smart/green house + wpt

1

Home Automation

It is the automatic and electronic control of household

features, activity and appliances.

Domestic activities can then be regulated

with the touch of a button from any remote location.

HA software is often connected through computer networks;

so that users can adjust settings on their personal devices.

2

Home Automation

A good HA system is the one:

Easy to use.

Promote energy efficiency.

Improves Safety of your home.

3

Modern Access through

hand-held devices as

Mobiles and Tablets

With trigger events and

Alerts

Devices

Home AutomationGeneral Components

Control unit that send the

signals through to the

peripherals such as lights,

AC, home entertainment,

etc.

Through Wi-Fi or TCP/IP

Control

Smart control system

accepts different types of

peripherals: door locks,

dimmers, thermostat, etc.

Peripherals

4

Home AutomationPeripherals

Door Locks

Virtual keys to your home.

Different keys with different permissions

Connected with the Alarm & Security systems.

5


Light Control

Motion sensors detect a presence in a room

and (switch/control) the light accordingly.

Dimmers automatically adjust LED brightness

depending on the light level

Promotes energy efficiency.

6


Security & Alarm

Motion sensors & cameras.

Activate alarms, call of law enforcement if needed

and send alert messages through service controller

to the home owner.

Improves safety of your home.

7


Temperature/Climate Control

Programmable thermostat ensures climate control

in the house by controlling AC/Heater temperature.

Promotes energy efficiency

8


Automatic Shading

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Automatic Shading

Control over blinds and curtains through the day.

Keep rooms from getting hotter during the day;

thus decreasing the use of the AC or fans.

It can be integrated with temperature control for AC

and security system to expose intruders.

Morning wake ups integration with clock and alarm.

10

Home AutomationModel

We can design smart house system on

small scale using :

Microcontroller: Arduino – raspberry pi .

Sensors : ultrasonic – infra red - LDR .

LEDs – lamps .

Motors .

LCDs

Wireless modules .

11

Home Automation

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Door Lock

We can use:

- keypad

-MCU with predefined password

-LCD

-Buzzer

Designed system to accept the right password or activate the alert system.

Using the keypad or input from a mobile or tablet connected over Wi-Fi.

13


Light Control

We can use:

-Ultrasonic sensors for motion detection.

-LDR sensor for light level in a room.

-LEDs or Lamps to be controlled by MCU.

14


Automatic Shading

We can use:

-LDR sensor for light level outside.

-Stepper Motor to control motion of the curtain.

-MCU to control the logic of the circuit plus to allow manual over-ride.

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We can add different peripherals circuit to the system such as:

-Temperature control to send signal to AC or Heaters and display it on

a screen.

-We can track power consumption in the house.

-Smoke detection for fire-fighting system.

We can design a mobile application to control the system over WiFi.

We can try to make a real life model over a limited location like a room;

to control 220V appliances using the same MCU any system logic with relays

and protection circuit.

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Solar EnergyWhy do we use semiconductors?

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18


Different Efficiency.

Different Material.

Bandgap.

Quantum Efficiency.

Multi junction

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Solar Energy

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Solar Energy

21

Solar Energy

Organizing the atoms in Single-Crystal VS. Thin-Film Solar Cells

crystals is like removing the trees to make a road through a forest. Atoms out of

place or atomic impurities are obstacles for the electron just like trees are obstacles

for a car.

Collisions with these obstacles force the electron (or the car) to lose energy.

If you were a car driving through the national forest, or an electron passing through

a solar cell, which path would you rather take ?

In any case, after 25 years of effort on thin - film solar cells, their module efficiencies

are still low

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Solar EnergyConcentration PV

23

Solar EnergyEfficiency of Semi-Conductors

Single-crystal materials up to 40 % and low efficiency in Silicon.

