spanish 1b student reference guide · 2019-08-11 · spanish 1b content units # spanish unit title...

SPANISH 1B Student Reference Guide

WV Virtual School 2017-2018

SPANISH 1B

1

¡Vocabulario para sobrevivir! ¿dónde está? (Where is it?)

Cortesía en la clase (Polite Classroom Phrases)

Buenos días/Buenas tardes Good morning/good afternoon

¿como está usted? How are you? * Formal Por favor Please gracias Thank you De nada/ a la orden You’re welcome

Preguntas y respuestas (Questions and Answers) lo básico (basics)

¿cómo se dice ____en inglés (en español)?

How do you say ____in English (in Spanish)?

Se dice…. You say it… ¿cómo se escribe? How do you write (spell) it? ¿Qué quiere decir ________? What does ___mean? Quiere decir… It means… ¿Qué ves? What do you see? Yo veo un/una… I see a… ¿qué hay? What is there… ¿Te gusta? Do you like it? Me gusta/no me gusta/ me encanta I like it/I don’t like it/I love it. ¿qué hacen ellos? What are they doing?

A la derecha Aquí (here)

Allí (there)

A la izquierda Cerca (close)

Lejos (far)

Arriba Abajo

Abre Open Cierre Close Escucha Listen Responde/contesta Answer Pregúntame/ pregúntale Ask me/ask her or him Un repaso A review ¿comprendes? Do you understand? No sé I don’t know No comprendo/ no entiendo I don’t understand ¿En qué página? On what page ¿cuál es la fecha de hoy? What is today’s date?

Los números 1 uno 6 seis 11 once 16 dieciséis 21 veintiuno 50 cincuenta 100 cien 2 dos 7 siete 12 doce 17 diecisiete 22 veintidós etc.. 60 sesenta 101 ciento uno etc. 3 tres 8 ocho 13 trece 18 dieciocho 30 treinta 70 setenta 4 cuatro 9 nueve 14 catorce 19 diecinueve 31 treinta y uno etc. 80 ochenta 5 cinco 10 diez 15 quince 20 veinte 40 cuarenta 90 noventa

¡estupendo!

¡fantástico!

¡maravilloso!

Spanish 1B Content Units

# Spanish Unit Title English Unit Title Grammar Focus

19 El Trabajo y las profesiones 19. Work andProfessions

Ordinal Numbers

20 La ropa 20. Clothes Similar verbs

21 La casa 21. The house Comparatives

22 El cuerpo 22. The body Adverbs

Review & Midterm Test Unit23 Verbos Reflexivos 23. Reflexive Verbs Reflexive Verbs

24 Los Numeros 30-1000000 (& cognados)

24. Numbers 30-1000000 & Cognates

Affirmative / Negative words

25 De vacaciones 25. On Vacation Direct Objects & Personal a

26 El teléfono 26. The telephone Indirect object pronouns

27 Review and Semester 1 Finals

28 Las direcciones 28. Directions Commands – affirmative

29 Medios de transporte 29. Means oftransportation

Commands – negative

30 Palabras médicas 30. Medical words Commands – pronoun placement

31 Los deportes 31. Sports Present progressive

Review & Midterm Test Unit

32 Las actividades al aire libre 32. Outdoor activities Present progressive withdirect object pronouns

33 El viaje 33. Travel Preterite past tense AR verbs

34 La computadora y la internet (1)

34. The computer andThe Internet (1)

Preterite past tense ER & IR verbs

35 La computadora y la internet (2)

35. The computer andThe Internet (2)

Direct object pronouns, Indirect objects, personal a

36 Review and Semester 2 Finals

SPANISH 1B

2

WVDE

Sticky Note

Click on the Unit Title row to be taken to that Vocab sheet in this PDF

Adapted by WVVS 2016

2a

Assignments, quizzes and tests are an important part of your learning. They help you measure your progress, and tell you whether you’ve learned the material or need further review. You and only you must do the work in order to learn Spanish. In this class, you must follow the WV Virtual School Spanish Academic Integrity Policy.

WV Virtual School Spanish Academic Integrity Policy

You and only you do the assignments and take the quizzes or tests.

You must never use an online translator for any assignment in this course.

You will not use outside resources, the student reference guide, or information from classmates on anyassignments.

The following are examples of infractions of the Academic Integrity Policy that will result in a permanent zero on the assignment, and disciplinary actions that could include suspension or expulsion from the course .

Cheating – Acting dishonestly, copying, or using someone else’s work is an unacceptable educational practice.This includes use of an online translator.

Plagiarism – The act of taking someone else’s ideas, words, or writing, and attempting to pass them off as yourown, or using them in any way without permission is an unacceptable educational practice. This includes use ofan online translator and copying/pasting from a website.

Insubordination –Refusing or failing to cooperate with WV Virtual School staff, communicating in adisrespectful tone or threatening manner, using inappropriate language and/or inappropriate slang, or using orreferring to inappropriate media are unacceptable educational practices.

Consequences of Violations:

If any student violates the Academic Integrity Policy at any time, the following actions will be taken:

Academic Referral Violation will be issued for the first and second offenses. The student will earn a failing grade of a zero (0%) for the assignment in which the violation occurred, and written documentation (Academic Referral) will be issued. The student, principal and facilitator will be notified via e-mail and/or phone by the online teacher. On the third offense the student will be removed from the course. The online teacher will notify in writing the facilitator, principal and guidance counselor, and the school will send home a copy of the Student Removal Letter.

Violation: If any assignments, quizzes, exams, and/or major course requirements (including, but not limited to reflection assessments, speaking tests, written assignments, etc.), are in violation of the Academic Integrity Policy, this is considered an Academic Referral Violation and an Academic Referral will be issued.

Insubordination – Failure to follow directions or refusing to cooperate with on-site facilitators or WVVS Spanish online instructors are unacceptable. In accordance with the Acceptable Use Policy (AUP), students must not use inappropriate language or slang, or a disrespectful tone or threatening manner within the course. Students must not use or refer to inappropriate material, including media that is inappropriate for the school environment. Facilitators will be notified immediately if any student has posted inappropriately in an assignment or discussion board forum, or emailed or verbally communicated in an inappropriate manner with the online teacher or another student. The inappropriate dialogue will be removed from any public forum, and result in an Academic Referral Violation. A second offense will result in the student’s permanent removal from the discussion board, email, and any other communication tool used, or another Academic Referral may be filed. On the third offense the student will be removed from the course. The online teacher will notify in writing the facilitator, principal and guidance counselor, and the school will send home a copy of the Student Removal Letter

AC

AD

EM

IC IN

TE

GR

ITY

PO

LIC

Y

You will not copy or redistribute any part of the assessments in any way-electronically, verbally or on paper.

You will not open other browsers during assessments.

No graded assessment may be submitted from outside of the regular classroom setting or outside the presence of the classroom facilitator, nor left open past class period.

SPANISH 1B

3

Student Name:

Student ID:

Course Name:

Assessment Name:

Infraction of Academic Integrity Policy: Academic Referral Violation

Violation (include date and a brief description, including actions taken) 1st Academic Referral Violation 2nd Academic Referral Violation 3rd Academic Referral Violation

Action Taken by WV Virtual School:

On-Site Facilitator Signature:

Student Signature:

Representative Signature:

Academic Integrity Policy Highlights 1st Academic Referral Violation- Students will earn a 0% with a written warning, and facilitator notified. 2nd Academic Referral Violation - Students will earn a 0% with written warning and facilitator and principal notified. 3rd Academic Referral Violation - After three violations, students will be removed from the course.

AC

AD

EM

IC R

EF

ER

RA

L

SPANISH 1B

4

WV Virtual School Grading Scale

93 - 100 A

85 - 92 B

75 - 84 C

65 - 74 D

0 - 64 F

Remember that we use the WV Uniform Grading Scale. This may vary from what your

school utilizes, however, when created in WVEIS at the RESA the grading scale

above is amended to match this scale. All grades for the WVVS are cumulative. They do

not restart each grading period or Semester.

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SPANISH 1B

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SPANISH 1B

7

La Pizarra Electrónica Adobe Connect Versión 9

Seleccionar

Marcador

Eliminar

Texto

Formas

Deshacer

Rehacer

SPANISH 1B

8

Spanish Character Codes

á Alt 160

é Alt 130

í Alt 161

ó Alt 162

ú Alt 163

ñ Alt 164

¡ Alt 173

¿ Alt 168

Á Alt 0193

É Alt 144

Í Alt 0205

Ó Alt 0211

Ú Alt 0218

Ñ Alt 165

SPANISH 1B

9

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Spanish Character Codes for PC

To type a specific Spanish character press and hold the <alt> key while typing the number for that specified character.

Spanish Character Code Spanish Character Code Á Alt 0913 á Alt 160 É Alt 144 é Alt 130 Í Alt 0205 í Alt 161 Ó Alt 0211 ó Alt 162 Ú Alt 0218 ú Alt 163 Ñ Alt 165 ñ Alt 164

¿ (inverted question mark) Alt 168 ¡ (inverted exclamation point) Alt 173

Ü Alt 154 ü Alt 129 ° (degree sign) Alt 248

Spanish Character Codes for Mac computers

Spanish Character Code Spanish Character Code Á Opt + e, then Shift + a á Opt + e, then a É Opt + e, then Shift + e é Opt + e, then e Í Opt + e, then Shift + i í Opt + e, then i Ó Opt + e, then Shift + o ó Opt + e, then o Ú Opt + e, then Shift + u ú Opt + e, then u Ñ Opt + n, then Shift + n ñ Opt + n, then n

¿ (inverted question mark) Opt + shift + ? ¡ (inverted exclamation point) Opt + 1

Ü Opt + u, then Shift + u ü Opt + u, then u ° (degree sign) Shift + Opt + 8

Typing Spanish Characters

SPANISH 1B

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Study Techniques for 1B

Unit 19- make paper flashcards for each of the vocabulary words

Unit 20- make picture flashcards for each of the vocabulary words

Unit 21- sticky notes/label the clothing items

Unit 22-studystack-print out the study stack flashcards

Unit 23-rainbow journal –verb charts for each daily routine action

Unit 24-taquitos for negative/positive words.

Unit 25-graphic organizer-decide how to group the vacation words and other vocabulary that you’ve learned (clothing, weather, activities, etc.)

Unit 26-35-escoge-choose the study technique that worked best for you

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Unit 19 El Trabajo y las profesiones (Work and Professions)

El trabajo y las profesiones Work and Professions el contador accountant el arquitecto architect el artista artist el/la atleta athlete el/la banquero(a) banker el hombre de negocios business man la mujer de negocios business woman el programador computer programmer

el cantante singer la maestra teacher el profesor teacher or professor el mesero waiter el escritor writer la carrera career el colegio school el salario salary

Ordinal Numbers 1. primer/primero/a2. segundo/a3. tercer/tercero/a4. cuarto/a5. quinto/a6. sexto/a7. séptimo/a8. octavo/a9. noveno/a

10. décimo/aUse primer/tercer before sing. masc. noun. See grammar.

el dentista dentist el agricultor farmer el bombero firefighter el juez judge el abogado lawyer el cartero mail carrier el gerente manager el mecánico mechanic

el doctor medical doctor el enfermero nurse el pintor painter el plomero plumber el policía police officer el político politician el científico scientist la secretaria secretary

algún día some day el futuro future la universidad university construir to build graduarse to graduate enseñar a to teach (how) ayudar a to help tratar de to try to

Vocabulario suplementario el cocinero chef, cook el minero minerel cajero cashier

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I want to be...Quiero ser...pediatricianel pediatra

I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 19 El Trabajo y las profesiones (Work and Professions) I can describe where I work and what I do

I can write what I do in class or at work.

I can describe what I plan to do next in my life.

I can talk with someone about school or work.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

SPANISH 1B

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Ordinal numbers are used very similarly to the way they are used in English. However, there are a few rules to keep in mind as you use them in Spanish. Let’s first take a look at them.

Los números ordinales Ordinal Numbers

primero first segundo second tercero third cuarto fourth quinto fifth sexto sixth séptimo seventh octavo eighth noveno ninth décimo tenth

Ordinal numbers must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. For example: el cuarto hijo the fourth son la cuarta hija the fourth daughter las primeras personas the first people los primeros chicos the first boys

When primero and tercero come before a singular, masculine noun, drop the "-o." For example: el primer hijo the first son (not "el primero hijo") el tercer examen the third test (not "el tercero examen")

Note: When you abbreviate ordinal numbers, remember that they have to agree in number and gender. Basically, the rule is that you write the last one or two letters of the word by the number, just as in English. For example, remember that primero and tercero can become primer and tercer before a masculine singular noun. The abbreviation for primer is 1er and tercer is 3er. To write 2nd in Spanish it would be 2° for segundo and 2ª for segunda. The same goes for the plurals, 3rd would be 3os for terceros and 3as for terceras.

