bearer services


� Security management


� Charging

� Quality of service (QoS) and flow management

� Static and dynamic routing


� Simple network management protocol (SNMP) support

Optional functions include:

� Point-to-Point Protocol(PPP) bearer services

� Short message service (SMS)

� Customized applications for mobile network enhanced logic (CAMEL) 3 intelligent services

� Location service (LCS)

� Internet protocol security extensions (IPSec) function

� Lawful interception

� 2 Mbit/s signaling link

� Multiple signaling points

� Network time protocol (NTP)

� Multiple HPLMNs

� Iu-FLEX

� Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO)

� Network assisted cell change (NACC)

� IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) bearing

� IPv6

� RAN sharing in connected mode

� UESBI-Iu

� Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE)

� Differential service

� Handover strategy control

� Gb over IP

� Signaling transport (SIGTRAN) support

� SGSN N+1 backup

� Direct Tunnel

� Multi-SIM

� APN error correction Supporting boards of 750C series

� Enhanced multimedia broadcast and multicast service (MBMS)

� Network share in the gateway core network (GWCN)

� Security solution

� Security Socket Layer (SSL)

� Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD)

� Supporting high speed packet access (HSPA)

� Supporting secondary activation on the network side

� Supporting one-key upgrade

� Prevention of the ACL visited by the UOMU

� Supporting the access to buffer CDRs through SFTP and prevention of the ACL visited by the UCDR

� UAG basic function

� Iu-CS over IP


� Connecting Multiple CNs at the Same Time

� AP-AP handover

� AP- macro network handover


2 Key Benefits

The SGSN9810(UAG) is a competitive SGSN product offered by Huawei. It has multiple features and functions.

2.1 Large Capacity and High Integration

If the boards of 750B series are used, the SGSN9810(UAG) supports up to two million attached 2.5G or 3G subscribers and two million activated packet data protocol (PDP) contexts (2.5G or 3G subscribers) at the same time. A fully configured SGSN9810(UAG) system requires five cabinets for a 2.5G network or three cabinets for a 3G network.

If the boards of 750C series are used, the SGSN9810(UAG) can support a maximum of 3 million 2.5G and 3G attached subscribes concurrently. Only two cabinets are required for configuration of 2 million 2.5G or 3G subscribers, whereas three cabinets are required for configuration of 3 million subscribers.

Two cabinet and eight subracks are required when the UAG function is used and it is fully configured ,but the RNC and the PCU are not connected. In this way, a maximum of 100,000 APs can be connected.

2.2 High-Speed Hardware Forwarding

The user plane data of the SGSN9810(UAG) is forwarded using hardware. This improves the processing efficiency and integration of the system.

The hardware supports the traffic at the rate of 900 Mbit/s in a 2.5G system or the traffic at the rate of 10 Gbit/s in a 3G system.

2.3 Supporting Boards of 750C Series

The SGSN9810(UAG) supports the boards of 750C series and thus the system performance and specification are greatly improved. As a result, the SGSN can meet the present and future performance requirements.

Table 2-1 lists the hardware comparison between the 750C series and the 750B series.


Table 2-1 Hardware comparison

Hardware 750C 750B

CPU

750GX(clock frequency 1GHz)

750(clock frequency 500MHz)

Memory 1GB 512MB

FLASH 32M 16M

The maximum number of subscribers supported by the SGSN increases to 3 million. The number of cabinets for 2 million 2.5G subscribers decreases from five to two and that for 3G subscribers decreases from three to two.

2.4 Standard Protocol Interfaces

The SGSN9810(UAG) supports a variety of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) protocol interfaces to connect to the equipment from different vendors. In addition, the eIu, Iu-CS and Hg interfaces are supported when the UAG function is used. This makes network deployment easy for operators.

Figure 2-1 shows the protocol interfaces supported by the SGSN9810(UAG).

Figure 2-1 Protocol interfaces supported by the SGSN9810(UAG)

Gf

Gi

GnIu

Gc

Gp

Gs/Iu-CS

MSC/VLR

TE MT UTRAN TEPDN

Gr

HLR

Other PLMN

SGSN

GGSN

Gd

SM- SCSMS-GMSC

SMS-IWMSC

GGSN

EIRSGSN

GnCGF

GaGa

BillingSystem

Gb

TE MT BSS

CAMEL GSM-SCF

Ge

GLMC

Lg

UAP

AHR

Hg

eIu


2.5 Abundant Physical Interfaces

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides the following physical interfaces to adapt different networks:

� Gn, Gp, Ga, Iu-CS, eIu, Hg, and Iu-PS interfaces: STM-1, STM-4, 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, and 1,000 Mbit/s Ethernet interfaces

� Gb, Gd, Ge, Gf, Gr, Gs, and Lg interfaces: E1, T1, STM-1, STM-4, 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, and 1,000 Mbit/s Ethernet interfaces

The 1,000 Mbit/s Ethernet interfaces support both optical ports and electrical ports.

2.6 Rich Services and Functions

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides a wide range of services and functions. The basic functions include:

� IP bearer services


� Security management


� Charging

� Quality of service (QoS) and flow management

� Static and dynamic routing

� Simple network management protocol (SNMP) support

Optional functions include:

� Point-to-Point Protocol(PPP) bearer services

� Short message service (SMS)

� Customized applications for mobile network enhanced logic (CAMEL) 3 intelligent services

� Location service (LCS)

� Internet protocol security extensions (IPSec) function


� 2 Mbit/s signaling link

� Multiple signaling points

� Network time protocol (NTP)

� Multiple HPLMNs

� Iu-FLEX

� Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO)


� IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) bearing

� IPv6

� RAN sharing in connected mode

� UESBI-Iu

� Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE)


� High speed packet access (HSPA)

� Differential service


� Gb over IP

� Signaling transport (SIGTRAN) support

� Supporting boards of 750C series

� Enhanced multimedia broadcast and multicast service (MBMS)

� Network share in the gateway core network (GWCN)

� Security solution

� Security Socket Layer (SSL)

� Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD)

� UAG basic function

� Iu-CS over IP

� Connecting Multiple CNs at the Same Time

� AP-AP handover

� AP- macro network handover


2.7 Accurate Clock System A clock synchronization system is required when the SGSN9810(UAG) uses the E1/T1 interface and the STM-1 or STM-4 optical interface to interconnect with other devices. The clock system of the SGSN9810(UAG), using the advanced digital phase-locked loop and reliable software phase-locked technology, has the following features:

� It provides stratrum-2 (A and B types) and stratum-3 clocks.

� The stratum-2 and stratum-3 clocks can be flexibly configured through terminals.

� It provides multiple input reference signals, which include 2.048 MHz and 2.048 Mbit/s.

� It provides powerful software functions, including display, alarm, O&M functions. The operators can conveniently control the phase-locked method and the source reference of the clock through the maintenance console.

� It has powerful phase-locked capability and adapts to all kinds of clock transmission. In case that the clock reference has fault, the clock synchronization system of the SGSN9810(UAG) can work in free running mode and keep synchronization.

2.8 Easy Operation and Maintenance The operation and maintenance (O&M) system of the SGSN9810(UAG) has the following features:

� Flexible O&M methods

The O&M system can be flexibly built according to the network structure and customer requirements. Multiple maintenance interfaces are supported, including the interfaces to the local maintenance terminal (LMT), the Huawei centralized network management system iManager M2000, and the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) based on the network management system. Through the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) interface provided by the iManager M2000, more network management requirements can be fulfilled.

� Friendly user interfaces

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides O&M interfaces that combines the merits of both man-machine language (MML) and graphic user interface (GUI).

� Powerful signaling tracing

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides functions to trace the messages of designated subscribers and the signals on the protocol interfaces such as the Iu, Gb, Gs, and Gr. The SGSN9810(UAG) also provides message explanation and filtering.

� Software patching in function level

Through online software patching, software errors can be solved without interrupting services. The SGSN9810(UAG) also supports remote patching and version fallback.

� Supporting One-Key Upgrade

With the tool embedded on the LMT, you can perform one-key upgrade for a version, including downloading, loading, and resetting the version in addition to exception handling when an error occurs.


2.9 High Reliability

The SGSN9810(UAG) is highly reliable because of the following features:

� Backup of important data

The SGSN9810(UAG) automatically backs up important data, such as the configuration data, performance data, and operation logs.

� Operation security management

The SGSN9810(UAG) supports the access control list (ACL), which is used to set legal IP segments for access. Only the permitted address segments can communicate with the SGSN.

Different management privileges are assigned to different users. During the user login, the SGSN9810(UAG) checks the user identity. After the user login, the SGSN9810(UAG) maintains the complete operation to ensure system security.

� CG redirection and bill buffering

When the active CG or the link to the active CG fails, the SGSN9810(UAG) sends the bills to the standby CG. If the standby CG is also faulty, the SGSN9810(UAG) stores the bills in its buffer.

The SGSN9810(UAG) supports the access to buffered CDRs through SFTP, but the access to IP addresses through ACL is restricted.

� Hardware redundancy design

All critical boards are configured in the 1+1 backup or N+1 redundancy to ensure the high reliability of the system.

� Fault Avoidance

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides protection mechanisms to avoid the following system faults:

− System power off

− Maloperation on system power switch

− Lightning surge on the system power

− High voltage and low voltage

− Short circuit of power supply

− Lightning surge on E1/T1 links

− Current surge and high voltage on the power supply and interfaces

� System overload control

In the case of center processing unit (CPU) overload or resource congestion, the SGSN9810(UAG) adjusts the traffic smoothly to avoid system down.

� Board locking and system shutdown

This function ensures that a service can slowly exit from a board or the system if required without interrupting other services.


3 System Structure

The system structure of the SGSN9810(UAG) includes hardware structure, software structure, and logical structure.

3.1 Hardware Configuration

The SGSN9810(UAG) hardware consists of the cabinet, subrack, and board.

� Cabinet

The SGSN9810(UAG) uses Huawei's N68E-22 cabinet. This cabinet is a standard 19-inch one and is in compliance with the IEC297. The SGSN9810(UAG) requires 1~6 cabinets.

� Subrack

The SGSN9810(UAG) uses the standard 19-inch subrack, which is also called the PSM subrack. A maximum of four PSM subracks can be configured in each cabinet. Each PSM subrack contains 21 slots. Boards are inserted in front and rear of the backplane.

According to the board configuration, the PSM subrack is classified into three types, namely, switching subrack, basic subrack and extension subrack.

� Board

According to the position, the boards of the SGSN9810(UAG) are classified into the front card, back card, and pinch board. The number of boards depends on the capacity of the system.

3.1.1 Cabinet Configuration

Figure 3-1 shows an example of the cabinet configuration of the SGSN9810(UAG).


Figure 3-1 Hardware configuration of the SGSN9810(UAG)

Air Deflector

Air Deflector

Dummy Panel

Power Distribution Box

PSM Subrack

UICP

UICP

USPU

USPU

USPU

USPU

URCU

URCU

USPU

USPU

UGBI

UGBI

UGBI

UGBI

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

PSM Subrack

UGTP

UGTP

UGBI

UGBI

USPU

USPU

URCU

URCU

UOMU

UOMU

UGBI

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

ULIP

ULIP

PSM Subrack

UFCU

UFCU

URCU

URCU

UGFU

UGFU

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

UGTP

UGTP

UCDR

UCDR

UFCU

UFCU

UFCU

UFCU

UGBI

UGBI

UGBI

UGBI

USPU

USPU

URCU

URCU

USPU

USPU

UGBI

UGBI

UGBI

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

Air Deflector

PSM Subrack


3.1.2 Switching Subrack

The switching subrack refers to the PSM subrack that is configured with the UFCU boards. Only one switching subrack is required.

The fundamental function of the switching subrack is to forward data among the PSM subracks.

Figure 3-2 shows the boards in the switching subrack.

Figure 3-2 Boards in the switching subrack

UFCU

UFCU

UFCU

UFCU

UFCU

UFCU

URCU

URCU

UCDR

UCDR

UGFU

UGFU

UGTP

UGTP

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

UPIU

UPIU

UPIU

UPIU

UPIU

UPIU

UBIU

UACU

UBIU

UACU

UBSU

UBSU

UPIU

UPIU

UPWR

UPWR

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

In Figure 3-2, the boards in the upper half of the subrack are inserted from the rear, and the boards in the lower half are inserted from the front.

Table 3-1 briefs the functions of the boards in the switching subrack.

Table 3-1 Functions of the boards in the switching subrack

Board Function

Subrack control unit (URCU) � Bus mediation � Board configuration � Maintains boards � Controls the PSM subrack

PSM back interface unit (UBIU) Provides optical ports, network ports, and serial ports for the URCU.


Board Function

Auxiliary control unit (UACU) � Works with the URCU board to control the two buses in the PSM subrack.

� Controls hot swap of the service processing boards in the PSM subrack.

� Controls the switchover of URCU boards.

PSM alarm unit (UALU) � Monitors the power module of the PSM subrack. � Monitors back board status. � Monitors subrack temperature.

PSM power module (UPWR) Provides power supply for the PSM subrack.

Frame connect unit (UFCU) Forwards service subrack data.

Packet interface unit (UPIU) Receives and forwards Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) data and Ethernet link data.

GTP forwarding unit (UGFU) Forwards GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) data.

Charging detail record unit (UCDR)

Collects, encodes, and sends CDRs, and stores CDRs in the buffer.

Back storage unit (UBSU) Provides external interfaces and a hard disk for the UCDR.