MonoCrystalline Si solar cell Record efficiency : 24.7 %

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Multicrystal Si solar cell Record efficiency : 19.5 %

Amorphousl Si solar cell Record efficiency : >10 %

25


HIT (Hetero-junction with Intrinsic Thin layer) solar cell Record efficiency : 23%

CdTe solar cell Record efficiency : 17.3 %

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DSSC solar cell Record efficiency : 24.2 %

Organic solar cell Record efficiency : 9.1 %

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Solar EnergySolar Thermal Energy

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Solar Energy

Two Main Categories

Solar Thermal Energy

Solar Thermal Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

Water heating and

cooking

Electricity

production

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Solar EnergySolar Thermal Energy

Solar thermal energy (STE) is a form of energy and a technology for harnessing

solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use in industry,

and in the residential and commercial sectors

Cooking Water Heating

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Solar Energy

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Solar EnergySolar Energy Applications

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Solar EnergySolar Water Heat

Solar water heating is the most efficient

and economical use of solar energy.

Residential systems start at $2500 and

typically cost $3500-$4500 installed.

Savings of $30-$75 per month, lasting

20 years.

Tax credits and state rebates available.

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Solar EnergySpace Heating

A solar space heater collects the sun’s energy by a solar collector and directs

the energy into a “thermal mass” for storage later when the space is the

coldest

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Solar EnergyAdvantages of Solar Thermal Energy

No Fuel Cost

Predictable, 24/7 Power

No Pollution and Global Warming Effects

Using Existing Industrial Base

35

Solar EnergyDisadvantages of Solar Thermal Energy

High Costs

Water Issue

limited Locations and Size Limitations

Long Gestation Time Leading to Cost Overruns

Financing

36

Solar EnergySolar Electric - Photovoltaic

Types of PV systems

Stand-alone systems

Grid-connected systems

Hybrid systems

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Solar EnergySolar Electric - Photovoltaic

Components of a PV systems

Solar panels

Energy storage

DC-DC converters

InvertersCharge

controllers

38

Solar EnergyEnergy Storage

nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)

Lead-acid

Lithium ion batteries (LIB)

39

Solar EnergyDC-DC Converter

DC-DC converters in order to convert the module output, which will have a variable voltage

depending on the time of the day and weather conditions, to a compatible output voltage that

can be used as input for an inverter in a grid-connected system.

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Solar EnergyInverters

Micro Inverters:

These inverters operate directly at one or several PV modules and have power ratings of

severalhundreds of watts

Central Inverters:

offer high efficiency, reliability and easy-to-maintain industrial design in compact package

String Inverters:

combine the advantages of central and module integrated inverter concepts with little

tradeoffs.

41

Solar EnergyCharge Controllers

Charge controllers that are used in stand-alone systems to control charging and often also

discharging of the battery. They prevent the batteries from being overcharged and also from

being discharged via the PV array during night

42

Wind energy is one of the most important and promising sources of renewable energy all

over the world, mainly because it is considered to be non polluting and economically viable.

At the same time, there has been a rapid development of related wind turbine technology.

Wind energy is basically changing kinetic energy of the wind into rotational energy. The

electrical generator then converts this rotational energy into electrical energy

Wind EnergyIntroduction

43

Wind EnergyFundamental Equation of Wind Power

Wind Power depends on

Amount of air (volume)

Speed of air (velocity)

Mass of air (density)

Power Curve of Wind Turbine

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Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment.

Wind turbines take up less space than the average power station.

Newer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more efficient.

Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in remote locations.

When combined with solar electricity, this energy source is great for developed and

developing countries to provide a steady, reliable supply of electricity.

Wind EnergyThe Advantages of Using Wind Energy

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The strength of the wind is unreliable.

Wind turbines generally produce less electricity than the average fossil fuelled power

station.

High noise pollution.

Protests and/or petitions usually confront any proposed wind farm development.

Limitations due to price and storage issues it is not a viable option as a constant source of

power.

♦Especially considering the fact that practical wind machines only extract 5% to 45%

of available power depending on the efficiency of the turbine design.

Wind EnergyThe Disadvantages of Using Wind Energy

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Wind EnergyWind Turbine

Wind turbines can be divided into two main types

Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT)

Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT)

based on which direction they spin either horizontally or vertically.