Ordinal Numbers

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Unit 20 La Ropa (Clothes)

La ropa Clothes el cinturón belt la blusa blouse las botas boots la gorra cap el abrigo coat el vestido dress el sombrero hat la chaqueta jacket

el suéter sweater la sudadera sweatshirt el traje de baño swimsuit la camiseta T-shirt la ropa interior underwear pequeño small mediano medium grande large

escoger to choose buscar to look for necesitar to need vender to sell llevar to wear ponerse/ me pongo to wear, to put clothes on

Similar Verbs saber/ yo sé conocer/ yo conozco

pedir/ yo pido preguntar/ yo pregunto

los jeans jeans los pantalones pants la camisa shirt los zapatos shoes los pantalones cortos shorts la falda skirt los calcetines socks el traje suit

nuevo new viejo old el vendedor salesman la vendedora saleswoman costar/ cuesta to cost/ it costs vestirse/ me visto to get dressed ir de compras to shop, to go shopping probarse/ me pruebo to try on

Ex. of usageYo pido una chaqueta azul. I ask for a blue jacket.Yo pregunto cuál es más barato. I ask which is cheaper.

Yo sé que Charleston es el capitolio. I know that Charleston is the capitol. (Fact or information)Yo conozco la ciudad de Charleston. I am familiar with the city of Charleston. (I've been there/know the place)

How much does it cost?

Vocabulario Suplementario

¿Cuánto cuesta?Cuesta.... It costs...¿Cuánto cuestan? How much do they cost?Cuestan.... They cost...¿Cuánto cuesta la camisa? How much does the shirt cost?La camisa cuesta... The shirt costs...

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el uniforme uniform

I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 20 La Ropa (Clothes) I can talk about places I know

I can understand website descriptions of clothing items to make an appropriate purchase

I can describe the physical appearance of a friend or family member.

I can understand simple compliments about what I am wearing.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

SPANISH 1B

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Pedir and preguntar can both mean “to ask,” but they have fundamental differences.

Pedir is generally used to make a request (to ask for something). Preguntar is generally used to ask a factual question (to ask a question).

Let’s first take a look at their conjugations.

pedir (It’s a stem changing verb, ei) pido pedimos pides pedís pide piden

preguntar (It’s a regular verb)

pregunto preguntamos preguntas preguntáis pregunta preguntan

In the following examples, try to notice the differences in how and when each verb is used.

Ella pide ayuda. She asks for help (request).

Ella pregunta qué hora es. She asks what time it is (factual question).

Mi hermano siempre pide dinero. My brother always asks for money.

Le voy a preguntar a mi maestro. I’m going to ask my teacher.

Note: pedir can be translated as “to ask for.” However, it does not require the use of the preposition por. That is why the sentence above is “Ella pide ayuda”, NOT "Ella pide por ayuda."

Pedir vs. preguntar

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Saber and conocer can both mean “to know,” but they have fundamental differences.

Saber is generally used to express knowledge of facts. (to know something or to know how to do something)

Conocer is generally used to express familiarity or acquaintance. (to know someone or to be familiar with a place or thing)

Let’s first check out their conjugations.

saber (It’s irregular in the yo form) sé sabemos sabes sabéis sabe saben

conocer (It’s also irregular in the yo form) conozco conocemos conoces conocéis conoce conocen

In the following examples, try to notice the difference in the meaning between saber and conocer. Remember they are not interchangeable.

1. Tú sabes español.You know Spanish. (factual knowledge or information)

2. Tú conoces a Hillary.You know Hillary. (You are acquainted with her.)

3. Yo sé tocar la guitarra.I know how to play the guitar. (Notice that when you want to express knowing how to do

something you simply put an infinitive after the verb saber. Infinitives can never be placed after the verb conocer.)

4. Yo conozco España.I know Spain. (The inferred meaning here is that the person has actually been to Spain.)

5. Yo sé mucho acerca de tu familia pero no la conozco.I know a lot about your family (information), but I don’t know them (you have not personally

met them, so you are not acquainted with them).

Saber vs. conocer

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LETO17

Stamp

Unit 21 La Casa (The House)

La casa The House el cuarto de baño, el baño bathroom el dormitorio bedroom el comedor dining room el garaje garage la cocina kitchen la sala living room el cuarto room, bedroom la silla chair

el jabón soap el baño bath la bañera/ la tina bathtub el cepillo brush el peine comb el lavaplatos dishwasher la secadora dryer la ducha shower

doblar la ropa to fold the laundry planchar to iron recoger/ yo recojo/ tú recoges

to pick up

sacar la basura to take out the garbage tirar to throw away lavar to wash mirar la tele to watch television

Comparatives más ____ que menos ____ que tan ____ como tanto/a(s)___ como mejor (que)peor (que)mayor (que) menor (que)el mejor____ el peor____

more ___ than less ____ than

as ___ as as much/many ____ as

better (than)worse (than)

greater/older (than) lesser/younger (than)

the best___the worst ___

el televisor television set el sofá couch el escritorio desk el tocador dresser el sillón easy chair el espejo mirror la mesa table el teléfono telephone

el papel higiénico toilet paper el cepillo de dientes toothbrush la pasta de dientes toothpaste la máquina de lavar/la lavadora

washing machine

limpiar to clean cocinar to cook secar to dry ducharse/ me ducho to take a shower

Vocabulario suplementario

la cama bedel lavabo bathroom sink

el fregadero kitchen sink

SPANISH 1B

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la refrigeradoralos platos plates, dishes

el lavamanos

refrigerator

bathroom sink

Tengo que (+inf) I have to...

el sótanoel ático/desván attic

basement

I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 21 La Casa (The House) I can talk about my house (and make comparisons).

I can talk about my room or office and what I have in it.

I can sometimes understand if people are talking about their homes.

I can understand very basic information from a real estate ad.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

SPANISH 1B

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Comparatives are used to express inferiority, superiority, and equality. There are slightly different rules for comparing different things. In Spanish, the following basic pattern is used to express inequality:

más/menos + adjective, adverb or noun + que = more/less _____ than For example: Tú eres más guapa que ella. You are prettier than she is. Juan habla más despacio que Paco. Juan talks slower than Paco. Yo tengo menos paciencia que él. I have less patience than he does.

To express equality, use these basic patterns: tan + adjective or adverb + como = as _____ as tanto(-a, -os, -as) + noun(s) + como = as much/many _____ as

For example: Charlotte es tan inteligente como Anthony. Charlotte is as smart as Anthony. Nosotros tenemos tantos zapatos como ellos. We have as many shoes as they do.

When comparing actions (verbs), the word order changes slightly to: verb + más/menos + que = _____ more than/less than

verb + tanto + como = _____ as much as For example: Ustedes caminan menos que ellas. You guys walk less than they do. Tim come tanto como Dave. Tim eats as much as Dave does.

If the action (verb) comparison also involves a description (adverb), use this pattern: verb + tan + adverb + como = _____ as _____ as

For example: Holly habla tan rápido como Jason. Holly talks as fast as Jason does.

Comparisons

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Negative comparisons To make any of these comparisons negative, simply add the word no before the verb. For example: Ustedes no caminan menos que ellas. You guys don't walk less than they do. Tim no come tanto como Dave. Tim doesn't eat as much as Dave. Holly no habla tan rápido como Jason. Holly doesn't speak as fast as Jason does.

Irregular comparisons It is worth mentioning that there are a few exceptions to the above constructions. Here are a few: mejor (not más bueno) better peor (not menos bueno) worse mayor greater / older menor lesser / younger

For example: Yo soy mejor que tú. I am better than you. Marcos juega peor que Paco. Marcos plays worse than Paco.Ella es mayor que su hermano. She is older than her brother. Pablo es menor que Luisa. Pablo is younger than Luisa.

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Unit 22 El Cuerpo (The Body)

El cuerpo The Body el brazo arm la espalda back la sangre blood el cerebro brain el pecho chest la oreja ear

el cabello hair la mano hand la cabeza head el corazón heart la rodilla knee la pierna leg

Vocabulario suplementario to hurt/it hurts (me)

Adverbs (fem. adj. + -mente) lentamente slowly cuidadosamente carefully ruidosamente loudly difícilmente with difficulty fácilmente easily bastante quite, rather demasiado too, too much mal badly, poorly mucho a lot, much muy very nunca never peor worse poco little siempre always

el ojo eye la cara face las uñas fingernails and toenails el pie foot la frente forehead el pelo hair

los labios lips la boca mouth el cuello neck la nariz nose el hombro shoulder la piel skin

el estómago stomach los dientes teeth la lengua tongue las pestañas eyelashes las cejas eyebrows el codo elbow

dolerse/ me duele la caderala cinturacortolargooscuroclaroYo mido...pies/pulgadas

hipwaistshort (hair/body parts) long (hair/body parts) darklightI measure... (I am __ tall) feet/inches (Spn= m/cm)

Eye colors:ojos azules blue eyes ojos avellanos hazel eyes ojos marrones brown eyes ojos verdes green eyes

pelo rubio blonde hair (rubio/a= blonde)

Hair colors:pelo castaño brown hair (moreno/a= brunette/dark haired)

pelo negro black hair pelo rojo red hair (pelirrojo/a= redhead)

Hair types:pelo rizado curly hair pelo liso straight hair

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I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 22 El Cuerpo (The Body) I can recognize the names of some parts of the body.

I can describe when I don’t feel well or am injured.

I can describe how my body parts move.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

SPANISH 1B

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Adverbs are words that add information about verbs. To form most adverbs in Spanish, simply take the feminine singular form of an adjective, and add the ending -mente. This is equivalent to the -ly ending in English.

For example: Adjective Feminine Singular Form Adverb lento lenta lentamente

cuidadoso cuidadosa cuidadosamente

ruidoso ruidosa ruidosamente

difícil difícil difícilmente

Note: Adjectives like difícil do not change to match gender. In these cases, the feminine form is identical to the masculine form.

difícil difícilmente

Like we mentioned before, adverbs are used to describe the way something happens.

For example: Steve lee. Steve lee lentamente. Steve reads. Steve reads slowly.

Note: To describe the way something happens, you can also use the word con with the singular form of the noun.

For example: Ken camina cuidadosamente. Ken walks carefully. Ken camina con cuidado. Ken walks carefully (with care).

Some adverbs do not follow the -mente pattern, and must be memorized. You probably know several of them already.

Here are some of the more common ones: bastante quite, rather demasiado too, too much mal badly, poorly mucho a lot, much muy very nunca never peor worse poco little siempre always

Adverbs

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Argentina has several Spanish words and expressions that are different from what you might hear in other countries. For example, in Argentina and some other countries like Uruguay, Honduras, and El Salvador vos is used instead of tú. So, instead of saying “¿Cómo estás tú?” you would say “¿Cómoestás vos?” Many times the pronunciation and even spelling will change on the verb conjugation when you use vos. “¿Qué haces?” would become “¿Qué hacés?” Also, Argentina’s slang is calledlunfardo. Because of the large Italian influence, many of Argentina’s lunfardo are Italian words, such as the use of the word gambas for legs.

You’ll definitely notice that Argentines pronounce certain sounds and letters very differently.

For example: In Mexico you may hear Yo me llamo Luis.In Argentina you will hear Yo me llamo Luis.

Can you hear the difference? The y’s and the double l’s are not pronounced like in Mexico. They arecloser to the English sound “sh.”

Let’s take a closer look now at some words or phrases that you may hear a lot in Argentina.

Che hey you, dude There is really no translation for che and it’s basically used in the same way that the word tío may be used in Spain. It’s basically a filler word, or is used to attract someone’s attention or talk aboutanyone.

For example:

Victoria: Hola, che, ¿cómo estás? Facundo: Bien. Che, decíme, ¿tenés la hora? Victoria: Sí, son las dos. Facundo: Gracias.

Macanudo good, nice When you agree with a plan, you could say this word.

Victoria: ¿Querés ir a cenar? Facundo: Macanudo.

Also, you can use this word to describe a person that you like… to say that they are good, nice, or simply pleasant. Victoria es muy macanuda.

¡A la marosca! oh no! This expression is used with trouble or complications of any sort.

