Spain Builds an Empire

Dividing the World Spain and Portugal wanted new lands Pope settled dispute. Line of Demarcation- imaginary line around the earth, running north and south.

Amerigo Vespucci Italian merchant in Spain outfitting ships. Served as navigator on expeditions. Took credit for finding new continent- the “New World.”◦ Later named America

Pedro Cabral Sailor from Portugal.

Planned to reach India following De Gama’s route.

Found Brazil by accident.

Vasco Nunez Balboa Spanish adventurer who set up new colony of Darien in present day Panama. Reached Pacific Ocean and named it South Sea; claimed it for Spain. Dreamed of reaching Peru, was beheaded for treason. (Francisco Pizzaro)

Ferdinand Magellan Wanted to sail West to find the Indies. Found strait between 2 oceans. Strait of Magellan

Renamed South Sea to the Pacific, meaning “peaceful.”

After 4 months, sailors reached islands they named the Philippines. Converted chief to Catholic faith. Magellan killed in a battle against chief’s enemies.

Juan Sebastian del Cano Captain of Victoria (one of Magellan’s ships) Sailed across Indian Ocean home to Spain. These sailors were first circumnavigate the earth. (Means to sail around.) First real proof that the world was round, and Americas were not part of Asia.

The Lure of North America

Exploring the Gulf Coast Juan Ponce de Leon- First Spaniard to explore the Gulf Coast.◦ Conquered and governed Peru.

◦ Searched for fountain of youth and discovered land he called Florida.

Hernan Cortes Spanish conquistador (conqueror)

Led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire.

Mexico became a part of New Spain.

Hernando de Soto Landed in Tampa, fought his way to present day Tennessee. First European to see the Mississippi River. Ruthless leader, enslaved Indians, stole food. Tricked by Indians.

Francisco Coronado Set out to find seven golden cities.

Coronado is credited with discovery of Grand Canyon.

Explored Texas and the great plains. Found no gold.

Cabrillo and the California Coast Was with Cortes when he conquered the Aztecs.

Explored the west coast in North America.

Allowed Spain to have better knowledge of west coast.

Life in New Spain

Spanish conquered lands for three reasons 1. They were very good at navigating.

2. Spanish had a long tradition of fighting and conquering.

3. Had experience in settling new territories. Convert people to Christianity.

Life in New Spain Empire divide into a viceroyalty- ruled by a viceroy (king’s representative) Cities built same, grid pattern with plaza in center. Roads linked Mexico to remote parts of Empire. El Camino Real- “the king’s highway”

Trade and the Empire Mercantilism- exchange of goods between America and Spain. 1. The purpose of colonies was to benefit the parent company. 2. A country could become more wealthy and powerful by building up its supply of precious metals.

Trade and Empire•Made sure exports were larger than imports.

• Took vast amounts of gold and silver from Americas.

Search for Northwest Passage Europeans wanted a quicker way to Asia.

Spent over 100 years searching for NW Passage.

Northwest Passage- Search for water route through Americas.

Explorations for England In 1610, Henry Hudson explored northern Canada for England. One year later, Hudson’s crew mutinied and returned to Holland. Left Hudson, his son, and several loyal sailors to perish in the Hudson Bay.

The Religious ChallengeRELIGIOUS DISPUTES DURING THE 1500S GAVE RISE TO CHALLENGES TO SPAIN’S AUTHORITY BOTH IN EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS

The Reformation Development of printing allowed common people to own Bibles.

Bible spoke of simple religious faith.

Church had grown rich, powerful, and corrupt.

Martin Luther German priest, protested against corruption in the church. Began reformation- revolt against the Catholic church. Those who revolted were called Protestants, because of their protests against Catholic teachings.

•Luther’s followers became known as Protestants.

Luther posting his “95 Theses” on a church door. (Germany)

• England was Protestant, while Spain was Catholic.

Eastern Orthodox

Roman Catholic

Protestant

Muslim

Jewish

English Challenge at SeaSPAIN AND ENGLAND, DIVIDED BY ISSUES OF RELIGION AND POWER, CLASHED DURING THE 1500S.

King Henry VIII King of England, wanted a divorce from his wife (Anne Boleyn), because she couldn’t birth a male heir to the throne. Pope wouldn’t grant it. Henry broke from Catholic Church. Set up church of England (Protestant) After Henry’s death, Elizabeth I kept England Protestant despite Spanish attempts to overthrow her.

Drake and the Sea Dogs Sea Dogs- captains of England pirate ships. Sir Francis Drake was most famous. Sailed into strait of Magellan and attacked the Spanish. Gained gold, silver and gems.

Spanish Armada King Philip of Spain wanted to teach England a lesson. Assembled an armada- a giant fleet-to invade England and restore Catholic faith. 1588- 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers, and several hundred priests. England had fewer, but better ships.

The First English Colony

Advantages of a “Western Planting” 1. Provide a place to send petty criminals. 2. Allow England to build overseas bases. 3. Provide a market for English exports of goods and a source of raw materials for England. 4. Plant the Protestant faith in the Americas.

Sir Walter Raleigh First Englishman to establish a colony across the seas. 1585 England’s first colony at Roanoke Island begins. First attempt lasts a year.

A Second Attempt at Roanoke John White- Had idea to attract settlers with families.

Each settler would receive 500 acres of land voice in the government.

About 120 people set sail for Roanoke.

White made trip to England for more supplies.

Lost Colony of Roanoke Returned 3 years later. (Spanish Armada) Not a soul to be found. Croatoan carved in tree. Remains a mystery as to what happened to the settlers.

Why Roanoke? Warm climate. Suitable for crops that couldn’t be grown in England.

BUT….

Island lacked a protected harbor. Lack of people, funds and supplies.