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INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNOLÓGICONORBERT WIENER

Manual del AlumnoASIGNATURA: Ingles Para

Informatica III

PROGRAMA: S3C

Lima-Perú

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SIMPLE PRESENT (Presente Simple)

QUESTIONS :(Preguntas)

* Verb to Be (Verbo ser, estar)

Sentence : The C.P.U is the brain of a computer system(El C.P.U. es el cerebro de un sistema de computación)

Question : Is the C.P.U the brain of a computer system?(¿Es el C.P.U .el cerebro de un sistema de computación?)

Sentence : Computers are electronic brains.(Las computadoras son cerebros electrónicos)

Question : Are computers electronic brains?(¿Son las computadoras cerebros electrónicos?)

Nota :Para formular una pregunta con el verbo “to be” (am, is, are) se antepone el verbo “to be” al sujeto.

Other Verbs (Otros verbos)

Sentence : A computer stores information.(Una computadora almacena información)

Question : Does a computer store information?(¿Almacena información una computadora?)

Sentence : Computers work fast and efficiently.(Las computadoras trabajan rápido y eficientemente)

Question : Do computers work fast and efficiently?(¿Trabajan rápido y eficientemente las computadoras?)

Nota :En presente simple, si la oración contiene un verbo diferente al verbo “to be” , se emplean los auxiliares “do” o “does” para formular una pregunta. El auxiliar “does” se emplea cuando los sujetos son “ he, she, o it ”El auxiliar “do” se emplea cuando los sujetos son “ I, you, we, they “

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

1. I am a computer programmer. (Yo soy un programador)I am not a computer programmer. (Yo no soy un programador)

2. Computers are intelligent. (Las computadoras son inteligentes)Computers aren’t intelligent. (Las computadoras no son inteligentes)

3. My computer has internet. (Mi computadora tiene internet)My computer doesn’t have internet. (Mi computadora no tiene internet)

4. Computers “understand” or “think” (Las computadoras entienden o piensan)

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Computers don’t “understand” or “think”. (las computadoras no entienden o piensan)

Nota :

- Para formar una oración negativa con el verbo “to be” (am, is, are) se coloca la partícula negativa “not” después del verbo (am, is, are).Ejemplo : I’m not a computer programmer

Computers aren’t intelligent.

- Para formar una oración negativa con un verbo diferente al verbo “to be” se precisan los auxiliares “do” o “does”, los cuales se colocan entre el sujeto y “not”, y a continuación el verbo y el complemento.Ejemplo : My computer doesn’t have internet.

Computers don’t “understand” or “think”

SHORT ANSWERS :

1. Verb to Be :

Question : Is English difficult? Are you a computer programmer?Answers : Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. Yes, I am. / No, I am not.

Question : Are the windows opened? Answer : Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. 2. Other Verbs :

Question : Does your computer have multimedia?Answer : Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t.

Question : Do you have a scanner?Answer : Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

Question : Does your father work with computers?Answer : Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

EXERCISES

PUT THESE SENTENCES INTO THE NEGATIVES USING THE VERB IN BRACKETS.

EXAMPLE : John.........................maths. (like) John doesn't like maths.

1. A key ................................. in alphabetical order. (be)2. They ...................................computers in their jobs. (use)3. We ......................................very experienced programmers. (be)4. The cursor...............................very slowly about the screen. (move)5. A mouse ...................................ten keys. (have)6. Computer programs.................... written in natural languages. (be)7. A pocket calculator .......................a disk drive. (have)8. The shop .................................free software. (give)

Complete this paragraph :

Mr. Paul Harris (be) _____ an American teacher. He (live) _____ in London, he (not/live) ______ in the United States. He (be) ____ married, his wife (not/be) ____ American, She (be) ______ English.

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They (live) _______ in London because his wife (not/like) ______ the United States; but their children (be) ______ in the United States now, they (study) ______ there.

Answer :

1. Are computers intelligent?.......................................................................................

2. Is ROM permanent memory?......................................................................................

3. Can computers think?......................................................................................

4. What is the basic job of the computers?......................................................................................

5. Do computers make mistakes?.....................................................................................

6. What is the brain of a computer system?.....................................................................................

7. Do you have a computer?....................................................................................

8. Does your father work with computers?....................................................................................

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE(Presente Progresivo)

Example :

Sentence : Mr. Wilson is drinking a cup of hot coffee. (- working)Question : Is Mr. Wilson drinking a cup of hot coffee?Answer : Yes, he is.

Sentence : Mr. Wilson isn’t working at the moment.Question : Is Mr. Wilson working at the moment?Answer : No, he isn’t. He is drinking a cup of hot coffee.

Nota :

- El presente progresivo indica una acción que está teniendo lugar en el momento en que se habla.

- El presente progresivo se forma colocando el verbo “ to be ” y añadiendo la terminación “ing” (...ando, ...endo) al verbo que se desea conjugar.Ejemplo : The students are writing e.mails now.

(Los estudiantes están escribiendo correos electrónicos ahora.)

The secretary is typing at the moment. (la secretaria está tipeando en este momento)

- Para interrogar se antepone el verbo “to be” al sujeto.Ejemplo : Are the students writing e.mails now?

Is the secretary typing at the moment?

- Para negar se coloca “not” después del verbo “to be”Ejemplo : John isn’t sending a fax.

The students aren’t reading computer magazines.