Idioms and Pronunciation

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Profesora: Clase, hoy vamos a tener un examen sorpresa. Facundo: ¡A la marosca!

¡Qué bárbaro! cool, great- You could also use this phrase sarcastically. You might say this when something cool is happening, or when something bad happens to express disbelief. The intonation will change accordingly.

Victoria: Hoy no tenemos clase de matemáticas. Facundo: ¡Qué bárbaro!

Hacerse bolsa to get really hurt (literally to turn oneself into a bag) Situation: suppose you are skateboarding and you try a new trick, but you trip and fall. You get a few scrapes and bruises. You tell everyone me hice bolsa con la patineta (I got hurt while skateboarding) to explain what happened.

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MIDTERM REVIEW

Notes:

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I CAN STATEMENTS MIDTERM REVIEW

I can describe where I work and what I do




I can talk about places I know




I can talk about my house (and make comparisons).




I can recognize the names of some parts of the body.



_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

SPANISH 1B

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Unit 23 Rutina Diaria con Verbos Reflexivos (Daily Routine with Reflexive Verbs)

Verbos Reflexivos Reflexive Verbs cepillarse to brush one's (teeth) peinarse to comb one's hair cortarse el pelo to cut one's hair secarse to dry oneself dormirse/ me duermo to fall asleep vestirse/ me visto to get dressed

prepararse to get prepared sentarse/ me siento to sit down bañarse to take a bath despertarse/ me despierto to wake up quitarse (la ropa) to take off one's (clothes) probarse/ me pruebo to try on

Special Meanings hacerse/ me hago to become volverse/ me vuelvo to become irse/ me voy to leave

Reflexive Conjugation –ar & –er Me escondoTe escondesSe escondeNos escondemosOs escondéis

Me peinoTe peinasSe peinaNos peinamosOs peináisSe peinan Se esconden

afeitarse to shave arreglarse to get ready levantarse to get up acostarse/ me acuesto to lie down; to go to bed ponerse la ropa/ me pongo to put on clothes maquillarse to put on make-up

ducharse to take a shower lavarse (las manos) to wash one's (hands) lastimarse to get hurt esconderse to hide irse/ me voy to leave cambiarse (de ropa) to change one's (clothes)

divertirse/ me divierto to have fun enojarse to get mad preocuparse to worry enfermarse to get sick caerse/ me caigo to fall down equivocarse to make a mistake

Two verb combinations: Conj verb + inf reflexive/pronoun

Yo necesito peinarme. I need to comb my hair.Tú tienes que despertarte. You have to wake up.Él debe prepararse. He ought to get prepared.Nosotros queremos escondernos. We want to hide. Vosotros necesitáis iros. You all need to leave.Ellas van a equivocarse. They are going to make a mistake.

*Stem changing (boot) verbs have the Yo form given above.

Remember: stem-changing/boot verbs have the yo form given in the vocab list and they only change inside the boot. Ex. divertirse/ Me divierto (e > ie)

me divierto

te diviertes

se divierte

nos divertimos

os divertís

se divierten

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I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 23 Rutina Diaria con Verbos Reflexivos (Daily Routine with Reflexive Verbs)

I can talk about my daily routine.

I can name activities and their times in my daily schedule.

I can understand what an email pal writes about interests and daily routines.

I can write about common events and daily routines.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

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A verb is reflexive if the subject and the object of a sentence are the same. In other words, if the subject of a sentence also receives the action of the verb, the verb will be reflexive. Consider these two sentences: Andrew lava el coche. Andrew washes the car. Andrew se lava. Andrew washes himself. Since Andrew is receiving the action of the verb in the second sentence, the verb is reflexive. In the first example, the verb lavar is used. In the second sentence the reflexive verb lavarse is used. To form a reflexive infinitive verb, you simply place the reflexive pronoun se at the end of the infinitive, like this:

Llamar to call (not reflexive) Llamarse to call oneself (reflexive)

Reflexive verbs are always accompanied by a reflexive pronoun. When the verb is conjugated, however, the pronoun will change to match the subject of the sentence. The reflexive pronouns in Spanish are:

me (myself) nos (ourselves)

te (yourself) os (yourselves)

se (himself, herself, yourself [formal]) se (themselves, yourselves)

Conjugating Reflexive Verbs When a reflexive verb is conjugated, the matching reflexive pronoun goes in front of the conjugated verb. Here are the present tense conjugations of the verb llamarse:

me llamo (I call myself) nos llamamos (we call ourselves)

te llamas (you call yourself) os llamáis (you guys call yourselves)

se llama (he calls himself/ she calls herself/ you [formal] call yourself)

se llaman (they call themselves/ you guys call yourselves)

Reflexive Verbs

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Special Cases Body Parts

In the case of body parts, reflexive verbs can be tricky. Consider the following sentence and its translation:

Daniel se lava las manos. Daniel washes his hands.

Even though the second sentence literally means “Daniel washes himself the hands,” it is correct. It is understood in Spanish that “the hands” are his, since the verb is reflexive. That is why instead of using the possessive adjective sus, you simply use the definite article. Remember that this is NOT the case when talking about an object that belongs to the subject, such as a car. Word Order

Reflexive pronouns generally come before the verb. However, just like object pronouns, reflexive pronouns can be directly attached to the end of an infinitive verb. For example, the following sentence is acceptable:

Daniel necesita lavarse las manos. Daniel needs to wash his hands.

Change in MeaningSome verbs change slightly in meaning in their reflexive forms. Here are some examples: hacer to do, to make hacerse to become (literally to make oneself) volver to return volverse to become (literally to return oneself) ir to go irse to go away (literally to go oneself)

Emphasis Sometimes verbs can be reflexive just to emphasize that the action is performed completely:

Puedes comerte el helado. You can eat the ice cream.

Other uses of the plural pronouns nos, os and se Nos, os, and se can be used to express reciprocity, or doing something to each other. You can know if the meaning is reflexive or reciprocal by the context. Here are some examples: Juan y Ana se conocen muy bien. Juan and Ana know each other very well. Nos abrazamos por mucho tiempo. We hugged each other for a long time (we can hug

ourselves, but the most probable meaning is „each other‟).

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Unit 24 Los Números 30-1000000 & Cognados (Numbers 30-1,000,000 and Cognates)

Los Números Numbers treinta 30 treinta y uno 31 cuarenta 40 cincuenta 50 sesenta 60 setenta 70

doscientos 200 doscientos uno 201 trescientos 300 cuatrocientos 400 quinientos 500 seiscientos 600

Cognados Cognates

Affirmative Negative sí no --- ya no alguien nadie algo nada siempre nunca…jamás alguno/a(s)* ninguno/a(s)*también tampoco o…o ni…ni *algún/ningún with sing. masc. noun

Shopping phrases ¿Cuánto cuesta el/la______? ¿Cuál es el precio del/de la____?Me gustaría gastar ____ dólaresTengo_______dólaresEs demasiado caro. Es muy caro. (mucho dinero) Es muy barato. (poco dinero)¿Tiene usted algo más barato?

ochenta 80 noventa 90 cien 100 ciento uno 101 ciento diez 110 ciento veinte 120

setecientos 700 ochocientos 800 novecientos 900 mil 1,000 diez mil 10,000 un millón 1,000,000

la alergia allergy el balcón balcony la cámara camera la computadora computer delicioso delicious el doctor doctor

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I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 24 Los Números 30-1000000 & Cognados (Numbers 30-1,000,000 and Cognates)

I can ask and understand how much something costs.

I can use language to make a purchase.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

SPANISH 1B

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Buenos días clase. Hoy vamos a practicar las tablas de multiplicar. Para ello, les voy a enseñar un truco con el número 11.

Cuando multiplicas el número 11 por números mayores de diez, utiliza el siguiente truco.

Por ejemplo, 12 x 11. Toma el 12 y separa el primer y el segundo dígito y pon un espacio en medio. 12 -> 1 __ 2 Después, suma los dos dígitos y pon el resultado en medio. 1 + 2 = 3 Por lo que, 132 es la respuesta. 12 x 11 = 132

Hagamos otro. ¿Cuánto es 45 x 11? Primero separamos los dígitos en el 45 y nos queda 4 __ 5. Después, sumamos los dígitos 4 + 5 = 9. Ponemos el resultado en medio y nos da 495. Por lo que, 45 x 11 = 495

Veamos si puedes resolver el último ejercicio. ¿Cuánto es 17 x 11? Te salió 187? Veamos. Separa los dígitos. 17 -> 1 __ 7 Suma los dígitos. 1 + 7 = 8 Pon el resultado en medio. Por lo que, 17 x 11 = 187

Los números son divertidos, ¿no?

Los números (Numbers)

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Spanish has certain guidelines to follow when using negative and affirmative words. Here is a list of the most common affirmative and negative words.

Palabras Afirmativas Palabras Negativas

sí yes no no ya no not anymore, no more

alguien somebody nadie nobody algo something nada nothing siempre always nunca never

jamás never (more emphatic than nunca) alguno/alguna/algunos/algunas some ninguno/ninguna/ningunos/ningunas none también also, too tampoco neither, not eveno…o either…or ni...ni not...nor

Guidelines 1. When using alguno and ninguno, be sure to use the correct form. These words must agree inboth gender and number with the noun they modify or replace. For example: Algunas personas quieren ser famosas. Some people want to be famous. Sí, solo algunas. Yes, only some.

2. When alguno and ninguno come before a singular, masculine noun, they must be shortened toalgún and ningún. For example:

Ningún hombre quiere ir a esa película. No man (none, not one) wants to go to that movie. Algún problema debes tener. You must have some problem.

3. Spanish uses double negatives whereas English does not.For example:

No sé nada. I don't know anything (Literally, I don't know nothing.) No vino nadie a la fiesta. Nobody came to the party (Literally, nobody didn't come to

the party.)

Affirmative and Negative Words

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4. No always goes before the verb. Other negative words can be placed at the end of the sentence.When the negative word precedes the verb, no is not used.

For example: No vino nadie. = Nadie vino. No one came. No salgo con mi hermano nunca. = Nunca salgo con mi hermano. I never go out with my brother.

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Unit 25 De Vacaciones (On Vacation)

De vacaciones On vacation el parque de diversiones amusement park la playa beach la ciudad city el país country el hotel hotel el lago lake

el teatro theater el boleto ticket el árbol tree el viaje trip el zoológico zoo salir to go out

Direct Object Pronouns

me te lo, la nos os los, las

Personal ‘a’ is used if the direct object is a person orpet. Ex. Yo veo a Carlos. Yo oigo a mi perro.

el monumento monument el museo museum el parque nacional national park el lugar place el mar sea el estadio stadium

comprar recuerdos to buy souvenirs temprano early tarde late fantástico fantastic impresionante impressive ir de vacaciones to go on vacation

aprender to learn descansar to rest regresar to return sacar fotos to take pictures viajar to travel visitar to visit

Vocabulario Suplementarioel campolas montañas

the countrysidemountains

Examples of DOs in sentences*Notice the DOs come before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive.*Él me pregunta. He asks me. *before verb*Él va a preguntarme. He is going to ask me. *attached to infinitive*Él me va a preguntar. He is going to ask me. *before 2-verb combo*Te conozco. I know you. No te vamos a buscar. We are not going to look for you.No vamos a buscarte. We are not going to look for you.Él lo come. He eats it. (el plátano)Él debe comerlo. He should eat it.Él lo debe comer. He should eat it.No queremos comerlo. We don't want to eat it. (el pescado)Debes leerlo. You should read it. (el libro)Ella la vende. She sells it. (la casa)Ella necesita venderla. She needs to sell it.Ella la necesita vender. She needs to sell it.Mi mamá la conoce. My mom knows her/it. Mi mamá quiere conocerla. My mom wants to know her.No lo conozco. I don't know him/it. No necesito conocerlo. I don't need to know/meet him.Ellos nos preguntan. They ask us. Ellos deben preguntarnos. They ought to ask us.Yo os escribo. I write to you all.No voy a escribiros. I am not going to write to you all.Ellos las sacan. They take them. (las fotos)Ellos van a sacarlas. They are going to take them.Tú los lavas. You wash them. (los platos)No quieres lavarlos. You don't want to wash them.Necesito hablarlos. I need to speak them. (los idiomas) Voy a comprarlos. I am going to buy them. (los televisores)

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answers the question: What? Whom?

I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 25 De Vacaciones (On Vacation) I can talk about places I know.

I can describe a landmark, vacation location, or a place I visit.

I can identify destinations and major attractions on travel brochures.