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Wind EnergyComparison between VAWTs and HAWTs

Points HAWTs VAWTs

Source of producing

electricityLarge Large

Use of electrical generator Yes Yes

Fanatical feasibility High Low

Operating speed From 3mph to 50mph From 1mph to 20mph

Range of power production From 1kw to 6 Megawatts Less than 50 kw

Maintenance Relatively hard Easy

Size Commercial Non-commercial (small applications)

Positioning Must face the wind don't need to face wind

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Blades: Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin.

Gear box: Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the

rotational speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm;

this is the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity.

Generator: Produces 60-cycle AC electricity; it is usually an off-the-shelf induction

generator.

Wind EnergyWind Turbine Subsystems

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Wind EnergyEconomics of Wind Energy

The key elements that determine the basic costs of

wind energy are shown in detail below:

Upfront investment costs, mainly the turbines

The costs of wind turbine installation

The cost of capital, i.e. the discount rate

Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs

Other project development and planning costs

Turbine lifetime

Electricity production, the resource base and

Energy losses.

50

The levelized cost of some wind technologies has plummeted in recent years. The graphic

below shows that the average cost of onshore wind has fallen from $135 per megawatt-

hour in 2009 to $59 in 2014. That’s a 56 % drop in five years. Lazard attributes these falling

costs to “material declines in the pricing of system components (e.g., panels, inverters,

racking, turbines, etc.), and dramatic improvements in efficiency, among other factors.”

Wind EnergyWind Costs Falling

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Onshore wind has the lowest average levelized cost in this analysis at $59 per megawatt-

hour. By comparison, the lowest cost conventional technologies were gas combined cycle

technologies, averaging $74 per megawatt-hour, and coal plants, averaging $109.

Wind EnergyComparing the Costs of Renewable &

Conventional Energy Sources

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Wind EnergyTypes of Motors

Synchronous generator Asynchronous (induction) generator

1- Wound rotor generator (WRSG) 1-Squirrel cage induction generator

(SCIG)

2- Permanent magnet generator

(PMSG)

2- Wound rotor induction generator

(WRIG)

A-Opti-Slip induction generator (OSIG)

B- Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)

53

Wind EnergyWind Turbines

Currently, three wind turbine concepts dominate the market

Fixed-speed wind turbines with an induction generator directly connected to the grid.

Gearless wind turbines with a power electronic converter connected between the stator and the grid.

DFIG, i.e., a slip-ringed wound-rotor induction generator, where a power electronic converter is

connected between the rotor circuit and the grid.

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The latter is currently the most popular one, due to its high energy efficiency and due to the

fact that a power electronic converter with a rating of only 20%–30% of the rated wind

turbine power is needed. However, it is the most difficult one to control and also to model.

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Wind Energy

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Wind power refers to the extraction of kinetic energy from the wind and conversion of it into

a useful type of energy: thermal, mechanical, or electrical. This can be achieved through

the use of wind turbines to generate electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps

for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

Wind EnergyOnshore and Offshore Wind Energy

Generation Technologies

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Onshore Disadvantages:

Wind turbines are noisy.

Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car travelling 70 mph.

Some people think that the large towers of wind turbines destroy the view of the landscape.

Onshore Advantages:

A regular onshore turbine last for around 20 years.

Normally it takes about 2-3 months before the wind turbine has paid itself back.

This also includes the energy, which were used to produce, install, maintain and

remove the wind turbine.

Cheaper foundation.

Cheaper integration with electrical-grid network.

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Offshore Disadvantages:

More expensive to build.

More difficult to maintain and access..

Offshore Advantages:

An offshore wind turbine is stronger than an onshore turbine. It lasts around 25-30 years,

and produces about 50 % more energy than an onshore turbine.

When a strong wind blows, it produces around 3-5 MW per hour.

Higher and more constant wind speed.