GTP processing unit (UGTP) Forwards GPRS tunneling protocol for control plane (GTP-C) signaling messages and implements the charging function of GPRS tunneling protocol for user plane(GTP-U) data

For NTP, DNS client and IPSec functions

3.1.3 Basic Subrack

The basic subrack refers to the PSM subrack that is configured with the UOMU boards. Only one basic subrack is required.

The fundamental function of the basic subrack is to provide operation and maintenance to the system, including operator management, configuration management, alarm management, tracing management, and performance measurement.


Figure 3-3 Boards in the basic subrack (2.5G network)

UGTP

UGTP

UGBI

UGBI

USPU

USPU

URCU

URCU

UOMU

UOMU

UGBI

ULIP

ULIP

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

ULAN

ULAN

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UBIU

UACU

UBIU

UACU

UFSU

UFSU

UEPI

UCKI

UCKI

UPWR

UPWR

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Figure 3-4 Boards in the basic subrack (3G network not supporting SIGTRAN)

UGTP

UGTP

USPU

USPU

USPU

USPU

URCU

URCU

UOMU

UOMU

UICP

UICP

ULIP

ULIP

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

ULAN

ULAN

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UBIU

UACU

UBIU

UACU

UFSU

UFSU

UCKI

UCKI

UPWR

UPWR

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20


Figure 3-5 Boards in the basic subrack (3G network supporting SIGTRAN)

UGTP

UGTP

USPU

USPU

USIG

USIG

URCU

URCU

UOMU

UOMU

UICP

UICP

ULIP

ULIP

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

ULAN

ULAN

UBIU

UACU

UBIU

UACU

UFSU

UFSU

UCKI

UCKI

UPWR

UPWR

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Table 3-2 briefs the functions of the boards in the basic subrack.

Table 3-2 Functions of the boards in the basic subrack

Board Function

Clock unit (UCKI) Provides operation clock for the SGSN9810(UAG)

Packet service signal processing unit (USPU)

For application layer protocols such as Session Management (SM), Mobility Management (MM), and Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)

Processes Signaling System No.7 (SS7) L3 messages

Gb interface unit (UGBI) For Gb interface protocols

Iu_PS control processing unit (UICP)

For Iu-PS control plane protocols

Packet service O&M unit (UOMU)

For the operation and maintenance functions of the SGSN9810(UAG)

PSM flashdisk storage unit (UFSU)

Provides external interfaces and a hard disk for the UOMU

E1 processing interface unit (UEPI)

Provides external E1 interfaces for the Packet Service Signal Processing Unit (USPU) or Gb Interface Unit (UGBI)

T1 processing interface unit (UTPI)

Provides external T1 interfaces for the USPU or UGBI


Board Function

LAN switch card (ULAN) Serves as a local area network (LAN) switch to provide a connection between the UOMU and URCU

SIGTRAN process unit (USIG)

For the MTP3 User Adaptation Layer (M3UA) and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) of the SIGTRAN

Lawful interception processing unit (ULIP)

Provides the following interfaces for lawful interception: � The interfaces for receiving interception requests � The interfaces for collecting and transmitting interception

messages

Lawful Interception Enhanced Processing Unit(ULEP)

For Lawful Interception Enhanced Processing Unit

3.1.4 Extended Subrack

The extended subracks process services. An extended subrack can be configured to process 2.5G services, 3G services, or both.

Figure 3-6 shows the boards in a extended subrack for both 2.5G and 3G services. For the description of these boards, see Table 3-2.

Figure 3-6 Boards in the extended subrack (2.5/3G)

UGBI

UGBI

UGBI

UGBI

USPU

USPU

URCU

URCU

USPU

USPU

USPU

USPU

UICP

UICP

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UBIU

UACU

UBIU

UACU

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UEPI

UPWR

UPWR

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

The UAG extension subrack is required if the UAG integration is used, as shown in Figure 3-7. For details of board functions, refer to Table 3-3.


Figure 3-7 UAG extension subrack

UAFU

UAFU

UAFU

UAFU

UAFU

UAFU

URCU

URCU

UASU

UASU

UASU

UASU

UASU

UASU

UALU

UPWR

UPWR

UPIU

UPIU

UPIU

UPIU

UPIU

UPIU

UBIU

UACU

UBIU

UACU

UPWR

UPWR

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

The upper part of the picture is a back card. The lower part of the picture is a front card.

Table 3-3 Descriptions of boards in the extension subrack

Item Function

UAFU The UMTS AG forwarding unit (UAFU) forwards the user plane data of CS and PS between the UAG and MGW/MSC server or SGSN. In integrated UAG mode the UAFU only forwards the user plane data of CS. In addition, the UAFU forwards the signaling of the eIu and Iu interfaces to the UASU board.

The Iu and eIu physical interfaces of the UAFU are offered by the back card UPIU.

UASU The UMTS UAG signal unit (UASU) processes the CS and PS call signaling, manages the UAP, and controls the MSISDN access.

3.2 Software Structure

The SGSN9810(UAG) is a distributed system where functions are distributed in and implemented by different boards. Each board has its own software that consists of a platform module and function-specific modules.

Figure 3-8 shows the structure of the SGSN9810(UAG) software.


Figure 3-8 Structure of the SGSN9810(UAG) software

Platform management sub-system (OS and DOPRA)

O&M sub-system

Device managementsub-system

Databasemanagement sub-

systemUGFU

UFCU

USPU

UCDR

ULIP

UGTP

UICP

Service feature plane

Data forwarding plane System management plane

Data service plane

UGBI

UASU

UAFU

The data service plane consists of a platform management subsystem, that is, the operating system (OS) and the Distributed Object-oriented Programmable Real-time Architecture (DOPRA). This plane is the basis of other software modules.

� The system management plane manages the whole SGSN9810(UAG) system. It consists of three subsystems:

− O&M

− Device management

− Database management

� The system management plane and the data service plane are the basic modules in each board software.

� The data forwarding plane consists of the UGFU, UFCU and UAFU. It carries out the switching, routing, and forwarding of ATM and IP packets.

� The service plane processes services. It consists of the USPU, UCDR, ULIP, UGBI, UGTP, UICP and UASU.

3.3 Logical Structure The SGSN9810(UAG) has twelve logical functional subsystems, as shown in Figure 3-9.


Figure 3-9 Logical structure of the SGSN9810(UAG)

ATM SwitchingSubsystem

PS datatransfer subsystem

Gb interfaceprocessingsubsystem

UAP datatransfer subsystem

Signalingprocessingsubsystem

Clock subsystemOperation andmaintenancesubsystem

Iu interfacecontrolplane

processingsubsystem

GTPcontrolplane

processingsubsystem

AGsignaling

processingsubsystem

Lawfulinterceptionsubsystem

Chargingsubsystem

GGSN

NTP

DNS

RNC

BITS

ATM

IPMGW

HLR

ATM/IP

E1/T1

LMTM2000

IP

UAP

AHR

IP

This section briefs the functions of these subsystems and the hardware that implements the functions.

3.3.2 ATM Switching Subsystem

Function: ATM switching and interconnection between subracks

Hardware: URCU, UPIU, and UFCU

3.3.3 PS Transfer Subsystem

Function: routing and forwarding of GTP user data; Gn/Gp and Iu-PS external interfaces

Hardware: UGFU and UPIU

3.3.4 UAP Data Forwarding Subsystem

Function: implementing the Iu-CS ,eIu and Hg external interface and the routing and forwarding of the interface data

Hardware: UAFU and UPIU

3.3.5 Gb Interface Processing Subsystem

Function: implementing L1, Network Service (NS) and Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) layer protocols of the Gb interface


Hardware: UGBI and E1 processing interface unit (UEPI) or T1 processing interface unit (UTPI)

The UEPI or UTPI is not required when the Gb over IP function is enabled.

3.3.6 Signaling Processing Subsystem

Function: implementing L1, L2, and L3 of the Message Transfer Part (MTP), SIGTRAN, Signaling Connection and Control Part (SCCP), Mobile Application Part (MAP), MM, SM, CAMEL, and Location Service (LCS) protocols.

Hardware: USPU, SIGTRAN process unit (USIG), and UEPI/UTPI

3.3.7 UAG Signaling Processing SubSystem

Function: implementing the signaling processing of the eIu and Iu-CS interfaces

Hardware: UASU

3.3.8 Lawful Interception Subsystem

Function: X1-1/X2/X3 interfaces, collection and transmission of lawful interception data

Hardware: ULIP

3.3.9 Charging Subsystem

Function: collection, storage, coding, and transmission or CDR data

Hardware: UCDR

3.3.10 Iu Interface Control Plane Processing Subsystem

Function: implementing the control plane Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL), MTP3B, SCCP, and Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) protocols of the Iu interface

Hardware: UICP

3.3.11 GTP Control Plane Processing Subsystem

Function: implementing the GTP-C protocol and IPSec encryption of GTP-C signaling messages

Hardware: UGTP

3.3.12 Operation and Maintenance Subsystem

Function: external O&M interfaces, system O&M, configuration management, performance management, alarm management, and operation logs

Hardware: UOMU and Flash Storage Unit (UFSU)

3.3.13 Clock Subsystem

Function: providing stratum-2 or stratum-3 clock (secondary clock) for the system


Hardware: clock unit (UCKI)


4 Services and Functions

The SGSN9810(UAG) integrates the SGSN and UAG logical entities. It offers abundant services and functions, and meets the requirements of multiple networks and operations.

4.1 SGSN Services

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides a full range of services to meet the demands of various subscribers.

This section introduces the following services:

� IP/PPP bearer services

� Short message services (SMS)

� Location services

� CAMEL Phase 3 services


4.1.1 IP/PPP Bearer Services

The GPRS/UMTS network supports protocols such as the IPv4, IPv6, and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

The IP/PPP packets can travel transparently on the GPRS/UMTS network. Subscribers can use various IP and PPP applications, such as web browsing, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Virtual Private Network (VPN), through the GPRS/UMTS network.

Figure 4-1 shows the structure of the protocol stacks that provide IP and PPP bearer services in a 3G network.


Figure 4-1 IP/PPP bearer protocols (3G)

3G-SGSNUTRANMSIu-PS Gn Gi

3G-GGSNUu

L1

RLC

PDCP

MAC

Application

E.g.,IP,PPP

L1

RLC

PDCP

MAC

L1

UDP/IP

GTP-U

L2

Relay Relay

L1

UDP/IP

L2

GTP-U

E.g.,IP,PPP

L1

UDP/IP

GTP-U

L2

L1

UDP/IP

GTP-U

L2

Figure 4-2 shows the structure of the protocol stacks that provide IP and PPP bearer services in a 2.5 network.

Figure 4-2 IP/PPP bearer protocols (2.5G)

L2

Application

IP,PPP

SNDCP

LLC

RLC

MAC

GSM RF

LLC

BSSGP

L1bis L1

IP

L2

L1

IP

GTP-U

IP,PPP

Um Gb GnMS BSS SGSN GGSN

NetworkService

UDPUDP

MAC

GSM RF L1bis

NetworkService

RLC BSSGP

Relay

RelaySNDCP GTP-U

Gi

4.1.2 Short Message Services

Short message services (SMS) include normal SMS and enhanced SMS.

� Normal SMS allows for the messages that contain up to 160 bytes (including control bytes).

� Enhanced SMS allows for formats in a message in addition to texts. These formats may include objects such as animations and images. A short message can contain more than one object.

SMS consists of two types of basic service:

� mobile terminated short message (SM-MT)


SM-MT is the capability that enables the GSM/UMTS system to deliver the short messages submitted by the short message center (SMC) to the specified MS. At the same time, result (success or failure) of the message delivery is provided. In the case of delivery failure, a repeat strategy is implemented.

� mobile originated short message (SM-MO)

SM-MO is the capability that enables the GSM/UMTS system, with the help of the SMC, to forward the short messages submitted by an MS to the short message entity (SME). At the same time, result (success or failure) of the message submission is provided.

Figure 4-3 shows the basic network structure of the SMS.

Figure 4-3 Basic network structure of the SMS

No.7

MSC

SGSN

RNC

BSC/PCU

NodeB

BTS

SMC

The GPRS-attached MSs or the GPRS-attached but international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) -unattached MSs submit and receive short messages through the PS domain.

The GPRS-attached and IMSI-attached MSs submit and receive short messages through either the PS domain or the circuit switching (CS) domain. If the messages are submitted through the CS domain, the SGSN can be used for paging.

4.1.3 Location Services

The LCS enables the GPRS/UMTS network to locate an MS in the network and provide the geographic location of the MS after data conversion and calculation.

The location data can be applied internally or externally.

� For internal purposes, it can be used by the operator to fulfill certain requirements such as location-based charging.

� For external purposes, it can be used by the network to provide various location-based services such as on-demand services, customized messages, and customized services.

Figure 4-4 shows the network of the LCS.


Figure 4-4 Network of the LCS

GMLC

2G-MSC

3G-SGSN

2G-SGSN

MSCserver

gsmSCF

LgGb

A

LgLc

Le

Iu

HSS

Iu

Iu

Lg

Um

Uu

LgLh

External LCSClient

Iu

LIF-MLP

OSA APIProprietary

OSA SCS

Proprietary

UE

GERAN

UTRAN

The LCS network includes the following major entities:

� LCS client

The LCS client originates location requests. Corresponding to the application of LCS, the LCS client includes the internal LCS client and the external LCS client.