I can describe a place I want to visit.

I can describe holiday or vacation plans.

I can write about a vacation.

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Direct objects receive the action of a verb in a sentence.

Consider these sentences: John eats the tomato. Carol knows your teacher.

To identify a direct object in a sentence you can ask WHO or WHAT receives the action. For example: What does John eat? the tomato The tomato is the direct object of the sentence.

Who does Carol know? your teacher Your teacher is the direct object of the sentence.

Direct object pronouns are used to replace a noun that receives the action of a verb. For example: John eats it. Carol knows her.

In Spanish, direct object pronouns must agree with the noun they replace in gender and number. These are the pronouns: me nos te os lo, la los, las

Notice that only four of the direct object pronouns in Spanish match gender: lo, la, los, and las. Also remember that when the direct object is a person, the pronoun you use must match the person receiving the action, not the person performing it.

Here are the same examples in Spanish:John come el tomate. Carol conoce a tu maestra.John lo come. Carol la conoce.

Note: As you can see, the word order changes. The pronoun is placed before a conjugated verb.

Note: Object pronouns can also be attached to the end of infinitive verbs and present participle: Yo quiero verlo. I want to see him. Yo estoy viéndolo. I am seeing him.

Direct Objects

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When the direct object of a sentence is a person, it is preceded by the preposition a.

Basics of the “personal a”

Consider the following two English sentences: Morgan sees the tree. Morgan sees Anna.

It seems perfectly normal for Morgan to see a tree just like he sees Anna. In Spanish, however, we must use the “personal a” in the second sentence because the direct object (Anna) is a person. Here are the same two sentences in Spanish:

Morgan ve el árbol.

Morgan ve a Anna.

Exceptions As usual, there are exceptions to the rule. The “personal a” is not usually used after the verb

tener, for example. Tengo dos hermanos. I have two brothers.

The “personal a” is also not used if the person is indefinite, that is, when you’re not referring to onespecific person. For example:

Necesito un abogado. I need a lawyer. (The lawyer is unknown.) For purposes of the “personal a,” pets are treated like people. Other animals are not, however.

Oigo a mi perro Spot. I hear my dog Spot. Oigo los elefantes. I hear the elephants.

The “Personal a ”

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Unit 26 El teléfono (The Telephone)

El teléfono The Telephone ¿Bueno? Hello? el teléfono celular cell phone la llamada con cobro revertido collect call la contestadora automática answering machine el código de área area code el número equivocado wrong number

¿Hola? Hello? llamar to call la llamada de larga distancia long-distance call enviar un fax to send a fax enviar un mensaje de texto to text discutir to argue

Frases útiles Useful Phrases

Indirect Object Pronouns & Emphasis

me a mí

te a ti le a él, a ella, a usted nos a nosotros

os a vosotros les a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes

Indirect Objects and Direct Objects together • Indirect objects before Direct objects.

Él me lo da. He gives it to me.Va a dármelo. He is going to give it to me.

• Indirect object pronouns le, les become se with Directobjects.Yo se las compro. (Yo compro galletas para la clase.)

¿Aló? Hello? esperar to wait el politono ringtone la línea ocupada busy line la guía telefónica directory el número de teléfono telephone number

molestar to bother extrañar to miss someone decir to say hablar to talk descolgar (el teléfono)/ desculego

to lift the receiver

colgar (el teléfono)/ cuelgo to hang up (the phone)

invitar to invite el mensaje de voz voice message el mensaje de texto text message ¿Diga? Hello? contestar una llamada to take a call salir to go out

¿Se encuentra ____? Is ____ there? (Does ___ find himself there?)

¿Está ____ allí? Is ____ there? ¿Podría hablar con ____? May I speak with ____? ¿Puedo hablar con ____? Can I speak with ____? Él/ella habla. This is he/she. Él/Ella no está aquí. He/She is not here. Él/Ella no se encuentra. He/She is not here. Un momento por favor. One moment please. ¿Puedo dejar un mensaje? Can I leave a message? ¿Puedo tomar un mensaje? Can I take a message? Gracias por llamar. Thanks for calling.

Examples of IOsJosé me compra flores. José buys me flowers./José buys flowers for me.José te compra flores. José buys you flowers./José buys flowers for you.José le compra flores. José buys her flowers./José buys flowers for her.José nos compra flores. José buys us flowers./José buys flowers for us.José os compra flores. José buys you all flowers./José buys flowers for you all.José les compra flores. José buys them flowers./José buys flowers for them.

IOs and DOs togetherMe las compra. He buys them for me. (flores)Te lo compran. They buy it for you. (teléfono celular)Se la compramos. We buy it for her. (casa) *le > seNos los envías. You send them to us. (mensajes de texto)Os la vendo. I sell it to you all. (computadora)Se las vendéis. You all sell them to them. (mochilas) *les > se

Examples IO/DO attached to infinitiveVa a comprármelas. He is going to buy them for me. Voy a comprártelo. I am going to buy it for you.Vamos a vendérselas. We are going to sell them to him. Necesitan vendérnosla. They need to sell it to us. Queremos enviároslos. We want to send them to you all. Debes dejárselo. You ought to leave it for them.

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answers the question: To whom? For whom? To what?

¿Cuál es tu número? What is your number?

I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 26 El teléfono (The Telephone) I can write something I hear such as simple information in a phone message.

I can make a simple phone call.

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Indirect objects receive the direct object of a sentence. For example: Paul gives flowers to Rachel. Jim buys pizza for Rob and Emilie.

To identify the indirect object ask TO WHOM or FOR WHOM the action is performed. For example: To whom does Paul give flowers? to Rachel Rachel is the indirect object.

For whom is Jim buying pizza? for Rob and Emilie Rob and Emilie are the indirect objects.

In these examples, flowers and pizza receive the action of the sentences and are direct objects, but Rachel and Rob and Emilie are the indirect objects because they receive the flowers and pizza.

As usual, we can replace our nouns with pronouns. In this case we would say: Paul gives flowers to her. Jim buys pizza for them.

In Spanish, indirect object pronouns must agree with the noun they replace in number. These are the pronouns: me nos te os le les

Here are the same examples in Spanish:Paul da flores a Rachel. Jim compra pizza para Rob y Emilie. Paul le da flores. Jim les compra pizza.

Note: As you can see, the word order changes. The pronoun is placed before a conjugated verb. Note: Object pronouns can also be attached to the end of infinitive verbs and present participles: Yo quiero darte flores. I want to give you flowers. Yo estoy comprándole corbatas a mi papá. I am buying ties for my father.

Note: Sometimes, there can be confusion when using the pronouns as to whom you are referring. To avoid confusion or if you need to emphasize the object, you can use these phrases: a mí a nosotros a ti a vosotros a él a ella a usted a ellos a ellas a ustedes

For example: Le doy corbatas a él y guantes a ella. I give ties to him and gloves to her.

Indirect Objects

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It is perfectly acceptable to use both direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns in the same sentence.

Consider the following example: Jim buys pizza for Rob and Emilie.

Pizza is the direct object, Rob and Emilie are the indirect objects.

As we replace both with pronouns, this is the sentence: Jim buys it for them.

There are two rules to remember when you use both direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns in Spanish.

Rule #1: Indirect object pronouns come before direct object pronouns. For example: Yo te doy el dinero a ti.Yo te lo doy.

In this example, el dinero is the direct object and is replaced with lo. Notice that the indirect object is te. Don’t forget that the a ti is used for emphasis. Both the direct and indirect objects can come before the verb, but remember to put the indirect object pronoun first!

You can also place them after an infinitive or a present participle. Since you are adding two syllables to these words, to keep the stress in the same syllable, we must add a written accent mark. Consider these examples: Quiero comprártelo. I want to buy it for you. (Literally “I want to buy to you it”). Estoy leyéndotelo. I am reading it to you. (Literally “I am reading to you it”).

Rule #2: If the indirect object pronoun is either le or les, it must be changed to se if it is used with a direct object pronoun. From the example above: Jim compra pizza para Rob y Emilie. Jim se la compra. (NOT Jim les la compra).

Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Together

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SEMESTER 1 FINAL REVIEW

Notes:

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I CAN STATEMENTS FINAL REVIEW






















I can talk about places I know.






I can write something I hear such as simple information in a phone message.


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Unit 28 Las Direcciones (Directions)

Directions


Affirmative Commands: tú

Use the él, ella, usted form of the verb.

¡Corre, corre¡ Run, run! Compra leche hoy. Buy milk today. Escribe la respuesta. Write the answer.

Irregular Affirmative Commands: tú

decir di

hacer haz

ir ve

poner pon

salir sal

ser sé

tener ten

venir ven

Las direcciones el norte north el sur south el este east el oeste west

allí/ ahí/ allá here aquí/ acá there

a la derecha to the right a la izquierda to the left arriba up abajo down cerca close lejos far

desde from, since hasta until derecho straight (ahead) la esquina corner la dirección the address el mapa map

la brújula compass la cuadra city block la milla mile el semáforo traffic light el kilómetro kilometer la señal de alto stop sign

doblar to turn cruzar to cross caminar to walk seguir/ yo sigo to continue, follow manejar to drive

¿Cómo llego a ____? How do I get to ____? ¿Puede usted decirme dónde queda ____?

Can you tell me where ____ is?

¿Queda lejos? Is it far?

Vocabulario Suplementario

noroeste suroeste/sudoeste noreste/nordeste sureste/sudeste

Grammar Note: You can also use a Reflexive Verb as a command, but the form is slightly different. Follow the examples here.¡Levántate! Get up!Dúchate. Take a shower.¡Diviértete! Have fun!¡Despiértate! Wake up!Ponte la ropa. Put on your clothes. Notice the reflexive 'te' is connected and the word has an accent on the 3rd to last syllable. Ponte has two syllables, so does not need an accent.

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I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 28 Las Direcciones (Directions) I can sometimes understand if people are asking for directions.

I can ask for directions to a place.

I can tell someone how to get from one place to another.

I can tell someone where something is located.

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The majority of affirmative tú commands are taken from the present tense, 3rd person singular conjugation of the verb in question. In other words, use the él/ella/usted present tense form to make commands.

Let’s use the verb correr (to run) as an example. The third person singular conjugation of correr is corre. If you want to tell someone (tú) to run, say ¡Corre! (Run!) Here are more examples: Compra leche y huevos. Buy milk and eggs. Habla más despacio, por favor. Speak more slowly, please.

There are eight irregular forms that must simply be memorized. Here is the list with examples:

Infinitive Tú command Example Translation

decir di Di la verdad. Tell the truth.

hacer haz Haz lo que quieras. Do whatever you want.

ir ve Vete. Go away.

poner pon Pon el libro en la mesa. Put the book on the table.

salir sal Sal ahorita. Leave right now.

ser sé Sé bueno. Be good.

tener ten Ten cuidado. Be careful.

venir ven Ven aquí. Come here.

Affirmative tú Commands

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Unit 29 Medios de Transporte (Means of Transportation)

Medios de transporte Means of Transportation Negative Commands: tú

Use the yo conjugation and the ‘opposite’ tú ending*.

-ar verbs > -es -er/-ir verbs > -as

*You must know the infinitive ending of the verb!

Ex.(-ar) Hablo > habl- + -es = No hables

(-er) Como > com- + -as = No comas

(-ir) Digo > dig- + -as = No digas

aéreo air, or by air el barco boat el autobús bus el coche, el carro car a pie on foot el metro subway

el tren train el camión truck la cuadra block la parada de autobús bus stop la autopista the freeway el avión airplane

la intersección intersection el kilómetro kilometer la milla mile el alto stop sign el semáforo the traffic light la gasolinera gas station

tener prisa to be in a hurry manejar to drive subirse a/ yo me subo a to get onto a vehicle (train, bus)

to get off of a vehicleseguir recto/ yo sigo to go straight estacionar to park la carretera highway

andar en bicicleta to ride a bicycle correr to run doblar to turn caminar to walk el piloto pilot el conductor driver

Grammar Note: We can use a Reflexive Verb with a negative command. Follow these examples.¡No te bañes! Don't take a bath!No te enojes. Don't get mad.No te caigas. Don't fall down.No te duermas. Don't fall asleep.No te vayas. Don't leave/go.

Vocabulario Suplementario parar to stop detener/yo detengo to stop

bajarse de/ yo me bajo de

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I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 29 Medios de Transporte (Means of Transportation) I can tell someone how to get from one place to another.

I can arrange for transportation, such as by train, bus, taxi, or a ride with friends.