READING COMPREHENSION

John Cooper is my name, I am a computer programmer, I work for an important company here in London. I’m going to work now.When I go into the office everybody is very busy. Mary is typing a letter, Fred is talking on the phone to customers, some people are waiting to see the manager, Henry is reading long reports, and Jean is sending faxes to France.It’s hard to work here, but we like our job.

1. Is John an engineer?2. What does he do?3. Does he work?4. Where does he work?5. Is John working now?6. What is he doing?

EXERCISES

I. Complete . Use Present Progresive or Simple Present :

1. Mr. Johnson _________ (work) on a report right now.2. The students _________ (come) to classes every day.3. Mr. Smith _________ (collect) information evey morning.

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4. The secretaries ___________ (type) letters now.

II. Write don’t doesn’t, aren’t, am not in the blank space

1. He ________ writing an e. mail right now.2. She ________ send e.mails to your office every day.3. The secretary ______ sending a fax.4. They _______ read their mail in the morning.

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SIMPLE PASTRegular and Irregular verbs

REGULAR VERBS

BASE FORM PAST MEANING

1. Add Added Añadir, sumar2. Address _______ dirigir, direccionar3. Answer _______ Contestar4. Call _______ Llamar5. Clean _______ Limpiar6. Close _______ Cerrar7. Change _______ Cambiar8. Delay _______ Retardar9. Delete _______ Borrar10. Display _______ Mostrar11. Fail _______ Fallar12. Open _______ Abrir13. Paste _______ Pegar14. Record _______ Grabar, registrar15. Replace _______ Reemplazr16. Save _______ Guardar17. Show _______ Mostrar18. Store _______ Almacenar19. Try _______ Intentar20. Type _______ Tipear

IRREGULAR VERBS

BASE FORM PAST PAST PARTICIPLE MEANING

1. Be (am, is, are) Was, were Been Ser, estar2. Begin Began Begun Empezar3. Break Broke Broken Romper4. Come Came Come Venir5. Cut Cut Cut Cortar6. Do Did Done Hacer7. Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar8. Find Found Found Encontrar9. Feed Fed Fed Alimentar10. Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar11. Get Got Got Conseguir12. Give Gave Given Dar13. Keep Kept Kept Mantener14. Know Knew Known Saber, conocer15. Lose Lost Lost Perder16. Make Made Made Hacer17. Read Read Read Leer18. Say Said Said Decir19. Send Sent Sent Enviar20. Set Set Set Establecer, fijar21. Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar22. Take Took Taken Tomar23. Think Thought Thought Pensar24. Understand Understood Understood Entender

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25. Write Wrote Written Escribir

Nota :

- El pasado de los verbos regulares se forman añadiendo “ed” Ejemplo : My secretary answers the phone (Mi secretaria responde el teléfono)

My secretary answered the phone. (Mi secretaria respondió el teléfono)

- No existe una regla para cambiar a pasado los verbos irregulares, por lo que para emplearlos necesitamos memorizarlos o consultar una lista de verbos.Ejemplo : I go to the institute at 8 am ( Yo voy al instituto a las 8 )

I went to the institute at 8 am. ( Yo fui al instituto a las 8)

THE USE OF DID

SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST

Positive

I do We go They have It begins

Positive

I did We went They had It began

Negative

I do We did not goThey didn’t have It begin

Question

I do...? we go...? Did they have...? It begin...?

NOTA :

- Para formar una oración negativa necesitamos el auxiliar “did” y la negación “not” , que se colocan después del sujeto y antes del verbo, el cual debe estar en infinitivo (forma original)Ejemplo : Mr. Wilson wrote an e.mail ( El Sr. Wilson escribió un correo)

Mr. Wilson didn’t write an e.mail ( El Sr. Wilson no escribió un correo)

- Para formar una oración interrogativa se antepone el auxiliar “did” al sujeto y se coloca el verbo en infinitivo (forma original) Ejemplo : The secretary sent a fax (La secretaria envió un fax)

Did the secretary send a fax? (¿Envió la secretaria un fax?)

EXERCISES

Change these sentences to Interrogative and Negative :

1. They started that technology 20 years ago.Interrogative : Did they start that tecnology 20 years ago?Negative : They didn’t start that technology 20 years ago

2. The students took their English exam yesterday morning..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Charles Babbage designed the analytical engine.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. The first generation of computers used the vacuun tubes...............................................................................................................

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..............................................................................................................

5. The programmers drew a flow chart of the problem.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. Dennis typed the information last night............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. Robert and Carlos brought a new C.D. Rom for the P.C...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. It was cold in the computer’s lab yesterday...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. Every computer user required to use the keyboard and the mouse...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. You bought a floppy disk last week...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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SIMPLE PASTReading Comprehension

The first electronic computers, made in the 1940’s, were large, slow , and very expensive, but in the 1960’s computers made a giant step forward with the invention of transistors. Transistors used the semi-conductor properties of silicon to provide electronic amplification. The problem with the early computers was that the electricity used in the computers passed along wires and valves, and this caused very high temperatures. Because silicon is a semi-conductor, the problem of very high temperatures was solved, and it was possible to reduce the size and cost of computers, and also to make them work much faster with more powerful computers. Today, a simple microcomputer can process more information more quickly than the famous Harvard Mark I (IBM ’s first computer , made in 1943) which was 55 feet long and 8 feet high and cost millions of dollars.

Answer :

1. When were the first electronic computers made?.........................................................................................

2. Were they cheap?.........................................................................................

3. How were the first computers?..........................................................................................