� GMLC

The Gateway mobile location center (GMLC) provides an path for the LCS client to access the public land mobile network (PLMN).

After receiving the location request from the LCS client, the GMLC requests routing data from the home location register (HLR) or the home subscriber server (HSS).

At the same time, the GMLC forwards the request to the visited mobile switching center (VMSC), SGSN, or MSC server after authentication.

The location result is also forwarded through the GMLC.

� MSC, MSC server, and SGSN

These entities connect to the GMLC through the Lg interface. They receive, process, and respond to the location request.

4.1.4 CAMEL Phase 3 Services

The CAMEL enables operators to provide subscribers special services such as the prepaid service.

Figure 4-5 shows how the SGSN supports CAMEL Phase 3 services in a GPRS/UMTS network.


Figure 4-5 SGSN support to CAMEL Phase 3 services

MS

Visiting NetworkInterrogating Network

Home Network

CAP

Home/Interrogating/Visiting Network

MAP

HLR gsmSCF

SGSN

gprsSSF

As shown in the figure, the SGSN integrates the GPRS service switching function (gprsSSF) and provide CAMEL Phase 3 services under the control of the GSM service control function (gsmSCF).

4.1.5 Lawful Interception

The lawful interception is a capability of the mobile network to provide the content of communication (CC) of MSs and intercept related information (IRI) to a law enforcement agency (LEA).

Figure 4-6 shows the procedure of lawful interception.

Figure 4-6 Procedure of lawful interception

Network node

ADMF

DF2

DF3

X1-1

X2

X3

LEA

Intercept request

IRI

CC

Intercept reques

The procedure for lawful interception is as follows:

Step 2 The LEA sends an intercept request to the administration function (ADMF) entity.


Step 3 The ADMF forwards the request to the network node.

Step 4 The network node starts intercepting the CC of the target subscriber.

Step 5 The network node forwards the IRI and CC of the target subscriber to the LEA through the delivery function (DF).

----End

As shown in Figure 4-6, the logical entities relating to the interception in a mobile network include the network nodes (SGSN and GGSN), ADMF, and DF.

The ADMF controls the interception while the DF collects and forwards the IRI and the CC.

Relevant interfaces include the X1-1 interface, X2 interface, and X3 interface.

� X1-1 interface is between the ADMF and the network node.

It transfers interception-related management messages from the ADMF to the network node.

� X2 interface is between the DF2 and the network node.

It transfers the IRI.

� X3 interface is between the DF3 and the network node.

It transfers the CC.

The Huawei SGSN9810(UAG) supports the LI interfaces in both Huawei mode and international mode. The definition and operating procedure of the interface message in Huawei mode are totally different from those of the interface message in international mode. The Huawei mode is applicable to the overseas market, whereas the international mode is applicable to the domestic market.

4.2 SGSN Functions

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides powerful functions to meet the requirements of network operators. This section introduces the following functions:



� Routing

� IPv6 support

� IPSec and logical link control (LLC) encryption

� Charging

� QoS

� Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX

� RAN sharing in connected state

� MVNO

� UESBI-Iu

� Multi-SPs and 2 Mbit/s signaling link

� NTP client functions



� SIGTRAN support

� Gb over IP

� Differential services


4.2.1 Mobility Management

The MM function is used to control an MS access to the GPRS/UMTS network and trace the location of the MS, such as the routing area (RA) and SGSN information of the MS.

The MM function is fulfilled mainly by attach, detach, and route updating procedures. It ensures that the location of the MS is updated while the MS is moving, such as the updating of the current SGSN information in the HLR.

4.2.2 Session Management

The SM carries out Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context management.

The PDP context is a group of messages related to the PDP. The network elements, such as the MS, SGSN, and GGSN, send and manage the PDP data based on the PDP context.

Session management includes PDP context activation, modification, and deactivation.

Before the MS transmits data, it must activate the PDP context. During the data transfer, the PDP context can be modified based on the requirement of the QoS. After data transfer, the PDP context must be deactivated to release network resources.

A subscriber can have multiple PDP contexts. The secondary activation uses different contexts (channels) to carry different QoS services. The secondary activation does not require authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA). IP addresses need not be allocated for an MS again. Other procedures involved in the secondary activation are the same as those in the primary activation. The secondary activation of PDP contexts can be initiated by an MS or the network side.

4.2.3 Routing

The SGSN9810(UAG) supports various routing protocols to ensure the flexible networking using the Gn/Gp interface.

Static Routing

Static routes are manually configured by the administrator. Users can configure static routes to set up a connected network.

In a simple network, static routes can be used to ensure the stable operation of the router. Well configured static routes can improve the performance of the network and ensure the bandwidth for critical applications.

When the network is faulty, the static route cannot adjust itself and requires reconfiguration.

OSPF

The open shortest path first (OSPF) is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) developed by the internet engineering task force (IETF). The OSPF is implemented based on link status.

The OSPF has the following features:


� Large scope

The OSPF can be used for the networks of various sizes and support up to hundreds of routers.

� Fast convergence

After the network topology is changed, an update message is sent at once to synchronize the data in the autonomous system.

� Loop free

The OSPF uses the shortest path algorithm to determine a route based on the link status. The algorithm ensures that the route is loop free.

� Area division

The network of the autonomous system can be divided into several areas so that the network is easy to manage. The route information transferred between the areas is abstracted, so the required bandwidth is further reduced.

� Equivalent route

Multiple equivalent routes to the same destination are supported.

� Hierarchical routes

Routes are classified into four categories. They are (from high to low priority) intra-area routes, inter-area routes, class-1 external routes, and class-2 external routes.

RIP II

The routing information protocol (RIP) is a simple IGP that is used in small networks.

The RIP is widely used in networks thanks to the following features:

� Easy to implement

� Little protocol overhead which makes almost no impact on the network performance

� Easy to configure and maintain compared with the OSPF and intermediate system-to-intermediate system (IS-IS) intra-domain routing information exchange protocol

4.2.4 IPv6 Support

The rapid development of Internet services requires more and more IP addresses, which are beyond the capability of the IPv4 protocol. As a result, the IPv6 is developed to address this problem.

Compared with the IPv4, the IPv6 boasts of the following advantages:

� Extended IP addresses

IP addresses are extended from 32 bits in the IPv4 to 128 bits in the IPv6, indicating that the address resources are abundant. This address structure also improves routing efficiency.

� Simplified packet header format

The packet header is simplified to minimize the processing by routers; thus it improves routing efficiency.

� Enhanced support for extension and option capability

The IPv6 satisfies additional requirements without affecting the routing of normal packets or special packets.

� Flow identity


The flow identity is used to improve the processing of packet flows, especially real-time applications.

� Identity verification and security

Enhanced identity verification and security measures make IPv6 especially suitable for sensitive commercial information.

The data plane and the signaling plane of the SGSN9810(UAG) Gn/Gp interface supports both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

Operators can choose one of the following four operational modes:

� Supporting only IPv6 addresses

� Preferring IPv6 addresses

� Supporting only IPv4 addresses

� Preferring IPv4 addresses

4.2.5 IPSec and LLC Encryption

To ensure the security of data transfer, the SGSN9810(UAG) supports IPSec encryption for the signaling massages on the Gn/Gp interface and data encryption for the Gb interface messages.

IPSec

The SGSN9810(UAG) encrypts the Gn/Gp signaling messages by using the IP Security (IPSec) protocols.

The IPSec is a series of protocols developed by the IETF to ensure the security of the data that is transmitted on the Internet.

Through encryption and data source verification on the IP layer, the privacy and integrity of data packets can be guaranteed when the packets are transferred on the Internet.

LLC Encryption

In a 2.5G system, the encryption on the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer between the MS and SGSN is the traditional stream encryption using the GPRS-A5 algorithm. The SGSN also supports the GEA1, GEA2 encryption algorithm.

The data to be encrypted includes the information field and the authentication field carried by LLC frames.

4.2.6 Charging

Figure 4-7 shows the GPRS/UMTS charging network.

The SGSN and GGSN collect the charging information relating to radio network resource usage and CN resource usage by each MS. Then they generate CDRs and send them to the CG through the Ga interface.


Figure 4-7 GPRS/UMTS charging network

GGSN

CG Billing Centre

SGSN

Internet

BSC/PCU

RNC

BTS

NodeB

Gn

GaGa

The SGSN9810(UAG) can generate the following seven CDRs:

� SGSN generated - CDR(S-CDR): records the information related to certain PDP contexts in the SGSN

� Mobility management generated - CDR(M-CDR): records the mobility-related information

� SGSN delivered short message mobile originated - CDR(S-SMO-CDR): records the information related to SM-MO services

� SGSN delivered short message mobile terminated - CDR(S-SMT-CDR): records the information related to SM-MT services

� Mobile terminated LCS CDR(LCS-MT-CDR): records the information related to mobile-terminated location services

� Mobile originated LCS CDR(LCS-MO-CDR): records the information related to mobile-originated location services

� Network induced LCS CDR(LCS-NI-CDR): records the information related to network-initiated location services

4.2.7 QoS

The 3GPP R99 specifications define four classes of QoS, as described in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1 UMTS QoS classes

Traffic Class Conversational Class

Streaming Class

Interactive Class

Background Class

Characteristics Preserve time relation between entities of the stream

Conversational pattern (high quality, low delay)

Preserve time relation between entities of the stream

Request response pattern

Destination does not expect the data within a certain time.


Traffic Class Conversational Class

Streaming Class

Interactive Class

Background Class

Example of the application

Voice Video Web browsing

Download or sending e-mails

The SGSN9810(UAG) support the four QoS classes by using the following mechanisms:

� Access control

When the subscriber activates the PDP context, the SGSN negotiates the QoS with the MS.

If the negotiation fails, the SGSN denies the MS access.

� QoS queue management

The data packets are assigned to QoS queues based on the QoS class. The SGSN dispatch the queues using the class-based weighted fair queuing (CBWFQ) algorithm to decide the order of transmission.

In case of congestion, the SGSN decides the discard criteria of packets by using the weighted random early detection (WRED) algorithm. This ensures the transmission reliability of the high-priority data.

� Differentiated Services (DiffServ)

DiffServ is an IP QoS model that is used in a backbone network to meet various service requirements.

In the DiffServ system, the network node determines the per-hop behavior (PHB) according to the differentiated services code point (DSCP) in the IP header.

The SGSN supports the following PHBs: expedited forwarding (EF), assured forwarding (AF), and best-effort (BE). It also supports the three discard priorities of the AF.

� QoS mapping

QoS mapping converts the QoS attributes of different bearer protocols.

It includes the mapping between the 3GPP QoS and DSCP, between the DSCP and the ATM QoS, and between the R97/98 and the R99 QoS attributes.

� CAR and Remarking

If the actual data packet stream requires the QoS higher than the requested one, the SGSN handles the packets based on the committed access rate (CAR) and discard the extra packets.

SGSN can also carry out a Remarking process to lower the QoS of the data packet.

4.2.8 Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX

The Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX function allows one RAN or base station subsystem (BSS) to connect to several CN nodes in the same domain.

The Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX function introduces the concept of pool areas. Similar to an MSC or SGSN service area, a pool area contains one or more RAN/BSS service areas, but it is served by multiple CN nodes (MSC or SGSN) at the same time. See Figure 4-8 for details.


Figure 4-8 Example of pool area configuration

Area 1

RANnode

Area 5

RANnode

Area 6

RANnode

Area 7

RANnode

Area 8

RANnode

Area 2

RANnode

Area 3

RANnode

Area 4

RANnode

PS pool-area 2

PS pool-area 1

CS pool-area 2

CS pool-area 1

MSC 3MSC 2

MSC 1

MSC 6MSC 5

MSC 4

SGSN 6

SGSN 2

SGSN 1

SGSN 5SGSN 4

SGSN 3

MSC 7

The Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX function expands the service areas of each CN node and reduces the effort required for the inter-node update, handover, relocation, and HLR update.

This function also improves system availability. If one CN node in the pool area is faulty, other nodes can provide services.

4.2.9 RAN Sharing in Connected State

Figure 4-9 shows the scenario of RAN sharing in connected state. In this scenario, the networks of operator A and operator B together cover a large area in which an overlap area exists. The RANs of operator A and operator B are connected through the CNs, so the user equipment (UE) of operator B can operate in the network of operator A. In the overlap area, the UE of operator B must access the RAN of operator B rather than the network of operator A.


Figure 4-9 RAN sharing between operators

Core Network A Core Network B

Radio Access NetworkB

Radio Access NetworkA

To solve the problem mentioned above, the R5 protocol introduces the concept of shared network area (SNA). An SNA corresponds to one or more location areas (Las) that control the UE access.

The SNA is configured in the CN. The CN provides an SNA ID list that contains the SNAs that the UE can access.

If the location area (LA) is in the SNA that the UE can access, the RAN allows the UE to access the network. Otherwise, it denies the UE.

4.2.10 MVNO

A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) uses the resources authorized by a mobile network operator (MNO) to provide services and maintain the authorized resources.

The MVNO function enables more operators to invest on and share the network to lower the investment risk and maximize resource usage.

The network resources authorized by the MNO can be the RAN, part of the CN, or the whole CN. Figure 4-10 shows the example of partial CN sharing. In the example, the MNO shares its SGSN with the MVNO, and the MVNO owns the GGSN, CG, and other network equipment.


