SQL/ServerSQL/Server

Stephen CunninghamStephen CunninghamThema DavisThema Davis

Problem DomainProblem Domain

Designed for retrieval and management Designed for retrieval and management of dataof data

Defines the structures and operations Defines the structures and operations of a data model of the databaseof a data model of the database

Also used for data manipulation, data Also used for data manipulation, data access, security and many other thingsaccess, security and many other things

Historical ContextHistorical Context

First version developed IBM by Donald First version developed IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymod F. Boyce in D. Chamberlin and Raymod F. Boyce in the early 1970’sthe early 1970’sIt was called SEQUELIt was called SEQUELStandardized in 1986 by the American Standardized in 1986 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)National Standards Institute (ANSI)Also by the International Organization Also by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO)of Standardization (ISO)

Evolution of the LanguageEvolution of the Language

Expansions and revisions – 1989 & 1992Expansions and revisions – 1989 & 19921999 - Regular expression matching, 1999 - Regular expression matching, recursive queries, triggers, support for recursive queries, triggers, support for procedural and control-of-flow statements, procedural and control-of-flow statements, and some object-oriented features.and some object-oriented features.2003 - Introduced XML-related features, 2003 - Introduced XML-related features, window functionswindow functions, standardized sequences, , standardized sequences, and columns with auto-generated values and columns with auto-generated values (including identity-columns).(including identity-columns).

Language ConceptsLanguage Concepts

Stored ProceduresStored ProceduresSelecting a QuerySelecting a QueryInsertInsertDeleteDeleteUpdateUpdate

Stored ProceduresStored Procedures

Reference: http://99-bottles-of-beer.net/language-sql-609.html

/* available online in file 'sample6' */#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>

typedef char asciz;

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; /* Define type for null-terminated strings. */ EXEC SQL TYPE asciz IS STRING(20); asciz username[20]; asciz password[20]; int dept_no; /* which department to query */ char emp_name[10][21]; char job[10][21]; EXEC SQL VAR emp_name is STRING (21); EXEC SQL VAR job is STRING (21); float salary[10]; int done_flag; int array_size; int num_ret; /* number of rows returned */ int SQLCODE;EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;

EXEC SQL INCLUDE sqlca;

Selecting A QuerySelecting A Query

SELECT *

FROM books

WHERE price > 100.00

ORDER BY title;

A select query that returns a list of expensive

books.

InsertInsert

INSERT INTO my_table (field1, field2, field3) VALUES ('test', 'N',

NULL);

Insert is used to add rows (formally tuples) to an existed table

DeleteDelete

DELETE FROM my_table WHERE field2 = 'N';

Delete removes zero or more existing rows from a table

UpdateUpdate

UPDATE T1 SET C1 = 2 WHERE C2 in ( SELECT C3 FROM T2 WHERE C4 = 0)

Set the value of column C1 in table T1 to 2, only if the value of column C2 is found in the

sub list of values in column C3 in table T2 having the column C4 equal to 0.

Comparison to JavaComparison to Java

Java has classpaths, working Java has classpaths, working directories, environment variables and directories, environment variables and command-line parameterscommand-line parameters

Slower and less flexible Slower and less flexible

Comparison to PL/SQLComparison to PL/SQL

PL/SQL supports variables, conditions, PL/SQL supports variables, conditions, arrays and exceptionsarrays and exceptions

Makes it easy to use loopsMakes it easy to use loops

Has features for object oriented Has features for object oriented programmingprogramming

SourcesSources

    http://www.paladn.com/sql-server-http://www.paladn.com/sql-server-programming-environment.htm programming-environment.htm

http://www.jcc.com/sql.htm http://www.jcc.com/sql.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_LanguageStructured_Query_Language

The EndThe End