4. What was the problem with the early computers?..........................................................................................

5. What important discovery was made in the 1960’s?..........................................................................................

Complete the following text. Use these words :

Showed Was Asked Told Gave Went Said Came

Yesterday I _______ to a lecture at the university about computer viruses. It ______ a very interesting talk. The lecturer _______ us lots of different kinds of viruses on her computer and _______ us about some antivirus programs. She _______ that most of the viruses ________ from the United States. At the end of the lecture some members of the audience ________ some questions, and finally the lecturer ________ us each a leaflet with a lot of information about how to protect your computer against viruses.

Translate :

When I went into the office everybody was very busy. Mary was typing a letter, Fred was talking on the phone to a customer, three people were waiting to see the manager, Henry was reading a long report, and Jean was sending a fax to France.


TIEMPO FUTURO

“ GOING TO ...”

Example : Sentence : John is going to buy a computer next weekend. Question : Is John going to buy a computer next weekend? Answer : Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.

Sentence : The students are going to save the important file. Question : Are the students going to save the important file? Answer : Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.

Nota :

- Para el futuro usamos “ going to ... “ precedido por el verbo “to be” para hablar acerca deintenciones o para hacer predicciones. (se emplea para describir una acción que va a realizarse dentro de un instante o en un futuro más o menos inmediato).

Ejemplo : I am going to have dinner at eight.(Yo cenaré a las ocho)

He is going to read the newspaper tomorrow morning.(el leerá el periódico mañana en la mañana)

- La negación se forma colocando “not” después del verbo to be”, antes de “ going to...”Ejemplo : They are not going to sell their computers.

(Ellos no venderán sus computadoras)

She is not going to watch television.(Ella no verá televisión)

- Para formar la interrogación se coloca el verbo “ to be” delante del sujeto.Ejemplo : Hellen is going to change her car.

Is Hellen going to change her car?

The students are going to visit the museumAre the students going to visit the museum?

- Existen dos tipos de respuestas, breves o completas.Ejemplo : Is the secretary going to send a fax?

Yes, she is / Yes, she is going to send a fax.No, she isn’t. / No, she isn’t going to send a fax.

Are you going to watch television?Yes, I am. / Yes, I’m going to watch television.No, I’m not / No, I’m not going to watch television.


FUTURE TENSE

“ WILL ”

Example : Sentence : The students will study for the final exam. Question : Will the students study for the final exam? Answer : Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.

NOTA :

- Para formar el futuro se emplea el auxiliar “ will ” que se coloca entre el sujeto y el verbo que se desea conjugar.Ejemplo : I will go to the library (Yo iré a la biblioteca)

They will buy a new computer. (Ellos comprarán una computadora)

Contractionswill = ‘llwill not = won’t

- Al igual que otros verbos auxiliares, “will” suele abreviarse en la conversación por “ ’ll ”Ejemplo : Henry will come next week. (Henry vendrá la próxima semana)

Henry’ll come next week.

- Para negar se coloca “ not “ entre “ will ” y el verbo principal. “ Will not” se abrevia “ won’t ” y ésta es la forma que suele emplearse en la conversación.Ejemplo : Susan will not write an e.mail tomorrow.

Susan won’t write an e. mail tomorrow.(Susan no escribirá un correo mañana)

- La interrogación se forma colocando “will” delante del sujeto, al que sigue el verbo que se desea conjugar.Ejemplo : The students will surf the internet

Will the students surf the internet?

- Existen dos tipos de respuestas : breves o completas.Ejemplo : Will the secretary send a fax?

Yes, she will. / Yes, she will send a fax.No, she won’t. / No, she won’t send a fax.


The CPU is the brain of a computer system : It controls all the other parts of the computer, and does all the logical operations. It decides what operations will be performed on data, and also the sequence of those operations. All data must sooner or later pass through the CPU which can retrieve data from memory and store the results of manipulations back into memory.


THE ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word used to qualify or modify a noun. It normally precedes the noun it modifies.(un adjetivo es una palabra usada para calificar o modificar un sustantivo. Normalmente precede el sustantivo que modifica)

Example :

Singular Plural The new student The new students An old printer Some old printers That large room Those large rooms

Nota :En inglés el adjetivo es invariable con respecto a género y número y por regla general precede al sustantivoEjemplo : Good idea (Buena idea)

Good ideas (Buenas ideas)

An adjective can be used as a modifier of the subject after a linking verb :(Un adjetivo puede ser usado como un modificador del sujeto después de un verbo)

Singular Plural This lesson is long These lessons are long (Esta lección es larga) (Estas lecciones son largas)

That package is interesting Those packages are interesting (Ese paquete es interesante) (Esos paquetes son interesantes)

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES(Clases de adjetivos)

1. Descriptive Adjectives(Adjetivos calificativos o descriptivos)Example :

A tall student A large libraryAn intelligent girl An efficient engineer

2. Quantitive Adjectives(Adjetivos de cantidad)Example :

Much - Little All – Any Several – Some Most(mucho-poco) (Todo-nada) (Varios-algunos) (La mayoría)

3. Demonstrative Adjectives(Adjetivos demostrativos)Example :

This keyboard These flowcharts Certain languagesThat printer Those computers Such ideas

4. Possessive Adjectives(Adjetivos posesivos)Example :

My password His nickname Our English classYour computer Her scanner Their teacher