Figure 4-10 MVNO network

GGSN

CG Billing Centre

SGSN

Internet

BSC/PCU

RNC

BTS

NodeB

GGSNCG

MVNO

MNO

4.2.11 UESBI-Iu

The UEs may have potential standard or manufacture defects. The RAN needs UE-specific behavior information (UESBI) regarding 3GPP features to help the lower layer process the local 3GPP features.

The UESBI corresponds to the following two sets of information:

� UESBI-Uu: The messages are sent by the UE to the RAN through the messages defined by the Radio Resource Control (RCC) protocol.

� UESBI-Iu: The message is obtained by the CN from the International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and Software Version number (IMEISV) of the UE. The CN then sends the messages to the RAN through the Iu interface.

Figure 4-11 shows the network structure of the UESBI-Iu.


Figure 4-11 Network structure of the UESBI–Iu

IMEISV UE

SGSNSRNCNodeB

1Attach and IMEISVinterrogation

IMEISVStorage

2

UESBI3

MSC

When the UE accesses the VLR or SGSN, the IMEISV from the UE is saved in the VLR or SGSN. When an Iu connection (such as CS voice session and PS data transfer) is set up later, the IMEISV is read from the MM context of the VLR or SGSN to obtain the UESBI. The UESBI is then sent to the serving RNC (SRNC).

4.2.12 Multi-SPs and 2 Mbit/s Signaling Links

Ever increasing equipment capacity boosts the signaling flow between signaling points. The 16 signaling links specified by the protocol are far from enough to fulfill actual networking requirements.

To solve this problem, the SGSN9810(UAG) provides the multiple signaling points (multi-SPs) function and 2 Mbit/s signaling links.

Multi-SPs Function

The SGSN9810(UAG) entity can be divided virtually into several logical signaling points. Thus the restriction of 16 signaling links between two signaling points is broken.

As shown in Figure 4-12, from the aspect of other signaling points, the SGSN9810(UAG) contains multiple signaling points, and there are 16 links for each signaling point.


Figure 4-12 Multiple signaling points supported by the SGSN9810(UAG)

SP SP

Single SP

Multi SPs

Link

Link Set

LinkLink Set

LinkLink Set

SP

SP2

SP1

2 Mbit/s Signaling Links

A 2 Mbit/s signaling link binds multiple timeslots into an E1/T1 link to increase the throughput of a link.

4.2.13 NTP Client Functions

The network time protocol (NTP) is a TCP/IP protocol that is used to issue accurate time in the entire IP network. Its transmission is based on the UDP. The RFC1305 specifies the algorithm used by the NTP to ensure the accuracy of clock synchronization. Theoretically, the accuracy can be 1 ns.

Figure 4-13 shows the synchronous networking mode of the NTP. The NTP time synchronization can be realized provided that the network from the device or the lower server to the upper server is available. The time accuracy offered by the NTP synchronous networking mode is of ms. This can be applied in alarm, log, and performance measurement.


Figure 4-13 NTP synchronous networking mode

NTP Server

NTP Server NTP Server

NTP Server NTP Server

NTP Server

NTP ClientNTP Client

Class 0

Class 1

Class 2

The NTP services can be classified into three types when the NTP synchronous networking mode is used.

� NTP server of the highest layer: It refers to the NTP server of stratum 0, which offers time synchronization service to the lower layer.

� NTP server of the intermediate layer: Stratum 1 and stratum 2 obtain time from the time server of upper layer, and offer time synchronization to the lower layer.

� NTP client: It only obtains time. Time synchronization service is not offered.

When the SGSN9810(UAG) is configured as the NTP client, it obtains time from the NTP server of upper layer and synchronizes time. Figure 4-14 shows the networking of the SGSN9810(UAG) synchronizing the NTP server.

Figure 4-14 Networking of the SGSN9810(UAG) synchronizing the NTP server

IP Network

NTP ServerSGSN9810


4.2.14 Network-Assisted Cell Change

When an MS initiates cell reselection between base station controllers (BSCs) during data transfer, the network assisted cell change (NACC) function is used to reduce the delay and improve the QoS.

In most cases, service interruption can be controlled within 300 ms to 700 ms, while the normal service interruption is about one or two seconds.

To assist fast cell reselection, the MS must know some information about the system of the target cell.

If the target cell belongs to another BSC or RNC, the system information is transferred across the BSCs or RNCs. In this case, the system information is in the RAN-Information message and sent to the target BSC or RNC by the SGSN.

4.2.15 SIGTRAN Support

The Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) protocol stack is defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to enable the inter-working between SS7 and IP networks.

The SIGTRAN enables an IP network to transfer the signals of a legacy switched circuit network (SCN). It supports the standard inter-layer primitive interfaces defined in the SCN signaling protocol model to ensure that SCN signaling messages can be used without any change. With the standard IP transport protocol as its lower layer, the SIGTRAN provides special functions to meet the requirements for SCN signaling transfer.

Functionally, the SIGTRAN protocol stack is classified into the following two types:

� General signaling transmission protocols

This type of protocols fulfills the efficient and reliable transfer of SS7 signaling messages on an IP network. The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is now used for this purpose.

� SS7 signaling adaptation protocols

This protocols are designed to adapt the various signaling protocols used by the SCN. They include M2UA, M3UA, IUA, and V5UA.

Figure 4-15 shows the SIGTRAN protocol stack model.

Figure 4-15 SIGTRAN protocol stack model

IP

SCTP

M3UA M2UA IUA SUA M2PA V5UA

M3UA MTP3 User Adaptation Layer M2UA MTP2 User Adaptation Layer


IUA ISDN Q.921 User Adaptation Layer M2PA MTP2 Peer Adaptation Layer V5UA V5 User Adaptation Layer SUA SCCP User Adaptation Layer SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol IP Internet Protocol

This manual introduces only the SCTP and M3UA used by the SGSN9810(UAG).

In the SGSN9810(UAG), the SIGTRAN protocols are applied on the Iu-PS interface signaling plane and the SS7 interface. The SGSN9810(UAG) can also use a signaling gateway (SG) to communicate with the signaling points that do not support SIGTRAN functions,

Figure 4-16 shows how the SGSN9810(UAG), RNC, and HLR communicate on an IP network using the SIGTRAN protocols.

Figure 4-16 Communication with the RNC and HLR on an IP network using the SIGTRAN protocols

SGSN

IP Network

IP

SCTP

M3UA

SCCP

SG

MTP1

MTP2

MTP3

IP

SCTP

M3UA

HLR

MTP1

MTP2

MTP3

SCCP

SS7 Network

HLR

MTP1

MTP2

MTP3

SCCP


4.2.16 Gb over IP

On the Gb interface, the Network Service (NS) layer implements the following functions for the upper layer:

� Service data unit (SDU) transfer between the SGSN9810(UAG) and the BSS

� Network congestion indication

� Status indication

Figure 4-17 shows the protocol stacks on the Gb interface.

Figure 4-17 Protocol stacks on the Gb interface

GbBSS SGSN

LLC

BSSGP

Network ServiceControl

FR IP

L1 L1

BSSGP

Network ServiceControl

FR IP

L1 L1

he 3GPP protocols specify that Sub-NS messages can be carried by a frame relay network or an IP network. The SGSN9810(UAG) version earlier than V800R006 supports frame relay network. In version V800R006, the Gb over IP feature is added to support Sub-NS message transfer over an IP network on the Gb interface.

The end-to-end communication on the Gb interface between two remote networks is implemented through network service – virtual circuits (NS-VC).

An NS-VC is a virtual path between two peer entities on the NS control layer. It is defined by a quadruple consisting of the SGSN IP address, SGSN UDP port number, BSS IP address, and BSS UDP port number, as shown in Figure 4-18.


Figure 4-18 NSVC in the Gb over IP

UDPAIPI

UDPAIP2

UDPBIP3

UDPCIP4

NSVC1(UDPA/IP1, UDPB/IP3)

NSVC4(UDPA/IP2, UDPC/IP4)

NSVC3(UDPA/IP2, UDPB/IP3)

NSVC2(UDPA/IP1, UDPC/IP4)

NSEI=1 NSEI=2

BSS SGSN

4.2.17 Differential Services

The differential service provides various access control strategies according to subscriber priorities and service levels.

Subscribers are grouped into three classes according to their priorities:

� High level subscribers

� Normal subscribers

� Low level subscribers

The service level depends on the following QoS parameters in the PDP context:

� Traffic class

� Guaranteed bit rate for downlink

� Traffic handling priority

Operators offer different services to different subscribers through the following two methods:

� Specify the threshold of system resource usage to restrict the attach and routing area update (RAU) operations of some subscribers.

� Specify the threshold of PDP context resources to restrict certain services of some subscribers.

4.2.18 Handover Strategy Control

The handover strategy control helps operators in distributing traffic and balancing load between 2G networks and 3G networks.


This function is applicable to the 2G and 3G supportive terminals that are allowed to access these two types of network.

When a terminal is in a 3G network, the handover strategies include:

� Handover to 2G network recommended

� Handover to 2G network not recommended

� Stay in the 3G network

The handover strategy control information is sent as a cell to the RNC during radio access bearer (RAB) assignment and relocation procedures.

If a terminal is in a 2G network, the handover strategies include:

� Handover to 3G network recommended

� Handover to 3G network not recommended

� Stay in the 2G network

The handover strategy control information is sent as a cell to the BSS during the create-BSS-PFC procedure.

4.2.19 Enhanced MBMS

The 3GPP protocol defines two MBMS operating modes, that is, broadcast mode and multicast mode.

In MBMS broadcast mode, multimedia data, such as letters, audio frequency, video frequency, and pictures are sent from a data source to all the users in a broadcast serving area. Broadcast mode is a unidirectional and point-to-multipoint service in which multimedia data is transmitted from a single source entity to all the users in a broadcast serving area. Generally, broadcast service is free for reception terminals, and thus the operation such as activation or subscription is not required. The carriers, however, may charge some sponsors, such as advertisers, by broadcast service time or traffic volume.

The MBMS broadcast mode is classified into two types: common broadcast mode and enhanced broadcast mode. The enhanced broadcast mode of MBMS can implement the partial multicast function under the broadcast mode. It can determine whether to use the PTP or PTM mode based on the number of MBMSs selected by the UEs in a cell. In addition, it supports conversion between PTP and PTM. The enhanced broadcast mode of MBMS simplifies the multiple operations under the MBMS multicast mode, and thus simplifies the function implementation of the system.

In MBMS multicast mode, a network sends data to the cells in which users can receive multicast services are located. Compared with broadcast mode, multicast mode requires users to subscribe to related service before joining a multicast group. Users apply to join a multicast group through the multicast service activation procedure and to quit the group through the deactivation procedure. Generally, multicast services are charged.

Figure 4-19shows the network topology of the MBMS service.


Figure 4-19 Network topology of the MBMS service

UE SGSN

UE GERAN

UTRAN

HLR

GGSNTPF

BM - SC

ContentProvider /MulticastBroadcastSource

Uu Iu

Iu /GbUm

Gr

Gn/Gp

Gi

PDN(e.g. Internet )

Gmb

ContentProvider /MulticastBroadcastSource

OSASCS

The Gmb interface is a signaling interface added for the MBMS service. The broadcast multicast service center (BM-SC) is a new network element (NE) in the packet switched (PS) domain. The functions of various NEs are as follows:

� BM-SC

− Informing the GGSN of the start time and end time of a session and specifying the session parameters, including QoS and MBMS service area.

− Authorizing activation of a user for the GGSN.

− Providing the Gmb protocol agent function. The BM-SC allows distributed physical entities to share one MBMS bearer service. The protocol agent shields the routes between the distributed entities and makes the entities transparent to the GGSN.

� GGSN

− As the entrance to IP multicast service, the GGSN initiates MBMS bearer establishment and release upon the BM-SC notification.

− Receiving the IP data packets of MBMS service from the Gi interface and routing them to appropriate GTP tunnels.

− Shielding the MBMS multicast source messages outside a public land mobile network (PLMN).

− Collecting MBMS charging information

− Performing flow billing charge (FBC)

� SGSN

− Receiving MBMS data from the GGSN and forwarding the data to the UTRAN

− Establishing and releasing the Iu and Gn bearer used in the MBMS service

The SGSN9810(UAG) does not support the multicast mode. The SGSN of V800R009 does not provide the charging function for MBMS. Instead, the charging is implemented by the GGSN.

4.2.20 Network Share

Network share is applicable to the following networks: multi-operator core network (MOCN) and gateway core network (GWCN). At present, the SGSN9810(UAG) supports network share only in the GWCN.


The GWCN share refers to the share in the access network. In addition, partial core networks of each operator are also shared.Figure 4-20 shows the network configuration of the GWCN.

Figure 4-20 Network configuration of the GWCN

Radio Access Network

Operator X

Shared

MSC/SGSN

Shared

MSC/SGSNShared

MSC/SGSN

RNC

Iu

.........CN

Operator A

CN

Operator B

CN

Operator C.........

RNC RNC

The GWCN share has the following features:

� The network within the shared area (covering the RAN and partial CN) is set up by one operator. This network is shared to other operators.

� The shared RAN needs to connect with only the shared CN, which is the same as in the common network.

� The common CN needs to connect with the CNs of other operators.

� The service requests of the UEs in the shared area are routed to the subscribed CN. The routing function is implemented by the devices (MSC and SGSN) in the common CN.