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Wind Energy

61

Wind EnergyLondon Array

The London Array is a 175 turbine 630MW offshore wind farm located 20 km off the Kent

coast in the outer Thames Estuary in the United Kingdom. It is the largest offshore wind

farm in the world, and the largest wind farm in Europe by megawatt capacity.

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Wireless Power TransferNear-Field WPT

The first visions of wireless power transmission came from Nikola Tesla in the

early 20th century. Wireless power could have been developed a lot earlier,

there was never strong demand for it because of the lack of mobile electronic

devices then. Commonplace mobile electronics today such as laptops and

cellphones have caused a renewed interest in wireless power.

In 2007, a group of researchers at MIT achieved wireless power transfer,

powering a light bulb of 60W over distances exceeding 2 meters with

efficiency of around 40%. In their wireless power system, they use a pair of

strongly magnetically coupled resonators, with a transmitter and a receiver

forming a resonant pair.

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Wireless Power TransferWhy Near-Field WPT ?

Reduce the hazard of electric shock for appliances used in wet

environments.

Wireless power is the ultimate solution to cut the last cable.

Used to charge electric vehicles such as cars.

Recharging of biomedical prosthetic devices implanted in the

human body, such as cardiac pacemakers and insulin pumps,

to avoid having wires passing through the skin.

It could drastically reduce the 6 billion batteries disposed of

each year, a large source of toxic waste and groundwater

contamination

64

Wireless Power TransferWhat is Near-Field WPT ?

Near-field or nonradiative region – This means the area within about 1 wavelength (λ)

of the antenna. In this region the oscillating electric and magnetic fields are separate

and power can be transferred via electric fields by capacitive coupling (electrostatic

induction) between metal electrodes, or via magnetic fields by inductive coupling

(electromagnetic induction) between coils of wire.

These fields are not radiative, meaning the energy stays within a short distance of

the transmitter. If there is no receiving device or absorbing material within their limited

range to "couple" to, no power leaves the transmitter.

The range of these fields is short, and depends on the size and shape of the

"antenna" devices, which are usually coils of wire. The fields, and thus the power

transmitted, decrease exponentially with distance, so if the distance between the two

"antennas" Drange is much larger than the diameter of the "antennas" Dant very little

power will be received. Therefore, these techniques cannot be used for long distance

power transmission.

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Wireless Power TransferResonance

In physics, resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when a given system is driven by

another vibrating system or external force to oscillate with greater amplitude at a

specific preferential frequency.

Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonance frequency

when the imaginary parts of impedances or admittances of circuit elements cancel

each other. In some circuits this happens when the impedance between the input and

output of the circuit is almost zero and the transfer function is close to one.

Resonance of a circuit involving capacitors and inductors occurs because the

collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an electric current in its windings

that charges the capacitor, and then the discharging capacitor provides an electric

current that builds the magnetic field in the inductor. This process is repeated

continually. An analogy is a mechanical pendulum.

Resonance, such as resonant inductive coupling, can increase the coupling between

the antennas greatly, allowing efficient transmission at somewhat greater distances,

although the fields still decrease exponentially.

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Wireless Power TransferResonance

Therefore the range of near-field devices is conventionally divided into

two categories:

Short range – up to about one antenna diameter: Drange ≤ Dant.

This is the range over which ordinary nonresonant capacitive or inductive

coupling can transfer practical amounts of power.

Mid-range – up to 10 times the antenna diameter: Drange ≤ 10 Dant.

This is the range over which resonant capacitive or inductive coupling

can transfer practical amounts of power

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Wireless Power TransferTypes of Near-Field Wireless Power

Inductive Coupling

Inductive coupling is the oldest and most widely used wireless power technology,

and virtually the only one so far which is used in commercial products.In inductive

coupling (electromagnetic induction or inductive power transfer, IPT), power is

transferred between coils of wire by a magnetic field. The transmitter and receiver

coils together form a transformer.