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Negative tú commands are formed by taking the present tense first person (yo) conjugation of the verb and then adding the “opposite” tú ending. For example:Hablar The first person present tense conjugation is hablo. Hablar is an "ar" verb, so we cut off the ending and add the present tense "er/ir" tú ending (-es). hablo habl- + -es = hablesNo hables inglés. Don't speak English.

Let's try another one. Comer The first person present tense conjugation is como.Comer is an "er" verb, so we cut off the ending and add the opposite present tense "ar" tú ending (-as). como com- + -as = comasNo comas el dulce. Don't eat the candy.

Note: This process works for irregular verbs too.

Decir The first person present tense conjugation is digo.Take off the ending and add the opposite tú "ar"ending (-as). digo dig- + -as = digasNo digas mentiras. Don't tell lies.

Venir

The first person present tense conjugation is vengo.Take off the ending and add the opposite tú "ar"ending (-as). vengo veng- + -as = vengasNo vengas mañana. Don't come tomorrow.

Negative tú Commands

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Unit 30 Palabras Médicas (Medical Words)

Palabras médicas Medical Words Affirmative Commands Pronoun After command, Attached to it, Add Accent

* accent falls on the same syllable as the normal verb when spoken, but is now written

Mueve el brazo. Move your arm.¡Muévelo! Move it! Toma la medicina. Take the medicine.¡Tómala! Take it! Escribe las recetas. Write the prescriptions. ¡Escríbelas! Write them!

Negative commands Pronoun Before Verb, IO before DO No me mires. Don’t look at me. No lo muevas. No se la des.

Don’t move it. (el brazo) Don’t give it to him. (la tos)

la ambulancia ambulance la cita appointment el hueso roto broken bone la clínica clinic la tos cough el doctor doctor

la enfermera female nurse el dolor de cabeza headache el hospital hospital el enfermero male nurse la medicina medicine el paciente, la paciente patient

la receta prescription el dolor de estómago stomachache la cirugía surgery el termómetro thermometer Me duele la cabeza. My head hurts. (I have a

headache.) los escalofríos chills

Necesito una cita. I need an appointment. doler/ me duele(n) to ache, to hurt enfermarse to get sick tener fiebre to have a fever mover/ yo muevo to move sentirse mal/ me siento to not feel well

tomar medicina to take medicine vomitar to throw up la garganta throat la infección infection las lágrimas tears el dolor de oído earache

to get better, improvehealthyto have the flu/a cold

mejorarse sano/atener el gripe estar resfriado/a to have a cold

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Unit 30 Palabras Médicas (Medical Words) I can describe when I don’t feel well or am injured.

I can seek basic medical attention.

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When giving commands, pronouns must be placed in certain positions in the sentence.

Affirmative CommandsDirect and indirect object pronouns come after the command and are attached to it. An accent must be added to the verb to maintain the stress on the same vowel as before. When direct and indirect objects are used together, the indirect always comes first.

For example:Corta la manzana. ¡Córtala! Cut the apple. Cut it! ¡Dámela! Give it to me! (the apple)

Negative Commands For negative commands, the pronouns are put before the verb. Again, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun.

Examples: No me hables. Don’t talk to me.

No le digas el secreto. Don’t tell her the secret.No se lo digas. Don’t tell it to her.

Commands – Correct Pronoun Placement

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When you hear Puerto Ricans talk you may notice that they will talk very fast and many letters are not even pronounced. This is famously true of many countries, especially in the Caribbean.

For example, in Mexico you will hear: He hablado con las jefas. In Puerto Rico you may hear: He hablao con la jefa.

Can you hear the difference?

In words ending in -ado, -ido, etc. the d is usually not pronounced at all. The final s isn’t generally pronounced either.

Also, an r before a d or t may be pronounced like an l, such as in the word perdón. A Puerto Rican will say peldón. You might also hear the double r pronounced like a strong English h.

So instead of Cierra la puerta del carro you would hear Cierra la puerta del carro.

In addition to the pronunciation challenges in Puerto Rican Spanish there are a number of expressions that can create difficulties for understanding the meanings of words and phrases.

For example:

Guagua city bus In Mexico a city bus is called a camión, in Argentina, a colectivo, but definitely the most colorful name is guagua!

Bayú a mess, a fun party Situation: Suppose you are describing a birthday party you just went to. You had a lot of fun. You simply say it was bayú!

Chévere cool, awesome Situation: suppose you just met your new neighbor. You both hit it off and become friends. When your sister asks what the neighbor is like, you say ¡muy chévere!

Habichuelas beans In Mexico they are called frijoles, in Argentina porotos, in Spain alubias or judías, and in Puerto Rico: habichuelas.

Pana close friend Situation: suppose you were good friends with the same person all through grade school and are still good friends. When you talk to or about this person you may call him or her mi pana.

Idioms and Pronunciation

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Unit 31 Los Deportes (Sports)

Los deportes Sports Present Progressive -ingEstar + present participle of verb (-ando/-iendo) Used only for current and ongoing events, not future. ¿Qué estás haciendo, ahora mismo?Estoy hablando con mi mamá. Estamos comiendo la cena. Están jugando videojuegos ahora. Estáis leyendo el español.Está construyendo una casa.

Irregular Present Progressives construir construyendo

ir yendo

leer leyendo

pedir pidiendo

repetir repitiendo

morir muriendo

dormir durmiendo

el béisbol/softbol baseball/softball el baloncesto basketball el tenis tennis el voleibol volleyball el fútbol soccer la bola (small) ball

el fútbol americano football la pelota ball el bate baseball bat la cancha court el campo field el guante glove

el casco helmet la raqueta racket los patines roller skates el estadio stadium el equipo team la pesa weight

levantar pesas to lift weights jugar/ yo juego to play (a game, a sport) practicar deportes to play sports correr to run bucear to scuba dive esquiar to ski

andar en patineta to skateboard hacer surfing/ yo hago to surf nadar to swim caminar to walk andar to walk (to go) esquiar en el agua to water ski

**Recall the forms of estar:estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán

to winganarto loseperder/ yo pierdo

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entrenar tirarhacer ejercicio, ejercitar

to train/ to coachto throwto exercise

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Unit 31 Los Deportes (Sports) I can answer questions about what I am doing.

I can say which sports I like and don’t like.

I can list my likes and dislikes such as favorite sports.

I can talk about my favorite sports.

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In English the Present Progressive is used to speak about actions that are in progress and also to talk about the future. Consider these examples:

What are you doing? Tomorrow we are flying to Chile.

In Spanish the Present Progressive tense is used much less, and NEVER to talk about future actions. You use it to emphasize that an action is ongoing. So, to express “What are you doing?” in Spanishyou could use the progressive, but to express “Tomorrow we are flying to Chile” you would not.

The Present Progressive tense makes use of two verb forms: the verb estar and the present participle form of the action in progress.

Forming the Present Participle

In English, the present participle is the verb form that ends in “-ing.” To form it in Spanish, add the ending -ando to -ar verb stems and -iendo to -er and -ir verb stems, like this:

Infinitive Verb Present Participle English

hablar hablando speaking

comer comiendo eating

vivir viviendo living

There are only two exceptions to this rule:

1. The -er and -ir verb stems ending in a vowel use -yendo rather than -iendo. (including ir)

For example: construir construyendo, ir yendo, leer leyendo

2. The -ir stem-changing verbs use the ei and ou pattern.

For example:

pedir pidiendo, repetir repitiendo, morir muriendo, dormir durmiendo

Present Progressive

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Yo estoy estudiando español. I am studying Spanish.

Ellos están durmiendo hoy. They are sleeping today.

Tú estás comiendo pan. You are eating bread.

To form the present progressive tense, use the present tense form of the verb estar together with the present participle form like this:

Present Progressive

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MIDTERM REVIEW

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I CAN STATEMENTS MIDTERM REVIEW

I can sometimes understand if people are asking for directions.








I can answer questions about what I am doing.




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Unit 32 Las Actividades al Aire Libre (Outdoor Activities)

Las actividades al aire libre Outdoor Activities Object Pronoun Placement with Present Progressive

1. Can be attached to the participle with an accent added.Estoy leyendo el libro. Estoy leyéndolo.

2. Can be placed before conjugated estar.Estoy leyendo el libro. Lo estoy leyendo.

la mochila backpack la playa beach la caminata walk la bicicleta bicycle la fogata bonfire la pesca fishing

la bici bike (short for bicycle) la caza hunting la luna moon la montaña mountain el océano ocean la excursión outing, trip, excursion

el picnic picnic el arcoíris rainbow el río river la arena sand el saco de dormir sleeping bag las estrellas stars

el sol sun la piscina swimming pool la tienda de acampar tent el árbol tree las olas waves acampar to camp, go camping

ir de caminata to go on a walk/hike asar to grill, to roast cazar to hunt mirar to look at jugar al voleibol to play volleyball tomar el sol to sunbathe nadar to swim andar to walk

Present Progressive with both IO & DO ExamplesHe is bringing it to us. (el dinero) Nos lo está trayendo.Está trayéndonoslo.

I am giving it to her. (la rosa) Se la estoy dando.Estoy dándosela.

We are teaching it to them. (la lección) Se la estamos enseñando.Estamos enseñándosela.

You are sending her to me. Me la estás enviando. Estás enviándomela.

Present Progressive with DO Pronouns ExamplesYou are eating them. (los frijoles) Los estás comiendo.Estás comiéndolos.

She is watching it. (el programa) Lo está mirando.Está mirándolo.

He is playing it. (la trompeta) La está tocando.Está tocándola.

We are studying it. (el español) Lo estamos estudiando. Estamos estudiándolo.

You all are waiting for them. (los amigos)Los estáis esperando.Estáis esperándolos.

They are listening to it. (la música) La están escuchando.Están escuchándola.

They are looking for you. Te están buscando. Están buscándote.

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I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 32 Las Actividades al Aire Libre (Outdoor Activities) I can answer questions about what I am doing.

I can talk with someone about hobbies and interests.

I can ask for and provide information about a hobby.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

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Present Progressive with

Object Pronouns


Object pronouns can be placed in two different positions in the sentence when using the present progressive.

First: Object pronouns can be attached to the present participle. Keep in mind that an accent mark needs to be added to maintain the proper syllable stress within the word. When direct and indirect object pronouns are used together, the indirect object pronoun goes first.

For example: Estoy comiendo una manzana. I am eating an apple. Estoy comiéndola. I am eating it.

La maestra nos está enseñando una lección. The teacher is teaching us a lesson. La maestra está enseñándonosla. The teacher is teaching it to us.

Second: Object pronouns can also be placed before the conjugated estar. Again, when direct and indirect object pronouns are used together, the indirect object pronoun goes first.

For example: Estoy comiendo una manzana. I am eating an apple.La estoy comiendo. I am eating it.

La maestra nos está enseñando una lección. The teacher is teaching us a lesson. La maestra nos la está enseñando. The teacher is teaching it to us.

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Unit 33 El Viaje (Travel)

El viaje Travel Preterite –ar Verbs: -é -aste -ó -amos -asteis –aron Preterite is used for single, completed events in the past. llamar- to call yo llamé I called tú llamaste you called él/Ud. llamó he/you called nosotros llamamos we called vosotros llamasteis all of you called ellos/Uds. llamaron they, all of you called

el aeropuerto airport la llegada arrival la cámara camera la salida departure el equipaje luggage el vuelo flight

el hotel hotel la llave key el museo museum el parque nacional national park cuarto de no fumar non-smoking room pasajeros passengers

el pasaporte passport el avión plane el punto de interés point of interest la reservación reservation el cuarto room el asiento seat viajar to travel conocer to get to know (a new place)

el cuarto de fumar smoking room el recuerdo souvenir (as well as "memory") la maleta suitcase los boletos tickets viaje de ida y vuelta round-trip aterrizar to land perder el avión to miss the plane perder el tren to miss the train

despegar to take off disfrutar to enjoy hacer la maleta/yo hago to pack a suitcasesalir to depart or leave pasear to take a walk estar de viaje to be on a trip tomar fotos to take pictures volar to fly

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Useful Verbsllevarcaminarsacarvisitarpasar (tiempo)

to wearto walkto take (pictures)to visitto spend (time)

Preterite Reflexive Verb Examplesme despertéte acostastese cepillónos peinamosos afeitasteisse lastimaron*notice the endings are the same, but paired with Reflexive pronouns**also the stem-changers DO NOT change in the past tense

I CAN STATEMENTS

Unit 33 El Viaje (Travel) I can understand a simple public transportation schedule.