The differences between network share and mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) are as follows:

� MVNO is not a feature stipulated by the 3GPP protocol. The SGSN does not need to attend to the other devices at the wireless network and core network sides. The MVNO feature is based on the mobile network operator (MVO), maybe one or multiple public land mobile networks (PLMNs), for the local SGSN. It is used to set up a virtual operator independent of the MVO by partitioning certain resources such as number of users and number of PDP contexts. The MVNO feature has no requirement on other NEs. It is a feature only possessed by the SGSN.

� The network share feature implemented in the GWCN and MOCN is stipulated by the 3GPP protocol. Apart from the SGSN, the feature requires the support from the wireless network side and terminals.

The MOCN and GWCN network modes cannot be enabled simultaneously.

4.2.21 Security Solution

The security solution for the SGSN refers to the solution to antivirus and anti-GTP.


The antivirus solution for the SGSN is as follows:

� The SGSN can filter the uplink and downlink worm virus based on the configured worm characteristics, such as the specified destination IP address, specified destination UDP/TCP port, and ICMP type.

� The SGSN can check the source IP addresses of the data packets transferred on the uplink user plane for UEs and thus prevent the Deny of Service (DoS) from attacking and the worm virus from spreading.

� For the PDP context that carries virus traffic, the SGSN decelerates and deactivates the PDP context based on the configuration.

� If the virus traffic carried by a PDP context disappears, the SGSN resumes the rate of this PDP context.

� Virus alarms are exported by the call history record (CHR).

Figure 4-21shows the structure of the SGSN antivirus system.

Figure 4-21 Structure of the SGSN antivirus system.

GnIu/GbUser plane data

Stream filteringand forwarding

Sessionmanagment

Viruscharacteristic

White list

SGSN

Calling log/alarm

Adjusting air interface rate/deactivation rate

User plane data

The antivirus function requires the analysis of the payload protocol for the user planes packets. The SGSN processing capability on the user plane weakens if the antivirus function is enabled. If the antivirus function is not enabled, the SGSN processing capability on the user plane remains unchanged.

The GTP attack indicates that malicious users send the GTP packets in a certain quantity to the SGSN by using some characteristics of the GTP protocol. As a result, the services on the attacked SGSN are interfered and even disrupted.

The solution to the GTP attack is as follows: The SGSN can identify various abnormal packets such as the illegal GTP version number, GTP packet in excessively short length, inconsistency between the current length and the actual length of the GTP packets, unknown message type, and a great number of repeated extension headers when receiving the GTP packets. Thus, the system stability and processing of the subsequent packets are not affected.


4.2.22 Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)

Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is a uniform detection mechanism used in the entire network. It is used to rapidly detect and monitor the forwarding connection of the links or IP routes in the network. To improve the network performance, the adjacent systems should rapidly detect communication failure and then set up backup channels to restore communication.

The following methods are applied to detect communication failure in the current network:

� Detect the link hardware faults through the hardware detection signals, such as the SDH alarm.

� If the hardware detection signals for detecting failure do not work, the Hello packet mechanism of the routing protocol is used instead. It takes a relatively long time for this mechanism to detect failure, usually, more than 1 s. If the rate of data reaches the Gbit/s level, mass of data is lost due to the long detection period.

The operation experience manifests that the ideal protection time for switchover should range from 50 ms to 500 ms for the multi-service IP bearer network. The BFD function supported by the SGSN realizes the network reliability.

BFD has the following functions:

� Providing bidirectional detection for links: The detection packets are simultaneously sent at both ends of the bidirectional links. Thus, the link status on the two directions is detected and the link fault detection is implemented at the ms level.

� Based on the asynchronous detection mode: The asynchronous detection mode indicates that every system sends the BFD control packets within a negotiated period with each other. If a certain system does not reach the packets sent from its peer end within the detection period, you can infer that the session between the systems is Down.

� Providing the dynamic modification function for BFD parameters: After a session is established, the relevant BFD parameters, such as the minimum sending interval, minimum receiving interval, enabling or disabling query mode, echo packet, and packet authentication, can be dynamically modified. The systems at both ends can adopt the new parameters by sending the relevant negotiated packets, but not affecting the current state of the session.

� Providing the BFD detection for single-hop and multi-hop links.

At present, the SGSN supports the BFD function only for static routes. Therefore, the network administrator must intervene in the case of network fault because the static routes do not possess the detection mechanism. If the BFD function is enables, the status of the IPv4 static routes in the public network can be detected through the BFD session. Thus, the route management system can determine whether the static routes are available based on the state of the BFD session.

4.2.23 Direct Tunnel

The Direct Tunnel feature indicates that the SGSN can directly set up a GTP-U tunnel between the RNC and the GGSN. Therefore, user plane data can be transferred without passing the SGSN.

With the increasing development of 3G services and application of technologies, such as high speed packet access (HSPA), the WCDMA core packet network must improve the handling capability on user planes. In the original network, GTP-U tunnels are set up between the RNC and the SGSN and between the SGSN and the GGSN. That is, two tunnels are required. Therefore, the RNC, SGSN, and GGSN must simultaneously improve the handling capability on their user planes. This inevitably increases fund investment and operation cost for carriers.


To reduce capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operation expenditure (OPEX) for carriers and to facilitate future network expansion, the 3GPP protocol puts forward the concept of Direct Tunnel, that is, one GTP-U tunnel is set up between the RNC and the GGSN. In this way, user plane resources are saved and thus fund investment and operation cost paid by carriers is also reduced. In addition, the Direct Tunnel feature optimizes the performance of the user planes of the WCDMA packet network.

The Direct Tunnel feature has the following advantages:

� Reducing a majority of SGSN user plane resources and thus reducing CAPEX and OPEX for carriers

� Shortening the user plane delay and thus enhancing customer satisfaction

� Separating the controlling plane from the user plane for easy upgrade to the system architecture evolution (SAE) network

� Supporting expansion of the user plane with upgrade of only the GGSN and the RNC instead of the SGSN to improve the network expansibility

4.2.24 SGSN N+1Backup

The serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is a network element (NE) that provides packet data service. It forwards incoming and outgoing IP packets to the mobile stations (MSs) within its wide serving area. Therefore, it plays an important role in the GPRS mobile packet network.

In the case of fatal disasters, such as human maloperation, equipment failure, and natural calamity, large-scale mobile packet service is disrupted and thus causes huge loss.

To ensure that the mobile packet network operates securely and reliably, Huawei realizes remote disaster tolerance backup for the SGSN. That is, a backup SGSN is added for the SGSN running on the network. In normal cases, the active SGSN handles all signaling and services. If the active SGSN is faulty, the disaster-tolerance SGSN can undertake all the work and ensure proper operation of the packet network.

Figure 4-22 Peer SGSN (N =2)

4.2.25 Multi SIM

Multi Subscriber Identity Module (Multi-SIM) means that multiple (U)SIMs correspond to the same MSISDN and each SIM corresponds to different IMSI.


The mobile user can insert multiple (U)SIMs into several terminals. For instance, one SIM is inserted into an MS and another SIM into a car phone. In addition, the subscriber can specify each (U)SIM terminal of the same MSISDN for specific services. The services include voice service, GPRS/UMTS packet data service, Email, and SMS/MMS. The services can be used simultaneously without mutual interference.

The business and operation support system (BOSS) provides only one bill to a Multi-SIM user of the same MSISDN. The mobile user can check the bill according to the IMSI.

Apart from the SGSN support, the Multi SIM feature requires the NE support and the system support. The following lists the required NE report and the system support:

� MSC Server

The MSC Server supports the processing of Multi SIM user's calling services in the CS domain.

� HLR

When an MS of a certain IMSI attaches to the SGSN, the HLR must insert the user data relevant to the IMSI into the SGSN.

� GGSN

The GGSN collects the charging information about a Multi SIM user.

� SCP

The SCP uniformly manages the credit line of a Multi SIM user.

� BOSS

BOSS charges a Multi SIM user and uniformly generates bills according to the MSISDN. The bill is not consolidated on the SGSN and the CG. The bill transmitted to BOSS contains the user's MSISDN and IMSI. The bill printed by BOSS contains the user's IMSI so that the user can check the bill of each MS according to the IMSI.

� CG

The protocol version of CG must ensure that the MSISDN and IMSI characters can be contained in the bill. This facilitates the uniform charging of the MSISDN.

4.2.26 HSPA

High speed packet access (HSPA) is an important feature in the 3GPP R5 version. The high-speed data transfer is implemented and the system throughput is increased through a series of key technologies.

High speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) accelerates the peak downlink data rate, improves service delay, effectively utilizes the downlink code and power resources, and increases the downlink capacity (channel share).

At present, the SGSN9810(UAG) provides the following HSPA functions.

� HSUPA

High speed uplink packet access, which supports 8 Mbit/s at most.

� HSDPA

High speed downlink packet access, which supports 16 Mbit/s at most.

� HSPA+(uplink)

Enhanced high speed uplink packet access, which supports 256 Mbit/s at most.

� HSPA+(downlink)

Enhanced high speed downlink packet access, which supports 256 Mbit/s at most.


The actual rates of HSPA+(downlink) and HSPA+(uplink) are restricted by the air interface.

4.3 UAG Funtions

4.3.1 uBro Entire System Solution With increasing extension and application of the UMTS network, the network defects are gradually detected.

� Incomplete indoor network coverage

Taking human health into consideration, macro cells cannot realize indoor penetration by simply increasing transmission power. Therefore, the indoor mobile signals are weak or even missing.

� Insufficient service bandwidth

The limited bandwidth of macro cells is shared by multiple users. As a result, the network cannot offer sufficient bandwidth to each user.

� High operation and maintenance (O&M) costs

Carriers shoulder complete responsibilities for the maintenance and upgrade costs of the base station devices. The O&M costs increase with the expansion of the network scale.

To solve the above problems, Huawei suggests a uBro entire system solution based on the UAP.

The uBro entire system solution introduces two new devices, namely, the UMTS Access Point (UAP for short) and the UMTS Access Gateway (UAG for short), to the current UMTS network to make up for the network defects.

The UAP is a UMTS access device for family use. It integrates the functions of the NodeB and the RNC, and offers wireless access services to families or SOHO users. The UAP is connected to the UAG through the family broadband device. The UAG implements the access to the UMTS core network.

Figure 4-23 shows the network structure of the uBro entire system solution.


Figure 4-23 Network structure of the uBro entire system solution

MSC server

MGW

AHR

UAG

Internet/ Intranet

Clock server

UAP

NodeBRNC

SGSN

Indoor

Outdoor UMTS CN

The newly introduced NEs in the uBro entire system solution are listed as follows:

� Access Point (UAP)

The UAP offers the UMTS wireless access function, which includes wireless modulation, wireless resource management, and power control.

� Access Gateway (UAG)

The UAG offers management and controlling functions of the UAP. Simultaneously, the UAG forwards data between the UAP and core network devices, such as the SGSN, MSC server, and MGW.

� UAP Home Register (AHR)

The UAP home register offers the UAP and UAG with the position information on the UAP, subscription information, and MS access controlling list.

� Clock server

The clock server offers the UAP with time source based on the IP address.

The uBro entire system solution can make up for the 3G network defects because the UAP is a device for end users.

� Benefits for carriers

− The solution efficiently solves the problem of indoor UMTS network coverage and meets users' requirements for high-rate services.

− The installation and maintenance costs of the UAP device are low. In addition, the UAP supports automatic software upgrade and configuration, and automatic network planning. The UAP device can be widely deployed by carriers.

� Benefits for end users

− You can enjoy indoor 3G network services of high quality and cheap price because the NodeB wireless access resources are not occupied when the UAP devices are used to perform service applications.


The investments of UAP users are effectively protected because the UAP supports the management and access control of authorized users, which prohibits the UAP from being occupied by UEs of unauthorized users.

4.3.2 Interface Function

Figure 4-24 and Figure 4-25 show the new interfaces offered by the SGSN in the UMTS network.

Figure 4-24 Interfaces offered by the SGSN in integrated UAG mode

eIu

Iu-CS

AHR

UAP

Hg

Internet

SGSN

PS

GGSN

PSTN

MSC server

MGW

CS

.


Figure 4-25 Interfaces offered by the SGSN in independent UAG mode

Internet

PSTNeIu

Iu-PS

Iu-CS

MSC Server

MGW

SGSN

O&M

AHR

M2000

CS

PS

SGSN9810

UAP

Hg

GGSN

eIu Interface

The eIu interface is the one between the UAP and SGSN.

Figure 4-26 shows the protocol stack structure of the eIu interface.

Figure 4-26 Protocol stack of the eIu interface

eRANAP

Data Link

APM

Signalling Plane

SPUA

SCTP

IP

IuUP

Data Link

CS User Plane

RTP

UDP

IP

DATA

Data Link

PS User Plane

GTP-U

UDP

IP

The following describes the primary protocol layers:


� Signaling plane

− RANAP Agent (eRANAP)

The customized RANAP protocol forwards the RANAP cell and the RANAP connectionless information.

− UAP Management (APM)

The private protocol between the SGSN and the UAP provides the UAP management functions, such as link management and UAP authentication.

− SCTP Private User Adaptation Layer (SPUA )

The SPUA is a private protocol of the adaptation layer between the SCTP and the eRANAP/APM.

− Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

The SCTP is a reliable and connection –oriented transmission protocol based on packet, which is used for transmitting the SS7 signaling on the IP network. For details of the SCTP, refer to RFC2960.