ADJECTIVES WITH THEIR ANTONYMS

1. High Low 11. Hard Soft2. Tall Short 12. Difficult Easy3. Long Short 13. Bad Good4. Wide Narrow 14. Fast Slow5. Large Small 15. Fat Thin6. New Old 16. Clear Dirty7. Big Little 17. Expensive Cheap8. Hot Cold 18. Complex Simple9. Late Early 19. Full Empty10. Right Wrong 20. Right Left

COMPARISONS OF ADJETIVES

Example :

Positive : That car is fast. (Ese carro es rápido)Comparative : That car is faster than this. (Ese carro es más rápido que éste)Superlative : My car is the fastest. (Mi carro es el más rápido)

Nota :

En inglés los adjetivos calificativos tienen tres grados de comparación :- El positivo que expresa simplemente la posesión de una cualidad :

Ejemplo : fast car (carro rápido) tall man (hombre alto)

- El comparativo que indica que una persona o cosa posee una cualidad en mayor o menor grado que otra persona o cosa. En inglés este grado compara sólo dos personas o dos cosas.Ejemplo : That car is faster than this. (Ese carro es más rápido que éste)

Henry is taller than Paul (Henry es más alto que Paul)

- El grado superlativo indica que entre tres o más personas o cosas, una de ellas posee una cualidad en mayor o menor grado que las demás.Ejemplo : My car is the fastest (Mi carro es el más rápido)

Henry is the tallest of the class. (Henry es el más alto de la clase)

El grado comparativo se forma agregando la letra “r” a los adjetivos de una sílaba (algunas veces a los de dos) cuando terminan en vocal, o “er” cuando terminan en consonante)Ejemplo :

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Brave Braver than the bravestSmall Smaller than the smallestOld Older than the oldestEasy Easier than the easiestBig Bigger than the biggest

- Los adjetivos que terminan en “y” se comparan cambiando la “y” en “i”, agregando “er” en el grado comparativo y “est” en el grado superlativo.


- Los adjetivos de una sola sílaba que terminan en consonante doblan esta consonante al formar los grados comparativo y superlativo.

MAKING COMPARISONS(Long adjectives)

Positive : A printer is expensive. (una impresora es cara.)

Comparative : A scanner is more expensive than a printer. (Un scaner es más caro que una impresora)

Superlative : The computer is the most expensive (La computadora es la más cara)

Los adjetivos de tres o más sílabas forman los grados comparativo y superlativo anteponiendo las palabras “more” y “most” Ejemplo :


Important more important than the most importantBeautiful more beautiful than the most beautifulInteresting more interesting than the most interesting

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES


Good Better than The bestBad Worse than The worstLittle Less than The leastMuch, many More than The most

Nota :Algunos adjetivos se comparan de una manera irregular y es necesario aprenderlos de memoria.Ejemplo : Good Better than the best

(bueno) (mejor que...) (el mejor)

Bad worse than the worst(malo) (peor que ...) (el peor)

COMPARISONS OF EQUALTY “As ... as “

Example :My PC is as fast as yours(Mi computadora es tan rápida como la tuya)

He is as intelligent as you(El es tan inteligente como tú)

El grado de igualdad se expresa por medio de las conjunciones “as ...as”


DINAMICA DE ESTUDIO

Multiple exercises

I. Write sentences. Use the correct verbs

1. I ________ to the movies every Wednesday night.Past ; ______________________________________Future : ______________________________________

2. The secretary _________ many letters a day. (negative)Past : ________________________________________Future : ________________________________________

3. My broter ________ engineering at the university. (negative)Past : ________________________________________Future : ________________________________________

4. We ______ work on the computer in the afternoon.Past : ________________________________________Future : ________________________________________

II. Complete. Use the right form of the verbs (Present, Past, future)

1. Mrs. Baker ____________ (send) a copy of the letter tomorrow morning. will send is going to send

2. The computer programmers usually __________ (design) an interesting programs. design

3. The students __________ (go) to a lecture last week.went

4. I __________ (buy) a computer next week.

5. Yesterday I ________ (read) an article about antivirus programs.

6. The engineers always _________ (check) the students’ work.

III. Translate :

1. If your computer uses the Microsoft Windows operating system, you can select DOS or Windows software because windows can run software designed for both of these operating systems.

2. Charles Babbage, generally considered to be the inventor of the computer was born in England in 1791. His first machine, which was limited to solving certain types of mathematical equations, was called the “Difference Engine” But he then had the idea of making a machine which could do any sort of calculation. This device Babbage called the “Analytical Engine”, but it was never finished and Babbage died.

3. Computers are changing the world we live in and the way we live. They are creating new jobs and making old jobs unnecessary.


4. The following checklist can guide you in making purchasing decisions :a. Who will use the equipment?b. Does the equipment come with detailed, understandable setup instructions?c. Will the vendor provide help in installing the equipment?d. Is there a telephone number I can call for help?e. Is the software documentation easy to understand?f. Is there a tutorial I can attend?g. Can the computer be upgraded?h. Do I want to connect the computer to a network workstation and access a file

server?i. Are there expansions slots?j. How many disk drives do I need?k. Will I require high-density or low-density disks?l. Do I need to run the sofware in a Windows environment?m. Can the software be run on a network?n. Will the vendor install the hardware if necessary?

