MSc PROJECT

“Heat Transfer Effect on a Nanostructured Tungsten Layer”

Shell Technical Presentation

Ch. Pramod Kumar

17th July 2007

Nanotechnology

Objective

Approach

Modeling

Computer Modeling

Analysis

Conclusion

Possible Future Applications

Why Nano as SSSC?

Motivation through Education

Synopsis

Nano composite: Structures created by packing nanoparticles in a well defined pattern.

Nano: one billionth of a metre (10-9 m)

Composite: a material that is made from several different substances.

Nanotechnology: “The technology at molecular scale”

Human hair: 1µm

Nanotechnology

Heat Transfer Effect on a Nanostructured Tungsten Layer

In macroscopic world: Tungsten is used for:

In nanoscopic world possible applications………………??????????????

Microelectronicpacking

Mobile/PDA Power plants Machinery

Objective

Modelling: Four Layered Metal Ceramic Structure (FLMCS)

Tungsten+ Silica + 2 layers of Barium Titanate

W

BaTiO3

Nanotechnology: Tungsten is being looked for applications as a composite instead of standalone material

Surface protection

Minimised Heat Transfer

Longer shelf life (for future possible applications)

Project Heat Transfer Effect on a Nanostructured Tungsten Layer

Approach

Tungsten (W): High melting point 3410°C Boiling Point ~5700°C Low expansion coefficient

Barium Titanate (BaTiO3): Significant grain orientation High dielectric ferroelectric ceramics (electrical – fuel cells)

Silica used for the surface uniformity of the layers

How do we study the Heat Transfer characteristics…………..??????

Contd…

Roughness“Measurement of small-scale variations in the height of a physical surface”

Macroscopic Roughness > Nanoscale Roughness

Higher Surface area of contact for interaction

Variation types:

Linear Defect (1-Dimensional)

Planar Defects (2-Dimensional)

Point Defects (3-Dimensional)

Modelling

Random Clustered

3.25% 50%Cross-section-SA

Planar Defects:

Linear Defects: protrusions and indentations

Point Defects:

Modelling Roughness of FLMCS

Software (DIGIPAC, Ht3) & Theory

Computational modelling

Cross-section-SA

Functional/Thermal properties: Effective thermal conductivity vs. Surface Area of contact-roughness

Effective thermal conductivity Vs Roughness (contact surface area)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 20 40 60

Roughness (Surface area as %)

Eff

ectiv

e T

her

mal

C

on

du

ctiv

ity(W

/m C

) keff(max)-analyticalkeff -simulated

keff(min)-analytical

Analysis

Cross-section-SA

Fig: FLMCS with increased roughness

*Note: All the simulations are performed on the basis of conduction depending on surface contact area. No convection, radiation or external heat energy

Contd…

Cross-section-SA

Effective thermal conductivity decreases as the surface area of contact is decreased by Fourier heat transfer law

Possible prediction of complex functional properties through simulations

Barium titanate with improved grain orientation brings novel change in heat transfer through the structure

Simulated values lies in the range analytical values.

Fig: FLMCS with increased roughness

Conclusion

CNT NC

QW

CNT- Carbon Nano TubesNC – Nano CompositesQW- Quantum WiresAPPLICATIONS

SPECIFICATIONS

EXPLORATION OF OIL

OIL RECOVERY POWER ENERGY

MUD-PUMPED POWERED DRILLS

DRILL ENGINES TO DRILLS

WELL CAPS, RUBBERS,

DRILL BITSGASKETS

NANO BATTERIES

NANO ENABLE D GRID WITH STORAGE AND

DISTRIBUTION CAPACITY

AS AN IDEASHIPPING OF ELECTRICITY

FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER SIMILAR TO OILBATTERY SIZED TO W,M/C

NO NEED TO COOL DOWN TO CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE

AS SUPERCONDUCTORS

1 COPPER WIRE = 2000 AMP1 AQW (QUANT) = MILLIONS

OF AMPSAQW – ARMCHAIR QUANTUM

WIRE

Possible future applications

NANO = MORE CONTACT SURFACE AREA + SELF ASSEMBLY/RECOVERY = MORE POSSIBILITIES OF REACTIONS AND RESULTS

IF NANO-COMPOSITES ARE ADDED WITH

SSSC = SURFACTANTS + SURFACE AREA + SELF ASSEMBLY + CATALYSTS

MORE REFINED HYDRO-CARBONS FROM CRUDE DURINGEXPLORATION, EXTRACTION AND REFINING

EXAMPLE FOR HYDROPHOBIC SURF

NANO-COMPOSITE/POLYMER COATING ON WELL CAPS WITHHYDROPHOBIC SURFACTANTS

WATER REPELLANT

= OIL RECOVERY PROCESS (EOR)

EXAMPLE FOR HYDROPHILIC SURF

ALLUMINIUM ALLOYS + H2O HYDROPHILIC SURFACTANTS NANO-COMPOSITE COATINGS

ALLUMINIUM OXIDE + H2

= H2 IS FUEL FOR CARS AND AUTOMOBILES

NOTE : SURF = SURFACTANTS; CONTENT FROM SCIENCE DAILY AND GOOGLE WEBSITES

Why nano as SSSC ?

Why does it inspire me? Interest in Science, Einstein’s Ideas and Father’s Encouragement

Inspiration = (Power) (Creativity. Confidence. Challenge)

I = P C3 -----------(Equation 1)

Whereas, According to Ampere’s Law, P=VI = I2 R

Equation 1 can be written as

I = (I2 R) C3 --------(Equation 2)

According to great Einstein’s equation E = mC2 C2=E/m -----(Equation i)

Substituting Equation (i) in Equation 2 we get,

I = I2 R (C. E/m)

Which can be written after solving

m = I C R E

(me, Motivation, mass)= (Inspiration) (Creativity) (Recognition) (Education)

Motivation (Encouragement) = (Individual) (Creativity) ------- Einstein’s greatest quote

What inspiration? Creativity and motivation

Motivation through education