� CS user plane

− Iu User Plane (IuUp)

The IuUP is a user protocol for the wireless network layer of the Iu interface. It is used to transmit user data that is relevant to the radio access bearers (RAB). For details of the IuUP, refer to 3GPP 25.415.

− Real Time Transfer Protocol (RTP)

The RTP offers support (interacted voice and picture) to the port-to-port real time transmission of the media stream, such as voice and media. For details of the RTP, refer to RFC1889.

� PS user plane

− GPRS Tunneling Protocol for the user plane (GTP-U)

The GTP-U protocol transmits user data between the UAP and SGSN in the tunneling mode. For details of the GTP-U, refer to 3GPP29.060.

Iu-CS Interface

The Iu-CS interface refers to the one between the UAG and the MGW and MSC server, where the signaling plane is between the UAG and MSC server, and the user plane is between the UAG and MGW.

Figure 4-27 shows the protocol stack structure of the Iu-CS interface.


Figure 4-27 Protocol stack structure of the Iu-CS interface

Control Plane

Transport Network LayerUser Plane

ATMData Link

SSCOPSCTP

IP AAL5

SSCF-NNI

MTP3-BM3UA

SCCP

RANAP

TransportNetwork

Layer ControlPlane

ATM

SSCOP

AAL5

SSCF-NNI

MTP3-B

Q2150.1

Q2630.2

User Plane

Transport Network LayerUser Plane

ATMData Link

RTP/RTCP

UDP/IPAAL2

Iu UP Protocol Layer

Radio Network Layer

Transport Network Layer

The following describes the primary protocol players:

� Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP)

The RANAP protocol is used to encapsulate and beat the signaling of upper layer and to process the signaling between the MSC and RAN. For the definition of the RANAP, refer to the 3GPP TS 25.413. For the definition on the lower layer of the RANAP, refer to 3GPP TS 25.412 and 3GPP TS 25.414.

� IuUP

The IuUP is a user protocol for the wireless network layer of the Iu interface. It is used to transmit user data that is relevant to the radio access bearers (RAB). For details of the IuUP, refer to 3GPP25.415.

� Access Link Control Application Part (ALCAP)

The ALCAP consists of Q2630.2 and Q2150.1. It is used to set up and manage the AAL2 link.

To unify maintenance and management and reduce the operating expenditure, more and more carriers have implemented or planned to upgrade the 3G access network and deploy the IP network to implement the ATM access to the original UMTS Iu side. Owning to this trend and the traditional network being existent during a period of time, the UAG must support both IP access and ATM access on the Iu interface.

Iu-PS Interface

The Iu-PS interface lies between the UAG and the SGSN.


Figure 4-28 shows the protocol stack of the Iu-PS interface.

Figure 4-28 Protocol stack of the Iu-PS interface

Control Plane

The following describes the primary protocol layers:

� Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP)

The RANAP protocol is used to encapsulate and bear the signaling of upper layer and to process the signaling between the SGSN and RAN. For the definition of the RANAP, refer to the 3GPP TS 25.413. For the definitions of the lower level of the RANAP, refer to 3GPP TS 25.412 and 3GPP TS 25.414.

� GTP-U

The GTP-U protocol transmits user data between the UAG and the SGSN in the tunneling mode. For details of the GTP-U, refer to 3GPP 29.060.

Hg Interface

The Hg interface is the one between the SGSN and AHR.

Figure 4-29 shows the protocol stack structure of the Hg interface.


Figure 4-29 Protocol stack of the Hg interface

Application

Data Link

UDP

IP

The protocol layer application performs the UAP authentication.

4.3.3 Forwarding the CS Signaling and Service Data

Viewed from the MSC server and MGW, the SGSN9810(UAG) serves as the RNC. Viewed from the SGSN9810(UAG), the UAP serves as the RNC. The SGSN9810(UAG) forwards the signaling information and the service data between the eIu interface and the Iu-CS interface.

Forwarding CS Signaling

Figure 4-30 shows the signaling interaction path of the Iu-CS over ATM.


Figure 4-30 Signaling interaction of the Iu-CS over ATM

SGSN MSC server

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data link

UAP

RANAP signalling

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data link

RANAP

SCCP

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

ATM

Physicallayer

ALCAP

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

ATM

Physicallayer

RANAP

SCCP

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

ATM

Physicallayer

ALCAP

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

ATM

Physicallayer

MGW

ALCAP signalling

Figure 4-31 shows the signaling interaction path of the Iu-CS over IP.


Figure 4-31 Signaling interaction of the Iu-CS over IP

SGSN MSC Server

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data Link

UAP

RANAP signalling

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data Link

RANAP

SCCP

M3UA

SCTP

IP

RANAP

SCCP

M3UA

SCTP

IP

Data LinkData Link

The SGSN9810(UAG) processed the signaling depends on the signaling types.

� RANAP signaling between the UAP and the MSC server

The RANAP signaling is analyzed by the eRANAP. Then, it is sent to the MSC server through the Iu-CS interface.

� ALCAP signaling between the UAG and MGW

The processing method is the same as that of the standard Iu-CS interface.(only for Iu-CS over ATM)

The eIu and Iu-CS over IP is borne by the IP address and the Access Link Control Application Part (ALCAP) is not used. Therefore, the forwarding and processing of the ALCAP signaling do not exist.

The processing procedure of downlink signaling is opposite to that of uplink signaling.

Forwarding CS Services

Figure 4-32 and Figure 4-33 show the transmission process of user data at the Iu-CS interface.


Figure 4-32 User data interaction between the UAP and MGW over ATM

SGSN MGWUAPUE

RTP

UDP

Data link

IuUP

IP

RTP

UDP

Data link

IuUP

IP

AAL2

ATM

Physicallayer

IuUP

AAL2

ATM

Physicallayer

The SGSN9810(UAG) forwards CS user data at the CS user side of the eIu interface to the IuUP layer of the Iu-CS interface. Then, the data is send to the MGW through the Iu-CS interface.

Figure 4-33 User data interaction between the UAP and MGW over IP

SGSN MGWUAPUE

RTP

UDP

Data Link

IuUP

IP

RTP

UDP

Data Link

IuUP

IP

RTP

IuUP

RTP

UDP

IP

Data Link Data Link

UDP

IP

The IuUP layer of the SGSN receives the data on the CS user plane from the RTP layer through the eIU interface, and then forwards the data to the RTP layer of the Iu-CS interface. Finally, the data is sent to the MGW through the Iu-CS.

The processing method of downlink data is opposite to that of uplink data.


4.3.4 Forwarding PS Signaling and Service Data in integrated UAG mode

Viewed from the SGSN, the UAG serves as the RNC.

Forwarding PS Signaling

Figure 4-34 shows the PS signaling interaction path of the eIu interface

Figure 4-34 PS signaling interaction of the eIu interface

SGSN

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data link

UAP

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data link

The SGSN interchanges PS signaling with the UAP through the eRANAP, and then sends the signaling of high layer to the upper layer.

Forwarding PS Services

Figure 4-35 shows the transmission process of PS user data at the eIu interface.


Figure 4-35 PS user data interaction of the eIu interface

SGSNUAPUE

UDP

Data link

GTP-U

IP

UDP

Data link

GTP-U

IP

User data is carried between the SGSN and the UAP through the GTP-U protocol.

4.3.5 Forwarding the PS Signaling and Service Data in independent UAG mode

From the perspective of the SGSN, the UAG serves as the RNC. From the perspective of the UAG, the UAP serves as the RNC. The UAG forwards the signaling information and the service data between the eIu interface and the Iu-PS interface.

Forwarding PS Signaling

Figure 4-36 shows the signaling interaction path of the Iu-PS over ATM.


Figure 4-36 Signaling interaction of the Iu-PS over ATM

UAG SGSN

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data Link

UAP

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data Link

RANAP

SCCP

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

ATM

PhysicalLayer

RANAP

SCCP

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

ATM

PhysicalLayer

Figure 4-37 shows the signaling interaction path of the Iu-PS over IP.


Figure 4-37 Signaling interaction of the Iu-PS over IP

UAG SGSN

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data Link

UAP

eRANAP

SPUA

SCTP

IP

Data Link

RANAP

SCCP

M3UA

SCTP

IP

Data Link

PhysicalLayer

RANAP

SCCP

M3UA

SCTP

IP

Data Link

PhysicalLayer

The RANAP signaling is analyzed by the eRANAP. Then, it is sent to the SGSN through the Iu-PS interface.

The processing procedure of downlink signaling is opposite to that of uplink signaling.

Forwarding PS Services

Figure 4-38 shows the transmission process of user data at the Iu-PS over ATM.


Figure 4-38 User data interaction between the UAG and SGSN over ATM

UAG SGSNUAPUE

UDP

Data link

GTP-U

IP

UDP

Data link

GTP-U

IP

ATM

Physicallayer

UDP

IP

ATM

Physicallayer

UDP

GTP-U

IP

Figure 4-39 shows the transmission process of user data at the Iu-PS over IP.

Figure 4-39 User data interaction between the UAG and SGSN over IP

UAG SGSNUAPUE

UDP

Data link

GTP-U

IP

UDP

Data link

GTP-U

IP

Data Link

Physicallayer

UDP

IP

Data Link

Physicallayer

UDP

GTP-U

IP


The UAG forwards user data at the user side of the eIu interface to the GTP-U layer of the Iu-PS interface. Then, the data is sent to the MGW through the Iu-PS interface.

The processing method of downlink data is opposite to that of uplink data.

4.3.6 Connecting Multiple CNs at the Same Time

The proximate access of the UAP, namely, the UAP and the surrounding macro network can be connected to the same Pool or the same NE. This not only effectively reduces the cost of constructing the core network but also decreases the signaling between exchanges and switchover delay. In addition, QoS and customer satisfaction rate are improved.

To solve the problem of proximate access of the UAP, the multi-CN function is introduced to the SGSN9810(UAG) V800R009. That is, a UAG can connect to multiple CN nodes at the same time. The multi-CN function is shown in Figure 4-40.

Figure 4-40 Multi-CN function

AP AP AP

AG

CNNode

CNNode

CNNode

LAC-1

LAC-1

LAC-2

LAC-2 LAC-3

LAC-3

When multiple CNs are connected to the AG, the location area codes (LACs) or routing area codes (RACs) between the nodes are different. In the case of power-on access, the AG selects the CNs that have the same home as the surrounding macro network for setting up the signaling connection with the UEs under an AP according to the LAC or RAC reported by the AP. The same home as the macro network is guaranteed by the parameter configuration system of the AP. The LAC/RAC configuration of the AP should be associated with the location area where the macro network surrounded by the AP is located.


Figure 4-41 Comparison between the scenario without multiple CNs and the scenario with multiple CNs

MSC1(LAC1,LAC10)

MSC2(LAC2,LAC20)

APAP

LAC10 LAC20LAC1

MSC1(LAC1,LAC10)

MSC2(LAC2,LAC20)

RNC

APAP

LAC20 LAC30LAC1

HLR HLR

UE

RNC AGAG

UE

As shown in Figure 4-41, the UE has registered to MSC 1 on the macro network. When the UE enters the AP network from the macro network, it initiates location upgrade. The AG is connected to only MSC 2, and thus the temporary mobile station identity (TMSI) reallocation and HLR information upgrade must be performed when MSC 1 is switched to MSC 2 on the network. In this case, a great amount of signaling between exchanges is generated between the HLR, MSC 1, and MSC 2. When the AG is connected to MSC 1, the AP is configured with the same home location area as the macro network, namely, LAC 10 within LAC 1. The UE initiates the location upgrade when entering the AP, and then it reports the location information to the AG. The AG finds MSC 1 of the CN corresponding to LAC 10 according to the CN list. In this case, the AP network and the macro network share MSC 1. That is, their LACs belong to the same MSC. Thus, the TMSI reallocation and HLR information upgrade are not required. Thus, in the case of multiple CNs, the signaling between exchanges is decreased. The signaling is generated when the UE moves between the AP network and the macro network.

4.3.7 AP-AP Handover

The AP-AP handover scheme is applied to meet the requirement of seamless coverage in a large scale of the AP networking, such as office scenario. In the case of AP networking, when a UE moves from the coverage range of an AP to that of the neighboring AP under the same AG, the intra-AG handover takes place.

The UEs belonging to an AP are managed uniformly. The AP networking is as follows:

� Multiple APs inside an AG can share an RNC ID


� APs can be managed by groups. Only the APs belonging to a group can form a network

� The APs belonging to a group must be connected to the same AG and assigned with the same RNC ID

� The APs belonging to a group must be assigned with the same LAC and RAC

When the two APs on which handover takes place use the same RNC ID, the core network need not be notified with the AP-AP handover. In the case of AP-AP handover, the contexts of a UE in AP 1 need to be transferred to AP 2. The MSC need not be notified and the parameter negotiation with the core network is not required because of the unchanged RNC ID. Thus, the transfer is simple. Multiple APs share the RNC ID. In this way, no interaction with the MSC is required, and thus reducing the handover time.

4.3.8 Switching Between the AP and the Macro Network

During site applications, switchover between the AP and the macro network occurs based on the user profile. To improve the quality experienced by the user, this function is provided.

During the switchover, the AG serves as an RNC. The previous RNC transfers the data of the PS services of users to the new RNC, thus ensuring service connectivity.

4.3.9 Anti-jitter function

The eIU interface between the UAG and the UAP transfers voice over IP. Delay cannot be guaranteed for IP transfer. The delay variation is great when the uplink voice reaches the UAG. The UAG needs to perform variation buffer for the uplink voice to eliminate the delay variation caused by IP transfer. As a result, voice quality and experience satisfaction of terminal users are improved.