IV. Fill this chart with the comparative and superlative form of the adjectives :


Big Bigger than The biggestSmall _______________ ____________________Warm _______________ ____________________Cold _______________ ____________________High _______________ ____________________Difficult _______________ ____________________Beautiful _______________ ____________________Interesting _______________ ____________________Easy _______________ ____________________Fast _______________ ____________________Comfortable _______________ ____________________

V. Fill in the blanks with the comparative form of the adjective in parentheses.

1. Paris is __________________ (beautiful) Chicago.2. This book is ______________ (interesting) that one.3. This exercise is ______________ (easy) the last one.4. Is this lesson _________________ (difficult) the last one?5. The fax is ______________ (fast) airmail.6. This calculator is ______________ (expensive) that one.

VI. Fill in the blanks with the superlative form of the adjective in parentheses

1. Canada is one of the ___richest ___ (rich) countries of the world in natural resources.2. Queen Victoria was the monarch who ruled for ___________ (long) period in English

history.3. This is one of the ______________ (interesting) books about Greek civilization4. Chinese is probably one of the _______________ (difficult) languages to learn for British

people.5. Florence is one of the ________________ (beautiful) cities in the world.6. The Thames is one of the _______________ (dangerous) rivers in Britain.

VII. Complete. Use “as ... as” :


1. This calculator is ______________ (expensive) that one.2. My office is _____________ (big) Mr. Simm’s office.3. The new equipment is ___________ (slow) the old one.4. Microcomputers are ____________ (efficient) minicomputers.

VIII. Translate the following sentences :

1. This is the cheapest computer we have.2. Eight bits of information combine to form a larger unit called a byte.3. A bit is the smallest unit of information.4. You can divide the main window into two smaller windows.5. For less than $1 000 you can have a very good microcomputer.6. A mainframe is bigger and more expensive than a microcomputer.7. Learning a computer language is not as difficult as it seems.8. All computers have the same basic characteristics.9. Both, minicomputers and microcomputers can have a memory of 32 K.bytes10. A microcomputer can sometimes cost as much as a minicomputer.

IX. READING COMPREHENSION

The CPU

The CPU is the brain of a computer system : It controls all the other parts of the computer, and does all the logical operations. It decides what operations will be performed on data, and also the sequence of those operations. All data must sooner or later pass through the CPU which can retrieve data from memory and store the results of manipulations back into memory. In microcomputers the two big companies that make CPUs are called Intel and Motorola. Both companies make 8, 16, and 32 bit microprocessors; the 32 bit processors are much faster and can process more information than the others, and nowadays modern PCs all have 32 bit processors.

MODAL VERBS


CAN

- Can expresses ability(Can “poder” expresa abilidad. Se traduce “saber” cuando indica aptitud o habilidad para hacer algo )Example :I can use a computer but I can’t use a typewriter.(Yo puedo (sé) usar una computadora pero no puedo (no sé) usar una máquina de escribir)

- Can expresses posibility(Can expresa posibilidad)Example :A computer can be used for entertainment.(Una computadora puede ser usada para entretenimiento)

- Can expresses permission(Can expresa permiso para hacer algo)Example :Can I leave a message?(Puedo dejar un mensaje)

Sentence : The students can use the computers very wellQuestion : Can the students use the computers very well?Short Answers : Yes, they can. / No, they can’t.

Nota :- La interrogación con “can” se forma anteponiendo “can” al sujeto.- Para negar con “can” se añade “not” a dicho verbo, formando una sola palabra “cannot”

o “can’t”

COULD

- Could expresses possibility(Could expresa posibilidad “podría”) Example : The secretary could work better with modern equipment

La secretaria podría trabajar mejor con equipo moderno.

- Could expresses past abilities(Could expresa habilidad pasada “podía, pude”)Ejemplo : When I was younger I could play volleyball very well (Cuando yo era más joven yo podía jugar voleybol muy bien)

- Could expresses Polite requests(Could expresa pedidos en forma cortez “podría”)Ejemplo : Could you open the window?

(¿podría abrir la ventana?)

Sentence : The secretary could work better with modern equipment.Question : Could the secretary work better with modern computers?Short Answers : Yes, she could. / No, she couldn’t.


MUST :

Must expresses obligations(Must indica obligación o deber ineludible de hacer algo “debe”)Ejemplo : The computer must be turned off at night.

(La computadora debe apagarse en la noche)

SHOULD Suggestions (Sugerencias)

We often use should when we ask for or give an opinion about something(Nosotros a menudo usamos “should” cuando pedimos o damos una opinión acerca de algo)

- You should study hard. (Tu deberías estudiar duro) - People shouldn’t smoke (La gente no debería fumar)- Should I apply for that job? (¿Debería solicitar ese trabajo?)

MAY and MIGHT :

- “May” and “Might” express possibilities.( “May” y “Might” expresan posibilidades “ Podría ” )Example :- It may rain tomorrow. (Podría llover mañana)- I might travel around the world if I had money. (Yo podría viajar alrededor del mundo si yo tuviera dinero)

- “May” and “Might” ask for Permission or Polite Request(“May” y “Might” expresan permiso o pedido cortez)Example :- May I come in? (¿Podría entrar?)- May you repeat, please? (¿Podría repetir, por favor?)

Nota : En vez sw “can” se emplea a menudo “may” o “might” para traducir poder cuando se pide o se da permiso para hacer algo.

WOULD

Would expresses possibilityExample :

I would travel around the world if I were a millionaire. (Yo viajaría alrededor del mundo si yo fuera un millonario)

I wouldn’t work if I had money. (Yo no trabajaría si tuviera dinero)

Sentence : That engineer would like to have modern computers.Question : Would that engineer like to have modern computers?Short Answers : Yes, he would. / No, he wouldn’t.