I can answer questions about what I did.

I can say where I went.

I can understand a clear and repeated announcement about a flight’s departure time and/or gate.

I can give some information about activities I did.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

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To form the Preterite Tense, or simple past tense, with regular -ar verbs, the following endings are added to the verb stem: -é -amos -aste -asteis -ó -aron

For example: To form the preterite of hablar in the yo form, take off the -ar to get the verb stem (habl-), then add the -é ending.

hablar habl + é hablé yo hablé I spoke, I talked

Let’s look at all the hablar conjugations for the preterite tense: hablé hablamos hablaste hablasteis habló hablaron

Meaning and Usage The preterite is also known as the simple past. It often tells specifically when something took place. When you are describing single, completed events in the past, use the preterite.

Examples: Hablé con Pedro anoche. I spoke with Pedro last night.

El profesor contestó todas mis preguntas. The professor answered all my questions. Ellos llegaron a las seis de la tarde. They arrived at 6 PM.

Preterite Tense –ar Verbs

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Unit 34 La computadora y la Internet 1 (The Computer and The Internet 1)

La computadora y la Internet 1 Computer and Internet Preterite –er/-ir Verbs -í -iste -ió -imos -isteis –ieron Preterite is used for single, completed events in the past. escribir- to write

I wrote you wrote he/you wrote we wrote all of you wrote

yo escribítú escribiste él/Ud. escribiónosotros escribimosvosotros escribisteisellos/Uds. escribieron they, you all wrote

la grabadora de CD-ROM CD/ROM burner el computador/la computadora computer los datos data el disco compacto/ CD compact disc/ CD el correo electrónico/el email e-mail la carpeta folder

la página de inicio home page el mensaje instantáneo instant message el/la Internet the Internet el teclado keyboard la computadora portátil laptop el enlace link

cerrar to close copiar to copy cortar to cut borrar to erase descargar/bajar to download editar to edit

eliminar to delete formatear to format ir a to go to instalar to install iniciar sesión to log in cerrar sesión to log out

buscar search imprimir to print el buzón mailbox guardar to save el archivo file enviar to send

Common Irregular Preterite Verbs:

irfui- I wentfuistefuefuimosfuisteisfueron

dardi- I gavedistediodimosdisteisdieron

hacerhice- I did/madehicistehizohicimoshicisteishicieron

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I CAN STATEMENTS





I can talk about a mathematics, technology, or science project.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

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To form the Preterite Tense with –er and –ir verbs, the following endings are added to the verb stem: -í -imos -iste -isteis -ió -ieron

For example: To form the preterite of the verb comer in the nosotros form, take off the -er and you are left with the stem of the verb (com-). Now add the ending –imos for nosotros. comer com + imos comimos nosotros comimos we ate

Let’s look at all the comer conjugations in the preterite tense: comí comimos comiste comisteis comió comieron

Now let’s take a look at the –ir verb vivir. viví vivimos viviste vivisteis vivió vivieron

Meaning and Usage The preterite is also known as the simple past. It often tells specifically when something took place. When you are describing single, completed events in the past, use the preterite.

For example: Ayer comimos arroz con leche. Yesterday we ate rice pudding. Ellos escondieron el tesoro. They hid the treasure. ¿Comprendiste la lección? Did you understand the lesson?

Abrí la lata. I opened the can. Escribiste una carta. You wrote a letter. Él vivió en Chile el año pasado. He lived in Chile last year.

Preterite Tense –er and –ir Verbs

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La computadora y la Internet 2 Computer and Internet Vocabulario suplementario teclear to type escribir a máquina to type

Direct Objects me te lo, la nos os los, las

Indirect Objects & Emphasis me a mí te a ti le a él, a ella, a usted nos a nosotros os a vosotros les a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes

Indirect Objects and Direct Objects together Indirect objects before Direct objects.Él me lo da. He gives it to me. OR Va a dármelo. He isgoing to give it to me.Indirect object pronouns le, les become se with Directobjects.Yo se las compro. (Yo compro galletas para la clase.)

Personal ‘a’ is used the direct object is a person or pet.Ex. Yo veo a Carlos. Yo oigo a mi perro.

el monitor monitor el ratón/el mouse mouse la red network en línea online la impresora printer la pantalla screen

el software software la página web web page la dirección de la página web page address buscar to look for la ventana window conectarse to log in

el sitio web website abrir to open pegar to paste imprimir to print reiniciar to reboot guardar to save

seleccionar to select navegar por Internet to surf the net visitar un sitio to visit a site la contraseña password prender to turn on apagar to turn off

los audífonos headphones el micrófono microphone el nombre de usuario username la arroba @ los contactos contacts el escáner scanner

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I CAN STATEMENTS


I can explain a series of steps needed to complete a task or experiment.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

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It is perfectly acceptable to use both direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns in the same sentence.

Consider the following example: Jim buys pizza for Rob and Emilie.

Pizza is the direct object, Rob and Emilie are the indirect objects.

As we replace both with pronouns, this is the sentence: Jim buys it for them.

There are two rules to remember when you use both direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns in Spanish.

Rule #1: Indirect object pronouns come before direct object pronouns. For example: Yo te doy el dinero a ti.Yo te lo doy.

In this example, el dinero is the direct object and is replaced with lo. Notice that the indirect object is te. Don’t forget that the a ti is used for emphasis. Both the direct and indirect objects can come before the verb, but remember to put the indirect object pronoun first!

You can also place them after an infinitive or a present participle. Since you are adding two syllables to these words, to keep the stress in the same syllable, we must add a written accent mark. Consider these examples: Quiero comprártelo. I want to buy it for you. (Literally “I want to buy to you it”). Estoy leyéndotelo. I am reading it to you. (Literally “I am reading to you it”).

Rule #2: If the indirect object pronoun is either le or les, it must be changed to se if it is used with a direct object pronoun. From the example above: Jim compra pizza para Rob y Emilie. Jim se la compra. (NOT Jim les la compra).

Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Together

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Direct objects receive the action of a verb in a sentence.

Consider these sentences: John eats the tomato. Carol knows your teacher.

To identify a direct object in a sentence you can ask WHO or WHAT receives the action. For example: What does John eat? the tomato The tomato is the direct object of the sentence.

Who does Carol know? your teacher Your teacher is the direct object of the sentence.

Direct object pronouns are used to replace a noun that receives the action of a verb. For example: John eats it. Carol knows her.

In Spanish, direct object pronouns must agree with the noun they replace in gender and number. These are the pronouns: me nos te os lo, la los, las

Notice that only four of the direct object pronouns in Spanish match gender: lo, la, los, and las. Also remember that when the direct object is a person, the pronoun you use must match the person receiving the action, not the person performing it.

Here are the same examples in Spanish:John come el tomate. Carol conoce a tu maestra.John lo come. Carol la conoce.

Note: As you can see, the word order changes. The pronoun is placed before a conjugated verb.

Note: Object pronouns can also be attached to the end of infinitive verbs and present participle: Yo quiero verlo. I want to see him. Yo estoy viéndolo. I am seeing him.

Direct Objects

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Indirect objects receive the direct object of a sentence. For example: Paul gives flowers to Rachel. Jim buys pizza for Rob and Emilie.

To identify the indirect object ask TO WHOM or FOR WHOM the action is performed. For example: To whom does Paul give flowers? to Rachel Rachel is the indirect object.

For whom is Jim buying pizza? for Rob and Emilie Rob and Emilie are the indirect objects.

In these examples, flowers and pizza receive the action of the sentences and are direct objects, but Rachel and Rob and Emilie are the indirect objects because they receive the flowers and pizza.

As usual, we can replace our nouns with pronouns. In this case we would say: Paul gives flowers to her. Jim buys pizza for them.

In Spanish, indirect object pronouns must agree with the noun they replace in number. These are the pronouns: me nos te os le les

Here are the same examples in Spanish:Paul da flores a Rachel. Jim compra pizza para Rob y Emilie. Paul le da flores. Jim les compra pizza.

Note: As you can see, the word order changes. The pronoun is placed before a conjugated verb. Note: Object pronouns can also be attached to the end of infinitive verbs and present participles: Yo quiero darte flores. I want to give you flowers. Yo estoy comprándole corbatas a mi papá. I am buying ties for my father.

Note: Sometimes, there can be confusion when using the pronouns as to whom you are referring. To avoid confusion or if you need to emphasize the object, you can use these phrases: a mí a nosotros a ti a vosotros a él a ella a usted a ellos a ellas a ustedes

For example: Le doy corbatas a él y guantes a ella. I give ties to him and gloves to her.

Indirect Objects

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When the direct object of a sentence is a person, it is preceded by the preposition a.

Basics of the “personal a”

Consider the following two English sentences: Morgan sees the tree. Morgan sees Anna.

It seems perfectly normal for Morgan to see a tree just like he sees Anna. In Spanish, however, we must use the “personal a” in the second sentence because the direct object (Anna) is a person. Here are the same two sentences in Spanish:

Morgan ve el árbol.

Morgan ve a Anna.

Exceptions As usual, there are exceptions to the rule. The “personal a” is not usually used after the verb

tener, for example. Tengo dos hermanos. I have two brothers.

The “personal a” is also not used if the person is indefinite, that is, when you’re not referring to onespecific person. For example:

Necesito un abogado. I need a lawyer. (The lawyer is unknown.) For purposes of the “personal a,” pets are treated like people. Other animals are not, however.

Oigo a mi perro Spot. I hear my dog Spot. Oigo los elefantes. I hear the elephants.

The “Personal a ”

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SEMESTER 2 FINAL REVIEW

Notes:

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I CAN STATEMENTS FINAL REVIEW






















I can talk about places I know.






I can write something I hear such as simple information in a phone message.


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I can sometimes understand if people are asking for directions.













I can talk with someone about hobbies and interests.

I can ask for and provide information about a hobby.

I can understand a simple public transportation schedule.



I can understand a clear and repeated announcement about a flight’s departure time and/or gate.





I can talk about a mathematics, technology, or science project.

I can explain a series of steps needed to complete a task or experiment.

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

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VOCABULARY REVIEW SECTION

(From 1A Course)

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Unit 1 Los Saludos (Greetings)

Saludos y despedidas Greetings and Good-byes

Hola. Hello. Buenos días. Good morning. Buenas tardes. Good afternoon. Buenas noches. Good evening. Good night. Adiós. Good-bye. Hasta luego. See you later. (Until later.) Hasta mañana. See you tomorrow. (Until

tomorrow.) Nos vemos. See you around.

¿Cómo estás? How are you? (informal) ¿Cómo está usted? How are you? (formal) ¿Qué tal? What’s up? How are things? Muy bien, gracias. ¿Y tú?

Very good, thank you. And you? (informal)

Muy bien, gracias. ¿Y usted?

Very good, thank you. And you? (formal)

más o menos okay (so so)

¿Cómo te llamas? What’s your name? (informal) ¿Cómo se llama usted?

What’s your name? (formal)

Me llamo ____. My name is ____. I call myself Mucho gusto. Nice to meet you. Igualmente. Same here. (likewise)

Las personas People

el muchacho boy la muchacha girl el niño little boy la niña little girl el señor Mr. la señora Mrs. la señorita Miss el amigo/la amiga friend (male/female)


¿Cómo se dice _____ en español?

How do you say_____ in Spanish?

Se dice _____. You say _____. ¿Cómo se dice “Good morning” en español?

How do you say “Good morning” in Spanish?

Se dice “buenos días.” You say “Buenos días.” ¿Qué quiere decir____? What does _____mean? Quiere decir _____ . It means _____.

Pronouns

Yo I Tú You Él, Ella, Usted He, She, You (formal)

Nosotros, Nosotras We Vosotros, Vosotras You all- Spain Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes They, You all

Become familiar with these words also.

ESTAR- to be

Emotions, How you feel, Where you are right now

Yo estoy Tú estás Él, Ella, Usted está

I am You are

He, She, (it) is; You are (formal)

Nosotros estamosVosotros estáis Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes están

We are

You all are- Spain

They, You all are

SER- to be

Physical, Who you are, What you do, Where you are from

Yo soy Tú eres Él, Ella, Usted es

I am You are

He, She (it) is, You are (formal)

Nosotros somosVosotros sois Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes son

We are You all are- Spain They, You all are

Spanish 1A

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pl.

s.

pl.