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Resonant Inductive Coupling

A form of inductive coupling in which power is transferred by magnetic fields

between two resonant circuits (tuned circuits), one in the transmitter and one in the

receiver. Each resonant circuit consists of a coil of wire connected to a capacitor,

or a self-resonant coil or other resonator with internal capacitance. The two are

tuned to resonate at the same resonant frequency. The resonance between the

coils can greatly increase coupling and power transfer, similar to the way a vibrating

tuning fork can induce sympathetic vibration in a distant fork tuned to the same pitch

(In 2007 a team led by Marin Soljačić at MIT used two coupled tuned circuits each

made of a 25 cm self-resonant coil of wire at 10 MHz to achieve the transmission

of 60 W of power over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (8 times the coil diameter) at

around 40% efficiency).

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Wireless Power TransferResonant Inductive Coupling

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Capacitive Coupling

In capacitive coupling (electrostatic induction), the dual of inductive coupling, power is

transmitted by electric fields between electrodes such as metal plates. The transmitter

and receiver electrodes form a capacitor, with the intervening space as the dielectric.

An alternating voltage generated by the transmitter is applied to the transmitting plate,

and the oscillating electric field induces an alternating potential on the receiver plate by

electrostatic induction, which causes an alternating current to flow in the load circuit.

The amount of power transferred increases with the frequency and the capacitance

between the plates, which is proportional to the area of the smaller plate and

(for short distances) inversely proportional to the separation.

Capacitive coupling has only been used practically in a few low power applications,

because the very high voltages on the electrodes required to transmit significant power

can be hazardous, and can cause unpleasant side effects such as noxious ozone production.

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Wireless Power TransferCapacitive Coupling

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Wireless Power TransferNear-Field WPT as a Project Possibility

The most ambitious project in this field is to add to the smart home system

such that a coil in the wall or ceiling of a room might be able to wirelessly

power lights and mobile devices anywhere in the room, with reasonable

efficiency; powering small devices such as clocks, radios, music players and

remote controls. (it can be made with a retrofit design so it can work with any

device that uses batteries)

Another possibility is a charge station similar to the power mat that charges a

single device as a laptop or a mobile or it can be developed to power multiple

devices with improved efficiency and range

73

Wireless Power TransferChallenges

Safety Check for maximum permissible exposure for magnetic field The techniques

of strongly coupled magnetic resonances allow efficient power transfer between a pair

of transmitter and receiver coils, efficiency greatly deteriorates upon adding more

receivers to the strongly coupled system due to the interaction between multiple

coupled resonators.

EMI/EMC : Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the branch of electrical sciences

which studies the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of

electromagnetic energy with reference to the unwanted effects (electromagnetic

interference, or EMI) that such energy may induce. The goal of EMC is the correct

operation, in the same electromagnetic environment, of different equipment which use

electromagnetic phenomena, and the avoidance of any interference effects.

Time if this is to be considered a part of the smart home project it should be governed

by set time or it can be considered a full project

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Wireless Power TransferChallenges – Safety Check

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Wireless Power TransferFar-Field WPT

Far field methods achieve longer ranges, often multiple kilometer ranges,

where the distance is much greater than the diameter of the device(s).

Aims at high power transfer.

In general, visible light (from lasers) and microwaves (from purpose-designed

antennas) are the forms of electromagnetic radiation best suited to energy

transfer.

Radiative.

Needs line-of-sight.

LASER or Microwave.

76

Wireless Power TransferTypes of Far-Field Wireless Power

Microwave

Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing longer

distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically

in the microwave range.

A rectenna (Stands for Rectifying Antenna) may be used to convert the microwave energy

back into electricity.

Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been realized.

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Wireless Power TransferMicrowave Power Transfer

Electrical energy to microwave energy.

AC can not be directly converted to microwave energy.

AC is converted to DC first.

DC is converted to microwaves using magnetron.

Capturing microwaves using rectenna.

Transmitted waves are received at rectenna which rectifies, gives DC as the output

DC is converted back to AC

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Wireless Power TransferMicrowave Power Transfer

79

Wireless Power TransferTypes of Far-Field Wireless Power

LASER

In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to the visible region of the spectrum

(tens of micrometers to tens of nanometers), power can be transmitted by converting

electricity into a laser beam that is then pointed at a photovoltaic cell.