5 Operation and Maintenance

The SGSN9810(UAG) offers abundant and convenient O&M function. This reduces the difficulty of device maintenance and ensures the normal operation of the device.

5.1 O&M System

Figure 5-1 shows the structure of the O&M system.

Figure 5-1 O&M system of the SGSN9810(UAG)

IP Network

M2000

SGSN

LMT SNMP Server

As shown in Figure 5-1, the SGSN9810(UAG) provides three O&M methods:

� Local maintenance through the local O&M terminals: This method is applicable to original system installation and fault location.

� Central maintenance through the iManager M2000: This is the main method for regular maintenance.

� Reporting the maintenance information to the SNMP-based network management system through the SNMP interface: Only alarms and performance data are reported.


5.2 Configuration Management Configuration management includes operations such as the addition, deletion, modification, and query of system data. The SGSN9810(UAG) provides two ways of data configuration:

� Dynamic configuration: Data can be configured when the system is running.

� Static configuration: The text data file (MML or TXT) is edited offline and the data takes effect when the system is reset.

5.3 Equipment Management Equipment management monitors, controls and tests system entities such as hardware components and links.

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides the following equipment management features:

� Status query

The SGSN9810(UAG) allows operators to query the operational status of the system entities. The entities include boards, optical ports, E1 ports, SS7 links, Frame Relay (FR) links, Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL) links, GTP path, Bear Channels (BCs), NS-VCs, destination signaling point, subsystems, Point To Point (PTP) BSSGP Virtual Connections (BVCs), and Special Interest Group (SIG) BVCs.

� Status control

The status control function allows for the following operations:

− Board reset and switchover

− Blocking, unblocking, and reset of optical ports, E1 ports, SS7 links, FR links, – SAAL links, GTP paths and BCs

− Inhibiting and enabling of destination signaling points and subsystems.

� Test function

Testing is an effective way to locate faults. The SGSN9810(UAG) supports loopback tests on E1 ports and SAAL links, as well as GTP path tests.

5.4 Tracing Management The SGSN9810(UAG) provides interface tracing and subscriber tracing. It is a powerful tool for equipment maintenance.

The interface tracing can trace messages on interfaces such as the Gb, Iu, Gn/Gp, Gs/Gd/Gr, Ga, eIu and Hg. It can also trace messages based on the protocol layer such as SCCP, MTP3b, SAAL and AAL2.

The subscriber tracing traces the messages of the specified IMSI or mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN).

Operators can save the trace results to handle any queries in the future.


5.5 Performance Management

Performance management assesses the SGSN9810(UAG) system and the surrounding networks and provides the data relating to network operation.

The SGSN9810(UAG) performance management system has the following features:

� Wide range of measurements

� Diversified time attributes

� Measurement templates

� Measurement customization

� Suspension and resuming of measurement tasks

� Modification of measurement tasks

� View of real-time data regarding performance measurement

� Setting of measurement thresholds

5.6 Fault Management The alarm system monitors the operational status of the SGSN9810(UAG) and reports faults. The alarm system has the following features:

� Comprehensive alarm information and accurate alarm identification

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides over 300 types of alarm covering all software functions, hardware components, and system peripherals. The alarms are grouped into different categories with different severity levels. This ensures that all faults can be detected and handled in time.

� Flexible and easy alarm handling

The alarm terminal of the SGSN9810(UAG) provides flexible and convenient operations to ensure that you can handle the alarm effectively and in time.

5.7 Security Management

The SGSN9810(UAG) ensures the security in two ways:

� Privilege management

The privilege of an operator is defined by a command set that contains a group of commands. Commands are assigned to a command set, and then a command set is assigned to an operator.

� Operating log

The operating log records all the user operations, including the user name, user ID, login IP address, command, time, and result.

5.8 CHR

Call History Record (CHR) is an efficient and rapid fault location system. It can record the problems that occur in each user's call and store them in the server. When requiring records,


the Network Management Department can query the call history records of a certain user and quickly locate the fault causes. Compared with the alarm and tracing systems, the CHR system focuses more on faults occurring in service use.

The CHR system consists of the SGSN, CHR Server, and CHR Client, as shown in Figure 5-2.

Figure 5-2 CHR system architecture

CHRquery

request

CHRinformation

LAN LAN

SGSN

SGSN

CHR Client

CHR Client

CHR Server

CHRquery

response CHRinformation

The functions of each part are described as follows:

� SGSN

Each USPU board collects CHR information. The information is sent to the UOMU board for convergence, storage, and transmission.

� CHR Server

The CHR Server receives the CHR information from the SGSN and stores it in the database. The Server also receives the CHR query instructions from the Client and returns the query results.

� CHR Client

The CHR Client is used to browse and view the call records stored in the Server.

5.9 SSL

The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol is a secure connection technique provided by the network transmission layer, which is used between the browser and the Web server. The SSL provides the communication confidentiality, credibility, and identification authentication between two applications by using the Revest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm (RSA) and symmetric encipherment algorithm. It is regarded as the standard security measure applied to the Web browser and server on the Internet. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardizes the SSL (RFC2246) and terms it Transport Layer Security (TLS).

The SGSN encrypts the OM transmission channel by using the SSL protocol. The OM transmission channel consists of the mml channel between the M2000/LMT and the SGSN, binary channel between the M2000/LMT and the SGSN, and FTP transmission channel.


By inserting the SSL into the transmission layer (TCP) and application layer (MML/binary commands), all the MML/binary commands and response messages can be encrypted in the transmission channel.

Figure 5-3 shows the transmission model of the SSL channel.

Figure 5-3 Transmission model of the SSL channel

MML command,BIN command

TCP protocolTransmissionlayer

Applicationlayer

Applicationlayer

Current OMtransmission

Encrypted OMtransmission

Transmissionlayer

Transmissionlayer

MML command,BIN command

TCP protocol

SSL protocol

At present, the SGSN supports the SSL3.0, TSL1.0, and TSL1.1 versions.

The FTP transmission channel is encrypted by the FTP Security (FTPS) protocol. The FTP server and FTP client support both of the encrypted and non-encrypted communication modes.

5.10 SSH

Secure Shell (SSH) provides a secure channel between the LMT and the SGSN to ensure security of the SGSN maintenance interface.

SSH provides the following functions for the SGSN:

� Post-port (port forwarding function): encrypts the data transferred between the SGSN and the LMT; thus it guarantees data security.

� SFTP: replaces the FTP Client carried by the LMT to realize secure file transfer.

� STelnet: provides secure and reliable Telnet access, but it is unavailable currently.

� MML character terminal: runs MML commands with the LMT not opened and provides secure protection for command packets.

As shown in Figure 5-4, SSH functions are realized by:

� SSH Client: installed on the PC same with the LMT

� SSH Server: Located at the UOMU board


Figure 5-4 SSH composition

SSHClient

LMT

SSHServer

UOMU

BAMLAN

LMT terminal

Insecure communication channel

Secure communication channel

Internal communication channel

5.11 Online Help

Both the SGSN9810(UAG) LMT and the iManager M2000 provide compressive and easy-to-use online help. The online help allows operators to quickly access required information during operation.


6 Reliability

The SGSN9810(UAG) guarantees reliability from hardware, software, and charging.

6.1 Hardware Reliability

The SGSN9810(UAG) uses the following reliability designs.

� Board backup

� Load sharing

� Board fault detection and isolation

� System fault detection and isolation

6.1.1 Board Hot Backup

The SGSN9810(UAG) boards are configured in the 1+1 backup or N+1 redundancy. The following are the two major concerns in the backup design:

� Board fault detection

When a board is power-on, it checks its memory and the key external chips such as the network chips. Key signals (such as the clock signal) used by the board are monitored online. Loopback test of service code flow is conducted when the board is idle.

� Switchover mechanism

The active-standby switchover is carried out by two cross-connected signals between the active board and the standby board. They are the output signal effective to the active board and the input signal effective to the standby board.

6.1.2 ASIC Technology

All the network chips used in the boards are special application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). These ASICs provide reliable measures to detect and report internal (chip-level) errors.

6.1.3 Quality Components

The SGSN9810(UAG) uses quality components that have passed burn-in tests and proved to meet the requirements. The hardware is assembled under strict control to ensure that the system remains stable and reliable in the long term.


6.1.4 Load Sharing

Load sharing means that two or more boards perform relevant functions under normal operation. When one of the boards is faulty, other boards perform the task of the faulty board to ensure certain performance indexes (such as call loss).

Load sharing is applied to secondary power modules, signaling links, and STM-1 interfaces.

6.1.5 Power Supply Reliability

The SGSN9810(UAG) uses a distributed power supply. Each subrack or functional module has its own high-frequency DC/DC secondary power module that is highly efficient and stable.

The secondary power supply adopts the active/standby hot backup design to ensure the reliable power supply.

The power inputs and the external interfaces (such as the E1 interfaces) of boards provide protection against high voltages and current surges. The measures meet the international telecommunication union - telecommunication standardization sector (ITU-T) recommendation G.703 and other relevant specifications.

6.2 Software Reliability This section describes the measures that build up the reliability of the SGSN9810(UAG) software.

6.2.1 Reliability Building at Different Phases

The key to improve software reliability is reducing software defects. The reliability of the SGSN9810(UAG) software is ensured at various phases from the system requirement analysis to the system test.

From the requirements analysis phase, the software development is carried out under the guidance of various capability maturity model (CMM) specifications. This reduces errors in the initial phase.

The SGSN9810(UAG) software is designed in modules. The modules are loosely coupled so that the fault of one module does not affect the performance of other modules. In additional, measures such as error check, error isolation, and recovery, are added to improve system reliability.

Code walk-through, inspection, and tests at every phase further improve the software reliability.

6.2.2 Error Tolerance

The error tolerance of a software system indicates the resilience of the system under minor software faults. That means the system does not break down on minor faults and has self-healing ability when an error occurs.

The error tolerance of software involves the following measures:

� Regular check of key resources


For various software resources in the system (such as the network board resources), long-time seizure check mechanism is provided. If resources do no respond due to a software exception, the check mechanism releases the resources and generates logs and alarms.

� Task monitoring

Output channels are provided for the internal software faults and some of the hardware faults detected during system operation. These output channels monitor the status of a task and report system exceptions to external devices.

� Storage protection

The software system uses the segment and page protection mechanism for the CPU memory management unit (MMU) to protect the storage of codes and important data segments. It also provides functions of online query, modification of variables and data, and memory monitoring.

� Data check

To ensure the consistency of the data on various service processing boards, the system performs regular or event-triggered consistency checks. It can also restore data consistency based on certain criteria and generate logs and alarms.

� Operation log storage

The SGSN9810(UAG) records user operations at a certain period and stores them in the system log. Faults can be located by analyzing the operation log for unknown errors in the system.

� Load control

In the case of CPU overload or resource congestion, the load control mechanism adjusts the load smoothly to avoid system down.

6.3 Charging Reliability Charging reliability ensures carriers' income. Charging reliability mainly means that charging information is correct, complete, and duplicate-free.

The check mechanism offered by the protocol guarantees the correctness and no-repetition of charging information. The focus of the check mechanism is to ensure the accuracy of charging time. The SGSN9810(UAG) is provided with the NTP synchronization function to ensure the accuracy of charging time. The NTP synchronization function helps to obtain accurate timing information from the NTP server.

The CG redirection and cache memory functions of the SGSN9810(UAG) ensure that the charging information is not discarded. The SGSN9810(UAG) can connect to multiple CGs. In case a certain CG has faults, the SGSN9810(UAG) can send charging information to other CGs. Even though all CGs have faults, the SGSN can save the charging information of seven days to the local hard disk. In this way, the charging information is not discarded.


7 Technical Specifications

The technical specifications of the SGSN9810(UAG) mainly include performance specifications, clock indexes, physical interfaces, engineering parameters, and reliability parameters.

7.1 Performance Specifications

Table 7-1 lists the performance specifications of the SGSN9810(UAG) that does not integrate the UAG functions.

Table 7-1 Performance specifications of the SGSN

Name Value (2.5G) Value (3G)

Maximum number of attached subscribers 3 million 3 million

Maximum number of PDP context can be activated at the same time

3 million 3 million

Maximum packet data transfer capacity (pps) 300,000 4 million

Maximum packet data transfer flow 900 Mbit/s 10 Gbit/s

Table 7-2 lists the primary performance indexes of the SGSN9810(UAG) that integrates the UAG functions and connects only to the UAP rather than the RNC and PCU.

Table 7-2 UAG primary performance indexes

Name Value

CS data forwarding capability (Erl) 18,000

UAP connection number 100,000

Maximum number of attached subscribers 400,000

Maximum number of PDP context can be activated at the same time 400,000

Maximum packet data transfer capacity (pps) 1.6 million


Name Value

Maximum packet data transfer flow(bit/s) 4 G

7.2 Physical Interfaces

Table 7-3 shows the physical interfaces provided by the SGSN9810(UAG) that does not integrate the UAG functions.