Contractions : I would = I’d

I would not = I wouldn’t

PRESENT PERFECT


(Have / Has + Past Participle)

Example :

Sentence : John has studied for his final exam.Question : Has John studied for his final exam?Answer : Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.

Sentence : They have lived in Madrid since l998.Question : Have they lived in Madrid since 1998?Answer : Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.

Nota :

- El presente perfecto se forma con el auxiliar “have” o “has” acompañado del verbo que se desea conjugar en pasado participio, el cual tratándose de verbos regulares termina siempre en “ed” Ejemplo : I have worked for IBM for ten years.

(Yo he trabajado para IBM por 10 años)

- La interrogación con el presente perfecto se forma colocando el sujeto entre el auxiliar “have” o “has” y el participio del verbo de que se trate.Ejemplo : Mr. Parker has sent a fax (El Sr. Parker ha enviado un fax)

Has Mr. Parker sent a fax? (¿Ha enviado el Sr. Parker un fax?)

- El pasado participio de los verbos irregulares es, en la mayoría de los casos, totalmente distinto del infinitivo e incluso del pretérito.Ejemplo :

BASE FORM PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

Go went goneSee saw seenTake took taken

Present : The students go to the library in the morning.Past : The students went to the library in the morning.Present Perfect : The students have gone to the library in the morning.

- La negación con el presente perfecto se forma colocando “have not” o “has not” , o bien la forma abreviada “haven’t” o “hasn’ t” , según la persona, entre el sujeto y el participio del verbo de que se trate.

Positive Contraction Negative Contraction

I IYou YouWe have ‘ ve We have not haven’tThey They

He HeShe has ‘s She has not hasn’t It It

PRESENT PERFECT


HAVE YOU EVER ...?(¿Alguna vez has ...?)

Example :

1. Have you ever written a computer program? (¿Alguna vez has escrito un programa?) Yes, I have. (Sí, lo he hecho)Yes, I have written a program. (Sí, he escrito un programa)

2. Have you ever travelled to the USA? (¿Alguna vez has viajado a USA?)No, I haven’t. (No, no lo he hecho)No, I have never travelled to the USA. (No, nunca he viajado a USA)

3. Have you ever driven a car? (¿Alguna vez has manejado un carro?)No, not yet. (No, todavía)

FOR / SINCE(por / desde)

The words “for” and “since” are frequently used with the present perfect :(las palabras “for” y “since” son frecuentemente usadas con el presente perfecto) :

Example : - I have worked in this company for 5 years, since 1995. (Yo he trabajado en esta compañía por 5 años, desde 1995)

- She has had the same car since 1994 (Ella ha tenido el mismo carro desde 1994)

- They have gone to the Costa Brava on holiday every year since they got married. (Ellos han ido a la Costa Brava en vacaciones cada año desde que ellos se casaron)

- You haven’t written to me for two years. (Tú no me has escrito por 2 años)

* For is used with periods of time : (For es usado con períodos de tiempo) :

for two hours (Por dos horas) for a long time (Por un largo tiempo)

for three years (Por tres años)

* Since is used when we refer to a point in time : (Since es usado cuando nos referimos a un punto en el tiempo) :

since half past ten (desde las diez y media)since Tuesday (desde el martes)since 1997 (desde 1997)

HOW LONG ...?(¿Cuánto tiempo ...?)


Example :

Question : How long has Mr. Parker worked for IBM? (¿Cuánto tiempo ha trabajado el Sr. Parker para IBM?)

Answer : He has worked for IBM since 1995

(El ha trabajado para IBM desde 1995)

EXERCISES

I. Make questions. Use How long...?

Mary lives in Madrid. (Mary vive en Madrid)How long _has she lived_ in Madrid? (¿Cuánto tiempo ha vivido ella en Madrid?)

I work in St. Mary’s Hospital. (Yo trabajo en el hospital St. Mary’s)How long _have you worked_ in St. Mary’s Hospital? (¿Cuánto tiempo has trabajado en el hospital St. Mary’s?)

1. Mary lives in Madrid.2. I work in St. Mary’s hospital.3. He lives in Manchester.4. Jill plays the piano.5. I know John.6. She studies French.7. They have a Rolls Royce.

II. Complete : For or Since in the following sentences.

1. I’ve lived in Barcelona _______ three years.2. Mary hasn´t seen her brother ______ more than three months.3. We’ve had this car ______ 1988.4. They haven’t been to the cinema ______ a long time.5. I haven’t seen John _____ Tuesday.6. You haven’t written to me ______ you left London.7. He has had the same job _____ five years.8. That man has been here _____ nine o’ clock this morning.

III. Answer about you :

1. Where do you live? How long have you lived there?2. Do you work? How long have you worked there?3. How long have you studied at Norbert Wiener Institute?4. Have you done your homework?5. How many disk drives has your computer got?6. Have you seen the new laser printers?7. Have you ever written a computer program?8. Have you got a PC?9. How long have you had it?



Bits and Byte

All the information, or data, that we give to a computer is represented by electrical signals. The data we enter at the keyboard reaches the CPU as a pattern of electrical pulses, and each part of the pattern is either a 1 or 0 (pulso or no pulse). In fact, the computer deals exclusively with these 2 basic signals which we represent as 1 or 0. This basic unit of information is called a bit, which is short for binary digit. Computers usually work with collections of 8 bits which are called bytes.