This mechanism is generally known as "power beaming" because the power is beamed

at a receiver that can convert it to electrical energy.

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Wireless Power TransferLASER Power Transfer

LASER is highly directional, coherent

Not dispersed for very long.

But, gets attenuated when it propagates through atmosphere.

Simple receiver - Photovoltaic cell.

Cost-efficient

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Wireless Power TransferLASER VS. Microwaves

When LASER is used, the antenna sizes can be much smaller.

Microwaves can face interference (two frequencies can be used for WPT are

2.45GHz and 5.4GHz).

LASER has high attenuation loss and also it gets diffracted by atmospheric

particles easily

84

Wireless Power TransferSolar Power Satellites - SPS

To provide energy to earth’s increasing energy need.

To efficiently make use of renewable energy i.e., solar energy.

SPS are placed in geostationary orbits.

Solar energy is captured using photocells.

Each SPS may have 400 million photocells.

Transmitted to earth in the form of microwaves/LASER.

Using rectenna/photovoltaic cell, the energy is converted to electrical energy.

Efficiency exceeds 95% if microwave is used.

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Wireless Power TransferRectenna

Stands for rectifying antenna.

Consists of mesh of dipoles and diodes.

Converts microwave to its DC equivalent.

Usually multi-element phased array.

Rectenna in US receives 5000MW of power from SPS.

It is about one and a half mile long.

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Wireless Power TransferAdvantages of Far-Field Energy Transfer

Efficient.

Easy.

Need for grids, substations etc. are eliminated.

Low maintenance cost.

More effective when the transmitting and receiving points are along a line-of-

sight.

Can reach the places which are remote.

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Wireless Power TransferDisadvantages of Far-Field Energy Transfer

Radiative.

Needs line-of-sight.

Initial cost is high.

When LASERs are used, conversion is inefficient, Absorption loss is high.

When microwaves are used, interference may arise, FRIED BIRD effect.

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Designing your home for energy efficiency will help you live

more comfortably and save money, and help you save the

environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

An energy smart home takes advantage of the sun’s free

warmth and light, with simple design features to keep it

warm and comfortable in winter, and cool in summer.

Up to 25% of the heat in your home is lost through the roof

and up to 35% through the walls so insulating them gives

you the biggest savings on your energy bills.

Smart House Materials

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Houses may be solid walls or cavity walls:

A cavity wall is made up of two walls with a gap in between, known as the cavity; the

outer leaf is usually made of brick, and the inner layer of brick or concrete block.

A solid wall has no cavity; each wall is a single solid wall, usually made of brick or

stone.

Smart House MaterialsCavity and Solid Walls

Cavity Wall Solid Wall

We will focus on solid wall than the cavity wall as it is less expensive and efficient also.

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Internal or external insulation?

Smart House MaterialsSolid Wall Insulation

Internal Insulation External Insulation

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Internal Wall Insulation advantages and disadvantages

Generally cheaper to install than external wall insulation

Slightly reduce the floor area of any rooms in which it is applied (the thickness of the

insulation is around 100mm)

Disruptive, but can be done room by room.

Hard to fix heavy items inside walls – although special fixings are available.

External Wall Insulation advantages and disadvantages

Can be applied without disruption to the household.

Does not reduce the floor area of your home.

Renews the appearance of outer walls.

Improves weatherproofing and sound resistance.

Fills cracks and gaps in the brickwork, which will reduce draughts.

Increases the life of your walls by protecting the brickwork.

Smart House MaterialsSolid Wall Insulation

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Roof should preferably be insulated from above. A

layer of rigid insulation board can be added either

on top of the roof's weatherproof layer or directly on

top of the timber roof surface with a new

weatherproof layer on top of the insulation.

Smart House MaterialsRoof Insulation

95

All properties lose heat through their windows. But energy-efficient glazing keeps your home

warmer and quieter as well as reducing your energy bills. That might mean double or triple-

glazing, secondary glazing, or just heavier curtains.