Table 7-3 Physical interfaces provided by the SGSN9810(UAG) that does not integrate the UAG functions

Interfaces Physical Characteristics

Protocol Maximum ports

STM-1 (single-mode and multi-mode)

ATM 80 Iu-PS (control plane)


ATM 40


ATM 80


ATM 40

Gigabit Ethernet(GE) IP 80

Iu-PS (user plane)

Fast Ethernet(FE) IP 80

GE IP 80

FE IP 80

STM-1 IP over ATM (IPOA)

80

Gn, Gp, Ga, X1-1, X2, and X3

STM-4 IPOA 40

Gb E1/T1 FR 800

SS7 E1/T1 SS7 2 Mbit/s signaling links: 34; Or

64 Kbit/s signaling links: 1,088

O&M FE IP 2

The Gn, Gp, Ga, X1-1, X2, and X3 interfaces share 160 STM-1, 160 FE, 160 GE, and 80 STM-4 ports or a combination of these four types of physical port.


Table 7-4 lists the types and numbers of added external physical interfaces for the SGSN9810(UAG) that integrates the UAG functions and connects only to the UAP rather than the RNC and PCU.

Table 7-4 New external physical interfaces for the SGSN9810(UAG) that integrates the UAG functions and connects only to the UAP rather than the RNC and PCU

Interface Name

Physical Feature Bearer Protocol

Maximum Port Number

STM-1 (single module/multiple modules)

ATM 16 Iu-CS

STM-4 (single module) ATM 8

STM-1 (single module/multiple modules)

ATM 80 Iu-PS

STM-4 (single module) ATM 40

GE IP 16 eIu/Hg

FE IP 16

O&M FE IP 2

7.3 Clock Indexes Table 7-5 lists the primary technical parameters of the clock system in the SGSN9810(UAG).

Table 7-5 Technical parameters of the clock system in the SGSN9810(UAG)

Sequence No.

Name Index and Function

Minimum accuracy

Stratum-2: ± 4 x 10-7

Stratum-3: ± 4.6 x 10-6

Pull-in range Stratum-2: ± 4 x 10-7

Stratum-3: ± 4.6 x 10-6

Maximum frequency deviation

Stratum-2: 5 x 10-10 per day

Stratum-3: 2 x 10-8 per day

1 Clock network-entry parameters

Initial maximum frequency deviation

Stratum-2: less than 5 x 10-10 per day

Stratum-3: less than 1 x 10-8 per day

2 Long-term phase

Ideal working state

MRTIE ≤ 1 ms


Sequence No.

Name Index and Function

variation Hold-in working state

MRTIE (ns) ≤ a x s + (1/2) x b x s2 + c

Where s refers to the time whose units is second, and the unit of MRTIE is ns.

Stratum-2:

a = 0.5 b = 1.16 x 10-5 c = 1,000

Stratum-3:

a = 10 b = 2.3 x 10-4 c = 1,000

3 Working modes of the clock

� Fast tracking � Tracing � Retaining � Free running

4 Input jitter tolerance

See Figure 7-1 for details.

Minimum accuracy: maximum deviation value of nominal frequency in a long period (20 years) without external frequency benchmark, that is, the clock is in free running state.

Maximum frequency deviation: a maximum value of the clock's relative frequency change in a UI during a consecutive operation process.

Pull-in range: maximum frequency bandwidth of the input signal locked by a clock

MRTIE: The MRTIE extracts the offset that appears in measurements performed with local reference clocks.

Figure 7-1 Maximum permissible lower limit of input jitter and wander

Y (UI)

10 2

X

A0 =36.9

10 1

A1=1.5

A2=0.2

1.2 × 10-5

1

10 20 2.4 k 18 k 100 k f (Hz)

10 -1

Peak-to-peak jitter and wander amplitude (logarithm)

Slope: 20dB / 10 times of frequency interval

When the jitter frequency of an input frequency is 1 kHz and the amplitude is more than 1.5 UI, you can infer that the input signal meets the requirements if the system operates normally.


UI refers to the unit of time interval. One UI equals the reciprocal of the frequency of the digital signal. For example, the UI of the 2.048 Mbit/s signal is 488 ns.

7.4 Engineering Specifications Engineering specifications include the power consumption of the SGSN9810(UAG), dimensions and weight of cabinets, and environment requirements.

7.4.1 Power Consumption

Table 7-6 lists the power consumption of the SGSN9810(UAG).

Table 7-6 Power consumption of the SGSN9810(UAG)

Parameter Value

Power consumption of the 2G SGSN for 1 million users (Gb

over TDM), with one cabinet and four subracks

1510W


over TDM), with two cabinets and seven subracks

2571W


over TDM), with three cabinets and ten subracks

3770W


over IP), with one cabinet and four subracks

1330W


over IP), with two cabinets and seven subracks

2230


over IP), with three cabinets and ten subracks

3240

Power consumption of the 3G SGSN for 1 million users, with

one cabinet and four subracks

1240W


two cabinets and seven subracks

2120W


three cabinets and nine subracks

2960W

7.4.2 Dimensions and Weight of Cabinets

Table 7-7 lists the dimensions and weight of a SGSN9810(UAG) cabinet.


Table 7-7 Dimensions and weight of a SGSN9810(UAG) cabinet

Parameter Value

Cabinet dimension (H x W x D) 2200 mm x 600 mm x 800 mm

Cabinet weight 100 kg(with empty cabinet)

7.4.3 Environment Requirements

Storage Environment

The SGSN9810(UAG) complies with the "not temperature-controlled storage" requirements specified in European ETS 300 019-1-1. The SGSN9810(UAG) must be stored in the following environment:

� Relative humidity: 10% to 100%

� Temperature: –40°C to +70°C

Transportation Environment

The SGSN9810(UAG) complies with "Class 2.3 Public transportation" requirements specified in the European ETS 300 019-1-2. The SGSN9810(UAG) must stay in the following environment:

� Temperature: –40°C to +70°C

� Relative humidity: 5% to 100%

Operational Environment

The SGSN9810(UAG) complies with "Temperature-controlled locations" requirements specified in European ETS 300 019-1-3. The SGSN9810(UAG) must operate in the following environment:

� Normal operation: temperature from 0°C to + 45°C, humidity from 5% to 85%

� Safe operation: temperature from –5°C to + 55°C, humidity from 5% to 95%

Safe operation indicates the conditions in which the SGSN9810(UAG) must not work for continuously over 96 hours and totally 15 days in a year.

Electromagnetic Compatibility

The SGSN9810(UAG) complies with the GR-1089-CORE standard on electromagnetic compatibility.

Power Supply

Power voltage range: –40 V to –57 V DC

Input current: 50 A for a cabinet


7.5 Reliability Specifications

Table 7-8 shows the reliability specifications of the SGSN9810(UAG).

Table 7-8 Reliability specifications of the SGSN9810(UAG)

Parameter Value

System availability in typical configuration

≥ 99.999%

Mean time between failure (MTBF) ≥ 300,000 hours

Mean time to repair (MTTR) ≤ 30 minutes


8 Installation

The installation of the SGSN9810(UAG) includes the installation of the hardware, the terminal software, and the board software.

� Hardware

The cabinets, subracks and cables are installed before delivery. Installation engineers only need to install external cables and boards.

For board installation, the SGSN9810(UAG) provides coding slots so that installation engineers can insert boards only in the correct slots. This avoids damage to the board when an engineer attempts to install a board in a wrong slot.

� Terminal software

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides a standard Windows installation wizard to guide the installation of the terminal software.

Following the instructions, field engineers can complete the installation easily.

� Board software

The SGSN9810(UAG) provides MML commands for installing software for all the boards or only specified boards.

For detailed installation procedures, refer to the installation manuals delivered with the product.


A Acronyms and Abbreviations

Numeric

3GMS 3rd Generation Mobile Communications System

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

A

AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 2

ACL Access Control List

ADMF Administration Function

AF Assured Forwarding

UAG Access Gateway

AHR UAP Home Register

ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part

UAP Access Point

APM UAP Management

APN Access Point Name

ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AUC Authentication Center

B

BC Bear Channel

BE Best-Effort

BG Border Gateway


BITS Building Integrated Timing Supply

BSC Base Station Controller

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BSSGP Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol

BVC BSSGP Virtual Connection

C

CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic

CAR Committed Access Rate

CBR Constant Bit Rate

CBWFQ Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing

CC Content of Communication

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CDR Charging Data Record

CG Charging Gateway

CGF Charging Gateway Functionality

CHR Call History Record

CLNP Connectionless Network Protocol

CM Call Management

CMM Capability Maturity Model

CN Core Network

CN-CS Core Network – Circuit Switch domain

CN-PS Core Network – Packet Switch domain

CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture

CPU Center Processing Unit

D

DC Direct Current

DF Delivery Function

DiffServ Differential Services

DNS Domain Name Server

DOPRA Distributed Object-oriented Programmable Real time Architecture

DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point


E

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

EF Expedited Forwarding

EIR Equipment Identification Register

EMS Enhanced Messaging Service

eRANAP RANAP Agent

ETS European Telecommunication Standards

F

FA Foreign Agent

FE Fast Ethernet

FR Frame Relay

FTP File Transfer Protocol

G

GE Gigabit Ethernet; Gigabit Ethernet

GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

gsmSCF GSM Service Control Function

gprsSSF GPRS Service Switching Function

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

GSN GPRS Support Node

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GTP-C Control plane part of GPRS tunneling protocol

GTP-U User plane part of GPRS tunneling protocol

GUI Graphic User Interface

H

HA Home Agent

HLR Home Location Register


HPLMN Home PLMN

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSS Home Subscriber Server

I

I-CSCF Interrogating- Call State Control Function

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IGP Interior Gateway Protocol

IMEISV International Mobile station Equipment Identity and Software Version number

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IP Internet Protocol

IPSec Internet Protocol Security extensions

IRI Intercept Related Information

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

IS-IS Intermediate System-Intermediate System

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector

IuUP Iu User Plane

L

LA Location Area

LAN Local Area Network

LCS LoCation Service

LEA Law enforcement agency

LIS Logical IP Subnet

LLC Logical Link Control

LMT Local Maintenance Terminal

M

MAC Media Access Control

MAP Mobile Application Part

MBR Mobility Binding Record


MGW Media Gateway

MIP Mobile IP

MM Mobility Management

MML Man-Machine Language

MMU Multiplication and Management Unit

MNO Mobile Network Operator

MO Mobile Originated

MS Mobile Station

MSC Mobile Service Switching Center

MSISDN Mobile Station International ISDN Number

MT Mobile Terminated

MTBF Mean Time Between Failures

MTP3 Message Transfer Part 3rd Layer

MTP3B Message transfer part (broadband)

MVNO Mobile Virtual Network Operator

N

NACC Network Assisted Cell Change

NS Network Service

NS-VC Network Service Virtual Connection

NTP Network Time Protocol

O

OS Operational System

OSI Open System(s) Interconnection

OSPF Open Shortest Path First

P

P-CSCF Proxy CSCF

PDN Public Data Network

PDP Packet Data Protocol

PDU Packet Data Unit

PHB Per-Hop Behaviors


PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

POS Packet Over SDH

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

PS Packet Switched

PSM Packet Service Module

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

PTP Point To Point

Q

QoS Quality of Service

R

RA Routing Area

RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial in User Service

RAN Radio Access Network

RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part

RRC Radio Resource Control

RIP Routing Information Protocol

RIPng RIP next generation

RNC Radio Network Controller

S

SAAL Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer

SC Service Center

SCCP Signaling Connection and Control Part

SCP Service Control Point

S-CSCF Serving CSCF

SCTP Stream Control Transport Protocol

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

SM Session Management

SME Short Message Entity


SMS Short Message Service

SM-SC Short Message Service - Service Centre

SMS-GMSC Short Message Service Gateway MSC

SMS-IWMSC Short Message Service Interworking MSC

SNA Shared Network Area

SNDCP SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

SOHO Small Office and Home Office

SPF Shortest Path First

SPUA SCTP Private User Adaptation Layer

SRNC Serving RNC

SS7 CCITT Signaling System No.7

SSH Secure Shell

SSP Service Switching Point

STM-1 SDH Transport Module -1

STM-4 SDH Transport Module -4

T

TCP Transport Control Protocol

TE Terminal Equipment

TEID Tunnel End ID

U

UACU Auxiliary Control Unit

UAFU UMTS UAG Forwarding Unit

UALU PSM Alarm Unit

UAG UMTS Access Gateway

UAP UMTS Access Point

UASU UMTS UAG Signal Unit

UBIU PSM Back Interface Unit

UBR Unspecified Bit Rate

UBSU Back Storage Unit

UCDR Charging Detail Record unit


UCKI Clock Unit

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UE User Equipment

UEPI E1 Processing Interface unit

UESBI UE Specific Behavior Information

UFCU Frame Connect Unit

UFSU Flash Storage Unit

UGBI GB Interface unit

UGFU GTP Forwarding Unit

UGTP GTP processing unit

UICP Iu_PS Control Processing unit

ULAN LAN-SWITCH card

ULIP Lawful Interception Processing unit

UMTS Universal mobile telecommunication services

UOMU Packet Service O&M Unit

UPIU Packet Interface Unit

UPWR PSM Power module

URCU sub-Rack Control Unit

USIG SIGTRAN Processing Unit

USPU Packet Service Signal Processing Unit

USS7 SS7 Signaling Link Processing Unit

UTPI T1 Processing Interface unit

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial radio access network

V

VBR Variable Bit Rate

VLAN Visual LAN

VLR Visitor Location Register

VMSC Visited Mobile Switching Center , Visited MSC

VPLMN Visited PLMN

VPN Virtual Private Network

W


WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

WRED Weighted Random Early Detection

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