The first thing we can do with bytes is represent numbers. We use the binary system instead of the decimal system.

The next thing we can do with the 8 bits which comprise a byte is make each of the 256 different combinations represent a letter, number or symbol. In the case of PCs, these comprise the ASCII code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). In this way we can represent numbers, letters, and symbols for instructions so that the computer can understand them. So in word processing, for example, each character, punctuation mark, number, or symbol on the keyboard is represented by a unique code. The ASCII code represents the letter A as 00010100, for example.

Finally, bits can be used to code pictures. For this, tiny dots called pixels (picture elements) have certain numbers of bits assigned to them. Pictures are formed by putting many pixels together.

Answer :

1. How is computer data represented?2. What are the two basic signals that the computer deals with?3. What is a bit?4. What is a collection of eight bits?5. What is the ASCII code?6. What is a pixel?

The Computer Revolution

Computers are changing our lives. We are at the start of a third industrial revolution, and the protagonist of this revolution is the silicon chip. We find silicon chips in many products, but perhaps the computer is the most obvious example. Computers are rapidly changing the world we live in and the way we live. They are creating new jobs and making old jobs unnecessary : offices, banks, farms and factories are all very different from 20 years ago, and the people who work in them have very different jobs.

1. Are computers changing our lives?2. What is the protagonist of the third industrial revolution?3. Where do we find silicon chips?

MULTIPLE EXERCISES


I. Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use Present Perfect

1. We (visit) __have visited_ that museum many times. 2. Bill (finish) __________ the work recently.3. Sally (lose) ___________ her keys.4. Jack and Betty (decide) ____________ to get married.5. I (travel, never) __________ by plane.6. Charles (go) __________ to Brazil several times.7. Suzanne (have) ____________ a baby.8. The students (pass) _____________ the English exam.9. We (see) ____________ that movie two times.10. I (be) _____________ to Macchu Picchu recently.

II. Copy and complete this letter using the present perfect of the verbs in parentheses.

Dear Richard,

Thanks for your postcard from Spain. I’m sorry I (not write) __________ before but I (be) ___________ very busy and very hot! Gerry’s parents are here and we’re doing a lot of sightseeing. They (read) __________ a few guide books and they want to see everything. We (do) _________ quite a lot so far. We (be) __________ to Mombasa on the coast, we (climb) __________ the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro and we (fly)__________ over the Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe. At the moment I’m writing this letter on safari in the Serengeti National Park. We (just see) __________ some lions!

By the way, (you ever sleep) ___________ under a mosquito net? It’s great fun! Anyway, I must go, Gerry’s dad thinks he (find) _________ a scorpion in his sleeping bag!

Love,

Emma.

Answer about the letter :

1. Who is writting the letter?2. Why hasn’t Enma written before?3. Where have they been?4. Have they seen any animals in the National Park?5. Where have they slept?

III. Write sentences (present perfect) Use Since or For.

Examples :I / live / Rome / ten yearsI _have lived_ in Rome _for_ ten years.

She / not phone / yesterdayShe _hasn’t phone_ _ since_ yesterday.

1. They / work / the same company / 1985 .............................................................................................

2. I / have / this watch / five years

............................................................................................


3. She / study / English / she was five...........................................................................................

4. He / not be / class / last Wednesday

..........................................................................................

5. We / not see / Mary / a long time.........................................................................................

IV. Complete : Past or Present Perfect

1. The students ________ (write) a computer program recently.2. Last week John ________ (write) a program to play a simple game of space invaders.3. The engineers ________ (check) the program for typing mistakes many times.4. The secretary ________ (print) the program recently.5. Mr. Parker ________ (start) the program with a “CLS” command yesterday.

V. Write the right form of the verbs. (Present, Past, Future or Present Perfect) 1. I always ________ (make) back up copies of important information.2. Henry _________ (try) to find a bug in his computer tomorrow.3. The wizards __________ (check) the computers recently.4. Yesterday we __________ (store) the information on our disks.5. Next week the students __________ (visit) IBM.

VI. Translate these sentences :

1. Floppy disks should not be exposed to excesive heat or cold.2. Information may be stored on a disk in random locations and the computer must

reassemble the information quickly before displaying it on your screen.3. All data must pass through the CPU which can retrieve data from memory and store the

results of manipulations back into the memory.4. You must provide a file name in order to add the file to the project.5. Modern computers may be either small and compact or large and more sophisticated,

according to their purpose.6. You should always make back up copies of all important data.7. Disks should be kept in a cool place.8. The computer must be turned off at night.9. You must use CLS to clear the screen.

VII. Translate these paragraphs:

1. Computers may be used in industry and business to help us do things better and faster.2. If your computer uses the Microsft Windows operating systems, you can select DOS or

Windows software because windows can run software designed for both of these operating systems.

3. To find bugs in a computer program and correct them is a very slow task. Bugs can be typing mistakes, or errors in your program. Imagine that you are trying to find a bug in your program, and your teacher is helping you. These are the questions your teacher asks you :

- Have you checked the program for typing mistakes?- Have you printed the program?- Have you started the program with a “CLS” command?

OBLIGATIONSHAVE TO ... / HAS TO ...