Spanish 1B VOCABULARY REVIEW SPANISH 1B

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Unit 2 La Escuela (School)

La escuela School

la clase class el aula classroom la mochila backpack la computadora computer el escritorio desk la silla chair la pizarra chalkboard el mapa map

Unas cosas Some Things

el libro book el calendario calendar el reloj clock el diccionario dictionary el borrador eraser la luz light el cuaderno notebook el papel paper el bolígrafo pen el lápiz pencil el estudiante student (male) la tarea homework la lección lesson el examen test la palabra word el maestro teacher (male)

Las materias Subjects

Verbos útiles Useful Verbs

sacar una buena nota to get a good grade aprender to learn prestar atención to pay attention hablar to speak, to talk estudiar to study enseñar to teach escuchar to listen practicar to practice

Definite Articles

el the (m s) la the (f s) los the (m pl) las the (f pl)

Indefinite Articles

un, uno a, an (m s) una a, an (f s) unos some (m pl) unas some (f pl)

el arte art el inglés English la historia history las matemáticas math la música music las ciencias science el español Spanish la educación física physical education/gym

Spanish 1A

ExamplesEl muchacho es un estudiante. The boy is a student.La muchacha es una estudiante. The girl is a student.Tengo unos libros. I have some books.Los libros son interesantes. The books are interesting.Tengo unas clases hoy. I have some classes today.Las clases son interesantes. The classes are interesting.

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Unit 3 Las Características (Characteristics)

Grupo #1 Las características Characteristics




Grupo #5 Los colores Colors


ESTAR- to be

Emotions, How you feel

Yo estoy Tú estás Él, Ella, Usted está

Nosotros estamos Vosotros estáis Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes están


bueno good malo bad paciente patient impaciente impatient rubio blond moreno dark hair and skin pelirrojo redhead cansado tired

guapo handsome feo ugly aburrido boring divertido fun nervioso nervous perezoso lazy grande big pequeño small

bonito pretty serio serious bajo short alto tall débil weak fuerte strong interesante interesting simpático nice

feliz happy triste sad enfermo sick inteligente intelligent gordo fat delgado thin

blanco white negro black azul blue rojo red verde green amarillo yellow anaranjado orange marrón brown

¿De qué color es _____? What color is ______?

los colores colors ¿Cómo estás? How are you? ¿Cómo está ella? How is she? Estoy ____. (to describe emotions)

I am _____.

Ella está ____. (to describe emotions)

She is ____.

Él está ____. (to describe emotions)

He is ____.

¿Cómo eres? What are you like? ¿Cómo es ella? What is she like? ¿Cómo es él? What is he like? Soy ____. (to describe physical characteristics)

I am ____.

Ella es ____. (to describe physical characteristics)

She is ____.

Él es ____. (to describe physical characteristics)

He is ____.

SER- to be

Physical, What you are like

Yo soy Tú eres Él, Ella, Usted es

Nosotros somosVosotros sois Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes son


Spanish 1A

Most adjectives can use ser or estar, but it changes the meaning. If I say "soy feliz" then I am considered a happy person, if I say "estoy feliz" then I am feeling happy (right now). Another example is:"eres bonita"- you are pretty"estás bonita"- you look pretty (today/in that outfit/with makeup)

Remember that adjectives and verbs become plural when talking about more than one person. Ex. somos inteligentes, son amarillos, estáis cansadas, estamos enfermos

I am You are

He, She (it) is You are (formal)

I am You are

He, She (it) is , You are (formal)

viejojoven

oldyoung

rosadomorado

pinkpurple

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Unit 4 Países, Nacionalidades, y Números de 0-30 (Countries, Nationalities, Numbers)

Grupo #1 Los continentes Continents

Grupo #2 Los países y nacionalidades

Countries and Nationalities

Grupo #3 Los números 0-10 Numbers 0-10




Las Matemáticas

más plus menos minus por times dividido por divided by

Los Verbos

infinitivo conjugado hablar Yo hablo

infinitive/end in -ar, -er, -ir conjugated/changed

to speak (inf) I speak (conj)

SER

Where you are from, Nationality

Yo soy (de) Tú eres (de) Él, Ella, Usted es (de)

Nosotros somos (de) Vosotros sois (de) Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes son (de)

I am (from) You are (from)

He, She (it) is You are (frml) (from)

We are (from) You all are (from)

They, You all are (from)

Examples

Yo soy de (place) Él es de (place) Ella es de (place)

el mundo the world América del Norte North America América del Sur South America Europa Europe/European Asia Asia/Asian África Africa/African Australia Australia/Australian Antártica Antarctica

los Estados Unidos/estadounidense

the United States/from the United States

México/mexicano(a) Mexico/Mexican Costa Rica/costarricense Costa Rica/Costa Rican la Argentina/argentino(a) Argentina/Argentine Brasil/brasileño(a) Brazil/Brazilian España/español(a) Spain/Spanish Alemania/alemán(a) Germany/German Japón/japonés(a) Japan/Japanese

cero 0 uno 1 dos 2 tres 3 cuatro 4 cinco 5 seis 6 siete 7 ocho 8 nueve 9 diez 10

once 11 doce 12 trece 13 catorce 14 quince 15 dieciséis 16 diecisiete 17 dieciocho 18 diecinueve 19 veinte 20

veintiuno 21 veintidós 22 veintitrés 23 veinticuatro 24 veinticinco 25 veintiséis 26 veintisiete 27 veintiocho 28 veintinueve 29 treinta 30

¿De dónde eres? Where are you from? (familiar)

¿De dónde es usted? Where are you from? (formal)

Soy de ____. I am from ____. Es de ____. He/She is from _____. Soy _____. I am ____.

Yo soy (nationality) Tú eres (nationality)

Spanish 1A

¿Cuántos años tienes? How old are you?Tengo ____ años. I am ______ years old.Tiene ____ años. He/She is _____ years old.

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Unit 5 La Hora (Time)

La hora Time

Adverbios Adverbs

ESTAR

Emotions, How you feel, Where you are right now

Yo estoy

Tú estás

Él, Ella, Ud está

Nosotros estamos

Vosotros estáis

Ellos, Ellas, Uds están

I am You are

He, She (it) is, You are (formal)

We are

You all are- Spain

They, You all are

¿Qué hora es? What time is it? Es la una. It is one o’clock. Son las dos. It is two o'clock. ...y cinco ...and five (minutes) ...y diez ...and ten (minutes) ...y cuarto ...quarter past the hour ...y media ...half past the hour ...menos cinco ...minus five (minutes)/

five minutes until

...menos diez ...minus ten (minutes)/ ten minutes until

(cinco) menos cuarto ...quarter to (five) de la mañana in the morning de la tarde in the afternoon de la noche at night ¿A qué hora? (At) what time? a la una at one o'clock a las dos at two o'clock

ahora now ahora mismo right now a tiempo on time un momento a moment la hora hour el minuto minute el segundo second en punto on the dot

ayer yesterday hoy today mañana tomorrow anoche last night a mediodía at noon a medianoche at midnight temprano early tarde late

después (de) after antes (de) before de nuevo, otra vez again nunca, jamás never a veces sometimes a menudo often siempre always quizás, tal vez maybe, perhaps

Spanish 1A

:00en punto

ymenos

y cuarto :15:45 menos cuarto

:30y media

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Unit 6 Verbos Comunes –ar (Common –ar Verbs)

Verbos comunes –ar Common -ar Verbs

Verbos comunes –ar Common -ar Verbs

Prepositions

Preposiciones Prepositions 2

Conjunciones Conjunctions

Conjugation of –ar verb: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

Yo hablo Tú hablas Él, Ella, Usted habla

I speak/am speaking/do speakYou speak/are speaking

He, She, You speaks/is speaking

Nosotros hablamos Vosotros habláis Ellos, Ellas, Uds. hablan

We speak/are speakingYou all speak/are speaking

They, You all speak/are speaking

amar to love ayudar to help bailar to dance cantar to sing comprar to buy enseñar to teach escuchar to listen to estudiar to study

hablar to speak limpiar to clean mirar to look at necesitar to need preguntar to ask a question tocar to touch, to play (*an instrument) tomar to take, to drink trabajar to work

Preposiciones

a to, at arriba de/ encima de above, on top of cerca de near lejos de far from debajo de under delante de in front of dentro de inside of, within detrás de behind

en in, at entre between fuera de outside of hacia until, toward para for por for, by sin without sobre on, on top of, about, above

y and o or ni nor pero but sino but rather sin embargo nevertheless excepto except aunque although

Spanish 1A

jugarbuscar

to play (*a sport/game)to look for

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Unit 7 Verbos Comunes –er/ir (Common –er/ir Verbs)

Verbos comunes –er Common -ER Verbs

aprender to learn beber to drink comer to eat comprender to understand correr to run creer to believe deber to owe, must, ought hacer/ *yo hago to do, to make

Verbos comunes -er & -ir Common -ER and -IR Verbs

leer to read obtener/ *yo obtengo to obtain, to get parecer/ *yo parezco to seem, to appear perder/ *yo pierdo to lose poder/ *yo puedo to be able, can poner/ *yo pongo to put, to place querer/ *yo quiero to want saber/ *yo sé to know, to know how

tener/ *yo tengo to have vender to sell ver/ *yo veo to see volver/ *yo vuelvo to return, to go back abrir to open asistir to attend corregir/ *yo corrijo/ tú corriges

to correct

cumplir años to have a birthday

Verbos comunes –ir Common -IR Verbs

decidir to decide decir/ *yo digo to say, to tell describir to describe divertirse/ *yo me divierto to have a good time dormir/ *yo duermo to sleep escribir to write ir/ *yo voy to go oír/ *yo oigo to hear

Verbos comunes –ir Common -IR Verbs

preferir/ *yo prefiero to prefer recibir to receive salir/ *yo salgo to go out, to leave sentir/ *yo siento to feel sorry, to feel sentirse/ *yo me siento to feel (well, sick) traducir/ *yo traduzco to translate venir/ *yo vengo to come vivir to live *Verbs marked with an asterisk are irregular, Yo form isgiven.

Conjugation of –er verb:

Yo como Tú comes Él, Ella, Usted come

Nosotros comemos Vosotros coméis Ellos, Ellas, Uds. comen

-o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en

I eat /am eating/do eat You eat

He, She eats, You eat (formal)

We eat You all eat

They, You all eat

Conjugation of –ir verb:

Yo escribo -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en

I write /am writing/do writeTú escribes You write Él, Ella, Usted escribe

Nosotros escribimos

He, She writes You write

We write Vosotros escribís You all write Ellos, Ellas, Uds. escriben They, You all write

Using 2 verbs

When you use two verbs you can conjugate the first and leave the second in the infinitive: Yo necesito dormir- I need to sleep Yo quiero saber- I want to know Me gusta leer- I like to read

Spanish 1A

SPANISH 1B

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Unit 8 Las estaciones y los números (Seasons and Numbers)

Los días de la semana Days of the Week

Los meses del año Months of the Year

*Note: Days and months are not capitalized in Spanish.

The Seasons and Numbers

Numbers

Palabras útiles Useful Words

Giving Dates

Hoy es jueves. (día) Hoy es el diez de octubre. (#, mes) Hoy es jueves, el diez de octubre. (día, #, mes) Hoy es el primero de julio. (1st of month)

Interrogatives

¿Qué? What? ¿Quién? Who? ¿Por qué? Why? ¿Cuándo? When? ¿Dónde? Where? ¿A dónde? To where? ¿De dónde? From where? ¿Cómo? How? ¿Cuál? Which? ¿Cuánto/a? How much? ¿Cuántos/as? How many? * porque because

el domingo Sunday el lunes Monday el martes Tuesday el miércoles Wednesday el jueves Thursday el viernes Friday el sábado Saturday

enero January febrero February marzo March abril April mayo May junio June julio July agosto August septiembre September octubre October noviembre November diciembre December

Las estaciones y los números

la estación season el otoño fall el invierno winter la primavera spring el verano summer treinta 30 treinta y uno 31 treinta y dos 32

Los números

cuarenta 40 cuarenta y uno 41 cincuenta 50 sesenta 60 setenta 70 ochenta 80 noventa 90 cien 100

hoy today mañana tomorrow ayer yesterday la semana week el mes month el año year

Spanish 1A

el fin de semana the weekendla fecha the date

SPANISH 1B

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Unit 10 Los pasatiempos (Pastimes and Hobbies)

Los pasatiempos Hobbies and Pastimes Vocabulario suplementario

cazar pescar montar en ATV nadaranimarel baloncestoel fútbol americano

to huntto fish

to ride a four-wheeler to swim to cheer(lead) basketball football

Gustar: “I like…" or "It pleases…"Me gusta(n) I like Te gusta(n) You like Le gusta(n) He/She likes Nos gusta(n) We like Os gusta(n) You all like Les gusta(n) They/You all like

a mí a ti a él, a ella, a usted

phrases to add emphasis

a nosotros a vosotros a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes

Me gusta can go with a verb or noun, singular or plural objects, with a clarifying phrase or without.