Smart House MaterialsEnergy Efficient Windows

How energy-efficient glazing works ?

Double-glazed windows have two sheets of glass with a gap in between, usually about 16mm,

to create an insulating barrier that keeps heat in. This is sometimes filled with gas. Triple-glazed

windows have three sheets of glass, but aren’t always better than double-glazed windows.

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For all frame materials there are windows available in all energy ratings.

uPVC frames last a long time and may be recycled.

Wooden frames can have a lower environmental impact, but require maintenance. They

are often used in conservation areas where the original windows had timber frames.

Aluminum or steel frames are slim and long-lasting, and may be recycled.

Composite frames have an inner timber frame covered with aluminum or plastic. This

reduces the need for maintenance and keeps the frame weatherproof.

Smart House MaterialsWindows Frame materials

97

Windows that have an energy rating will have the u-value of the window displayed on the

energy label. A u-value is a measure of how easily heat can pass through a material.

Materials that let out more heat have higher u-values whereas materials that let less heat

pass through them have lower u-values.

Smart House MaterialsWindows U-Values

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Smaller energy bills.

Smaller carbon footprint.

More comfortable home: energy-efficient glazing reduces heat loss through windows and

means fewer draughts and cold spots.

Peace and quiet: as well as keeping the heat in, energy efficient-windows insulate your

home against external noise.

Reduced condensation: energy-efficient glazing reduces condensation build-up on the

inside of windows.

Smart House MaterialsBenefits of Energy-Efficient Windows

The costs and savings for energy-efficient glazing will be different for each home and each

window, depending on its size, material and the installer you choose. Double glazing should

last for 20 years or more.

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Like any other part of the home, doors can be insulated and draught-proofed to prevent heat

from escaping. New external doors now generally contain integrated insulation to reduce heat

loss.

Smart House MaterialsEnergy-Efficient Doors

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Air conditioners efficiencies are greatly affected by the heating and cooling loads occur in the

building because of radiant energy from the sun that enters through windows, is absorbed by

furniture, walls, and equipment, within the building, and is later radiated as heat within the

building and also affected by the heat conducted through the building envelope ( walls, roofs,

floors and windows) to or from the environment around the building.

Smart House MaterialsEnergy Efficiency Rating of Air Conditioners:

101

The efficiencies of air conditioners are usually measured in terms of their Energy Efficiency

Ratios (EER); EER= Btu of cooling / (watt-hours of electric energy input)

The cooling load due to solar radiation through windows can be calculated by :

q =Ƹ(AxSCxMSHGxCLF)

Where q =cooling load (Btu/hr)

SC =shading coefficient

A =window area (ft2)

CLF =cooling load factor

MSHG =maximum solar heat gain (Btu/hr/ft2)


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So by installed building with insulated walls, insulated roof, and double-glazed windows will

decrease the heat conduction through walls and reduce the radiant energy from the sun so

cooling load decrease, efficiency of air conditioner increase and electric energy input

decrease ( Electricity bill will be reduced ).


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Lighting accounts for 18% of a typical household’s electricity bill. You can cut your lighting bill

and energy use by changing which bulbs you use and how you use them. Houses typically

use a mixture of standard light fittings and downlights or spotlight fittings. Energy efficient

bulbs are available for both types of fittings.

Smart House MaterialsEnergy Efficient Lighting

Which light bulbs are energy efficient?There are two main types of energy efficient light bulbs which are Compact Fluorescent Lamps

(CFLs)and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).

CFLs are a cost-effective option for most general lighting requirements.

Replacing a traditional light bulb with a CFL of the same brightness will save energy.

LEDs are available to fit both types of fittings and are particularly good for replacing spotlights

and dimmable lights.

Though more expensive to buy initially, they are more efficient than CFLs and will save you

more money in the long term. By replacing all halogen downlights in your home with

LED alternatives.

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home owner

home entertainment

home automationit

temperature control

alert system

smart house system

light level

motion detection