Example :

Professionals have to speak English(Los profesionales tienen que hablar inglés)

A secretary has to type fast.(Una secretaria tiene que tipear rápido)

Positive Contraction Negative

I IYou YouWe have to ‘ ve to We don’t have to ...They They

He HeShe has to ‘s to She doesn’t have to ... It It

Nota :

“Have to” o “ Has to” es el sinónimo de “must” (deber)Example :

You have to format every disk before it can receive information(Tú tienes que (debes) formatear cada disco antes que éste pueda recibir información)

EXERCISES

Complete : Have / Has to

1. Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I _______ go now.2. You really _______ work harder if you want to pass the exam.3. Jenny ________ learn English if she wants a better job.4. Paul and Bill can’t come tomorrow, They ________ work late.5. Tom ______ travel next week.

Complete : Don’t / Doesn’t have to

1. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _____________ work.2. She ______________ get up early because she works in the afternoon.3. Tom is very rich, so he _____________ work.4. We ___________ leave yet. We’ve got plenty of time.

Answer :

1. Do you have to clean your bedroom at home?2. What else do you have to do at home?3. What do the students have to do in the laboratory?4. What do you have to do in class?

Nota :

“Have” o “Has” actúan como auxiliares ( “haber”) o como verbos (tiene, debe) según la oración.


Ejemplo :Sally has a new computer. (Sally tiene una nueva computadora) (Posesión)Peter has gone to the office. (Peter ha ido a la oficina) (Presente Perfecto)Susy has to format the disks. (Susy tiene que formatear los discos) (obligación)

TRANSLATE :

The basic function of a computer is to process information or data. A calculator is a simple example. First you have to give the calculator information, in this case numbers (add, subtract, divide or multiply them). Finally after it has “processed” the data, the calculator will give you the answer. So there are three steps in what the calculator (which is a simple computer) does : input, processing and output.

Answer :

1. What is the basic function of a computer?...............................................................

2. Is the calculator a simple computer?................................................................

3. What are the steps that a calculator follow?...................................................................

IMPERATIVES

Imperatives are used to follow instructions


(Los imperativos se usan para seguir instrucciones) Example :

Turn off the monitor. (Apaga el monitor)Don’t eat in the lab. (No comas en el laboratorio)

EXERCISES

Translate these instructions :

Move the cursorDon’t do itDon’t move the computer before you park the hard diskDon’t buy a computer that hasn’t got any software written for it.Don’t believe everything the salesman tells you. Press Esc!Clear the screenPrint the letterWrite quickly!Turn on the printer.Don’t smoke in the computer’s room.Don’t leave the disks in the sun

EXERCISES

Translate the instructions given when opening an ink cartridge.

- Open the package only when you install the enclosed cartridge.- Remove only the yellow portion of the tape from the cartridge before installation.- Once you install the cartridge, do not remove it except to replace.- For best printing results, use up this cartridge within six months of opening this package.- Do not dismantle the cartridge.

MULTIPLE EXERCISES

I. Answer about you :


1. Can you design a program? __________________________________2. Have you drawn a flowchart? __________________________________3. Did you buy a new software? __________________________________ 4. Have you ever been to Cerro Azul? __________________________________5. What do you have to do tomorrow? __________________________________6. Are you going to come on Saturday? _________________________________7. Where are you going to go next weekend? ____________________________8. What did do last week? _________________________________________

II. Complete. Use Present Perfect :

1. Doris (drink) __________ a glass of milk for breakfast.2. They (write) __________ two letters this months.3. He (not/ see) __________ his parents since March.4. (you/ go) _____________ to the theater recently?5. Mrs. Jones (got) __________ a new job.6. I (not/buy) ______________ a computer yet.7. (Silvia /got) ____________ a driven license?8. ( your parents /buy) __________ a new house?

III. Complete. Use the right form of the vebs :

1. Mrs. Steward always (come) _________ to work early.2. Sally (send) ________ an e. mail to Mr. Clinton yesterday.3. Henry Thompson (visit) __________ Madrid many times.4. Alice and Harry (travel) __________ to Miami next summer.5. My secretary (write) ________ many letters every day.6. She (read) __________ an interesting book recently.7. I (come) __________ early tomorrow morning.8. Yesterday morning Mr. Smith (have) ________ a meeting.

IV. Obligations. Wrte Sentences. Use “ Have / has to “

1. I / buy / a computer ________________________________2. We / study / hard ________________________________3. Mrs. Doyle / send / an important fax. ________________________

V. Complete : Use comparatives

1. Your scanner is ___________ (expensive) this one.2. A monochrome monitor is ________ (cheap) a colour monitor.3. These computers are ________ (good) than those ones.

VI. Complete : Use superlatives

1. This is _________ (good) film I have seen.2. Basic is probably ________ (easy) programming language to learn.3. That is __________ (expensive) package on the market today.

VII. Translate :

1. Computers are useful because they can store a lot of information in a small space, and manipulate, or process, the information quickly.


2. Computers can read, write and calculate at the speed of light.

3. Computers can count very fast and help people who work with complicated mathematical

calculations.

4. Some computers can store billions of pages of information and do complicated operations on the data incredible fast.

5. All data must pass through the CPU which can retrieve data from memory and store the results of manipulations back into the memory.

6. You can’t create an unnamed file, you must provide a file name in order to add to file to the project.

7. Modern computers may be either small and compact or large and more sophisticatedaccording to their purpose.

8. Don’t worry too much about viruses. You may never see one. There are just a few ways to

become infected that you should be aware of.

9. Your word processor would not be of much use if you could not store the documents that you prepare.

10. You can not use the Macintosh version of Microsoft Word on your IBM compatible computer.

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