Examples Me gusta correr. I like to run. A mí me gusta la escuela. (To me) I like school. ¿Te gustan las clases? Do you like the classes? A ti te gusta aprender. (To you) You like to learn. A Carlos le gusta escribir. Carlos likes to write. A ella le gustan los estudiantes. She likes the students.

una fiesta a party el parque de atracciones amusement park el ajedrez chess el concierto concert el amigo, la amiga friend ir al museo to go to the museum la película movie, film tocar el piano to play the piano

dibujar to draw bailar to dance ir al parque to go to the park ir a la tienda to go to the store ir al teatro to go to the theater leer to read

escuchar música to listen to music pintar to paint practicar deportes to play sports jugar videojuegos to play videogames tocar un instrumento to play an instrument cantar to sing

leer el periódico/ la revista

to read the newspaper/ the magazine

relajarse to relax montar en bicicleta to ride a bike montar a caballo to ride horseback coser to sew divertirse to have fun

tomar el sol to sunbathe navegar la Internet to surf the Internet sacar fotos to take pictures usar la computadora to use the computer mirar la tele to watch TV escribir to write

Spanish 1A

SPANISH 1B

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Unit 11 La Comida 1 (Food Part 1)

La comida The Food Vocabulario suplementario

el venado deer meat las judías verdes green beans las habichuelas green beans

potato la papa/patata frito/a

fried bacon

Possessive Adjectives

mi/mis my tu/tus your su/sus his, her, its, your nuestro/a/os/as our vuestro/a/os/as your (plural) su/sus their, your

(plural)

Possession using ‘de/del’

El libro de Juan. Juan’s book. Los libros del muchacho. The boy’s books. El escritorio de la maestra. The teacher’s desk. La mochila del estudiante. The student’s backpack.

la manzana apple el plátano banana la uva grape el limón lemon la naranja orange el durazno peach la pera pear la piña pineapple

la fresa strawberry la sandía watermelon el aguacate avocado el frijol bean (dried) los frijoles beans (dried) el brócoli broccoli la zanahoria carrot el maíz corn

el ajo garlic la cebolla onion el jugo de naranja orange juice la res beef el pollo chicken el pescado fish el jamón ham los mariscos seafood (all but fish)

el cerdo pork el bistec steak el café coffee el jugo juice la limonada lemonade la leche milk el tomate tomato la cena dinner

el agua water el té tea el desayuno breakfast el almuerzo lunch la merienda snack (light afternoon meal) el refresco soda

Spanish 1A

tocino, beicon

SPANISH 1B

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Unit 12 La Comida 2 (Food Part 2)

La comida The Food Frases extras Useful Phrases

Demonstrative Adjectives

This/These (near speaker) Singular Plural

Masculine este estos Feminine esta estas

These/Those (farther from speaker)

Singular Plural Masculine ese esos Feminine esa esas

That Over There/Those Over There (farthest from speaker)

Singular Plural Masculine aquel aquellos Feminine aquella aquellas

Examples

Este queso es delicioso. This cheese is delicious. Ese queso es frío. That cheese is cold. Aquel queso es bueno. That cheese over there is good. Esta manzana es deliciosa. This apple is delicious. Esa manzana es mala. That apple is bad. Aquella manzana es buena. That apple over there is good. Plural

Estos quesos/Esos quesos/Aquellos quesos son deliciosos. Estas manzanas/Esas manzanas/Aquellas manzanas son deliciosas.

el pan bread la mantequilla butter el pastel cake el cereal cereal el queso cheese el arroz rice la sal salt los huevos eggs

el helado ice cream la pimienta pepper las galletas cookies el vaso glass el sándwich sandwich el azúcar sugar la servilleta napkin la cuenta bill

la cuchara spoon la taza cup el tenedor fork el postre dessert el cuchillo knife el plato principal main dish el menú menu el yogur, el yogurt yogurt

el plato plate; dish querer to want el camarero, el mesero waiter la camarera, la mesera waitress pedir to ask for / to request tener hambre to be hungry tener sed to be thirsty cocinar to cook

comprar to buy beber to drink comer to eat tener to have gustar/ me gusta to like preferir/ yo prefiero to prefer preparar to prepare compartir to share

me falta I lack (I need, I'm missing) quisiera, me gustaría I would like ¿Algo más? Anything else? de nada you are welcome por favor please gracias thank you

Spanish 1A

SPANISH 1B

94

Unit 13 La Familia (Family)

La Familia The Family Frases Extras

Te quiero- I love you Te extraño- I miss you Te amo- I love you Estar+ casado/a- to be married

ella está casada- she is married Estar+ divorciado/a- to be divorced

ellos están divorciados- they are divorced

2 Verb Combinations

Conjugated verb + Infinitive verb

Necesito dormir I need to sleep Puedo dormir I am able to sleep/ I can sleep Quiero dormir I want to sleep Decido dormir I decide to sleep Debo dormir I ought to sleep/ I should sleep

Poder—to be able to yo puedo tú puedes él, ella, Ud. puede nosotros/as podemos vosotros/as podéis ellos, ellas, Uds.

pueden

Querer—to like/want/love yo quiero tú quieres él, ella, Ud. quiere nosotros/as queremos vosotros/as queréis ellos, ellas, Uds.

quieren

la madre, la mamá mother, mom el padre, el papá father, dad el hijo son la hija daughter el abuelo grandfather la abuela grandmother el padrastro stepfather la madrastra stepmother

la tía aunt el tío uncle el sobrino nephew la sobrina niece el cuñado brother in law la cuñada sister in law

el primo cousin (male) la prima cousin (female) los padres parents el esposo husband la esposa wife el amor (the) love

la nieta granddaughter el nieto grandson los parientes relatives casado(a) married divorciado(a) divorced enamorarse to fall in love

extrañar to miss someone querer to love el hermano brother la hermana sister el suegro father in law la suegra mother in law el hermanastro stepbrother la hermanastra stepsister el bisabuelo great grandfather la bisabuela great grandmother

Spanish 1A

SPANISH 1B

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Unit 14 La Ciudad (The City)

La ciudad The City Vocabulario suplementario

todo recto- straight todo derecho- straight

Ir—to go

yo voy tú vas él, ella, Ud. va nosotros/as vamos vosotros/as vais ellos, ellas, Uds. van

Ir + a + infinitive—going to do… Yo voy a estudiar. I am going to study. Tú vas a mirar la tele. You are going to watch TV.

Acabar + de + infinitive—just did… Yo acabo de estudiar. I just studied. Tú acabas de mirar la tele. You just watched TV.

Contractions

To the/a + el = al From the/de + el = del Yo voy al banco. I am going to the bank. Yo llamo del hospital. I am calling from the hospital.

la ciudad city el pueblo town la calle street la esquina corner el edificio building la casa house

allí there aquí here a la derecha to the right a la izquierda to the left cerca near lejos far

el aeropuerto airport el banco bank la iglesia church la discoteca dance club el centro downtown la granja farm

la biblioteca library el cine movie theaterel museo museum la oficina office el parque park la farmacia pharmacy

la estación de policía police station el correo post office el hospital hospital el hotel hotel el centro comercial shopping mall el zoológico zoo

Spanish 1A

SPANISH 1B

96

Unit 15 Los Animales (Animals)

Los animales The Animals


Stem change: o -> ue

dormir/ yo duermo to sleep almorzar/ yo almuerzo to eat lunch contar/ yo cuento to count/to tell costar/ yo cuesto to cost devolver/ yo devuelvo to return an item poder/ yo puedo to be able to/can morir/ yo muero to die volar/ yo vuelo to fly volver/ yo vuelvo to return

Stem change: e -> ie comenzar/ yo comienzo to start divertirse/ yo me divierto to have fun empezar/ yo empiezo to start/to begin entender/ yo entiendo to understand perder/ yo pierdo to lose preferir/ yo prefiero to prefer querer/ yo quiero to want/like/love *tener/ yo tengo/tú tienes to have *venir/ yo vengo/tú vienes to come

Stem change: e -> i

Stem change: i -> ie

adquirir/ yo adquiero to acquire

Stem change: u -> ue

jugar/ yo juego to play (sports/games)

Stem change: o -> hue

oler/ yo huelo to smell

el oso bear el pájaro bird el gato cat la vaca cow el perro dog el elefante elephant

el pez fish la rana frog el caballo horse el león lion el mono monkey el cerdo pig

la oveja sheep la serpiente snake el tigre tiger el ratón mouse el pato duck el conejo rabbit

el gallo rooster la gallina hen el pollo chick el huevo egg la abeja bee la mosca fly

correr to run dormir/ duerme to sleep/ it sleeps cuidar to take care of saltar to jump caminar to walk alimentar to feed

pedir/ yo pido to ask for, request *decir/ yo digo/tú dices to tell repetir/ yo repito to repeat medir/ yo mido to measure

Spanish 1A

Stem-changing/boot verbs. Only change inside the boot. Ex. comenzar/ yo comienzo (e > ie)

yo comienzo

tú comienzas

él comienza

nosotros comenzamos

vosotros comenzáis

ellos comienzan

SPANISH 1B

97

Unit 16 Las Tiendas (Stores)

Las tiendas Stores


Vocabulario suplementario

dollar(s) dólar(es)

vender

¿Cuánto cuesta?

regalo

to sell

How much does it cost?

gift

Irregular Yo Verbs

Tener—Yo tengo Decir—Yo digo Venir—Yo vengo Hacer—Yo hago Poner—Yo pongo Salir—Yo salgo Ver—Yo veo Conocer—Yo conozco Dar—Yo doy Oír—Yo oigo Saber—Yo sé See full conjugations in grammar pages.

barato cheap la moneda coin la tienda store la tarjeta de crédito credit card caro expensive el vendedor salesperson

el precio price la compra purchase la liquidación sale el dinero money la panadería bakery la peluquería barber shop/hair salon

la librería bookstore la carnicería butcher shop la dulcería candy store la farmacia drugstore la florería flower shop la mueblería furniture store

la heladería ice cream parlor la joyería jewelry store el centro comercial mall la pizzería pizzeria la juguetería toy store el supermercado supermarket

comprar to buy/to purchase prestar to lend buscar to look for deber to owe pagar to pay for/to pay gastar dinero to spend money

Spanish 1A

regalar to give (a gift)

SPANISH 1B

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Unit 17 El Tiempo (The Weather)

El tiempo The Weather

Hace buen tiempo. It's nice weather. Hace mal tiempo. It's bad weather. Está nublado. It's cloudy. Está lloviendo. It's raining. Está nevando. It's snowing. el relámpago lightning

Other Examples of weather phrases

Hay lluvia. There is rain/It is rainy. Hay relámpagos. It is lightning. La temperatura sube/baja. The temperature rises/drops.

Hay and Tener Expressions

hay que + inf. * to have to do (*impersonal) tener que + inf. to have to do tener ganas de + inf. to feel like doing

More Tener Expressions

tener frío to be cold tener calor to be hot tener hambre to be hungry tener sed to be thirsty tener sueño to be sleepy tener cuidado to be careful tener vergüenza to be ashamed tener miedo (de/a) to be scared/afraid of tener suerte to be lucky tener prisa to be in a hurry tener razón to be right

la lluvia rain la brisa breeze Hace (mucho) frío. It is (very) cold. Hace (mucho) calor. It is (very) hot. Hace (mucho) viento. It's (very) windy. Hace (mucho) sol. It's (very) sunny.

la nube cloud seco dry la temperatura temperature derretirse/ se derrete to melt/ it melts, is melting la nieve snow la tempestad storm

húmedo humid el trueno thunder el viento wind el cielo sky el sol sun el granizo hail

granizar to hail llover/ llueve to rain/ it rains, is raining nevar/ nieva to snow/ it snows, is snowing lloviznar to drizzle el hielo ice la niebla fog

Spanish 1A

Ex.Tengo frío porque está nevando mucho.¿Tienes calor durante el verano?Tenemos miedo de los relámpagos.¡Ten cuidado!Sí, él tiene razón, hace buen tiempo hoy.

Tengo que estudiar el español. ¡Tengo ganas de mirar la tele!Hay que beber, pero tenemos ganas de beber un refresco.

SPANISH 1B

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