Owner

4.1 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES I. NEW AGRICULTURE METHODS II. THE REVIVAL OF TRADE III. THE GROWTH OF CITIES IV. THE PAPAL MONARCHY V. NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS VI. METHODS OF THE CHURCH VII. RISE OF UNIVERSITIES VIII. LATE MIDDLE AGES IX. HUNDRED YEARS WAR

4.2 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS I. EARLY AMERICANS II. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS & TRIBES

POPULATION FOR EUROPE DOUBLED (38 TO 74 MILLION). THE RESULT WAS AN INCRASE STABILITY AND PEACE AND IN FOOD PRODUCTION

CHANGE IN CLIMATE (GROWING CONDITIONS ARE BETTER) (CLEAR LAND)

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES AIDED FARMING: 1. WATER AND WIND ARE USED TO HARNESS POWER, AND 2. “CARRUCA” PLOW COULD TURN OVER HEAVY SOIL

“ MANORIAL SYISTEM” IS PRACTICED (AGRICULTURAL ESTATE AKA THE “MANOR” IS RAN BY A LORD AND WORKED BY THE PEASANTS)

THE LAND-HOLDING NOBLES (LORDS & VASSELS) DEPENDED ON FREE PESANTS AND SERFS (PEASANTS LEGALLY BOUND TO THE LAND) TO PROVIDE ECONOMIC SUPPORT BY WORKING THE LAND SO THAT THE NOBLES COULD PURSUE THE ARTS OF WAR

PEASANT ACTIVITIES (SEASONAL):AUGUST-SEPTEMBER= HARVEST OF GRAINS (BREAD)OCTOBER=WORKED THE GROUND (WINTER CROPS)NOVEMBER=SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS (SALT MEAT)FEBRUARY AND MARCH=PLOW LAND FOR SPRING AND SHEARING AND WEEDING ARE DONE IN THE SUMMER

IN THE 11TH AND 12TH CENTURIES, A REVIVAL OF TRADE AND THE GROWTH OF CITIES CHANGED THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATON OF EUROPE (“AGRICULTURAL” TO A “MIX OF AGRICULTURAL & COMMERCIAL”

ITALIAN CITIES TOOK THE LEAD (FLANDERS)

“MONEY ECONOMY” DEVELOPED (NO LONGER USED “BARTER” ECONOMY

TRADING COMPANIES AND BANKING FIRMS ARE ESTABLISHED TO MANAGE THE EXCHANGE AND SALE OF GOODS

“COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM” (ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF INVESTMENTS IN GOODS FOR A PROFIT)

THE BEGINNING OF THE “COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION”

•The Vow of Poverty•The Vow of Chastity•The Vow of Obedience

Aka “Corporation” or “Guild”

Bologna is the first location of a University (Italy) and the study of the day is Roman

Law

Theology is another vocation and is the study of Religion and God

Oral Exams are administered and if passed, a person could receive a Doctorate Degree

ROMANESQUE STYLE GOTHIC STYLE Long, round stone-arched roofs

(“Barrel Vaults”) – Heavy construction leaving little room for windows (dark inside)

Pointed arches (“Flying Buttress”) distributed the weight of the ceiling (Stain Glass is used providing more light)

ROMANESQUE GOTHIC

“BLACK PLAGUE”DECLINE IN CHURCH

POWER Aka “Black Death” or “Bubonic

Plague” Mite/Flea infected by Bacteria which

infects the Black Rat Black Rat aboard ships carrying

cargo become contaminated The ships crew eats the

contaminated goods and becomes infected with the Plague (came from Caffea on the Black Sea)

The Plague hits the streets of London and spreads (75 million die/wipes out entire villages)

Social Chaos (people abandon one another, mother abandons child, priest abandons the church)

Food prices are down because demand is down (Death rate is up)

This is a case of Kings vs. Popes Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV Boniface goes to France (Avignon)

then to Rome to reside “Great Schism”– Boniface dies and

two Popes are chosen/elected by Cardinals

1 Pope elected by Italians 1 Pope elected by French___________________________ =2 Popes in Rome Divides Europe Each Pope denounced each other as

the “Anti-Christ”

BLOOD DISEASE

Blood Boils Flue like symptoms:

rosy red circles on the face, coughing, sneezing, fever, chills, body odor

Death followed (No Cure)

SYMPTOMS

Popular in 1348 (mainly in Germany)

- Believed the Plague was sent by the devil

-Would travel from town to town flogging

themselves to gain God’s forgiveness.

- Killed Jews and any authorities that got in

their way

War between England and France

1337 – 1453 “Joan of Arc” helps unite the

French by defeating the British and crowning Charles as the French King

Joan is known as the “Maid of Lorraine” (prophesy)

Crowning of Charles led to the end of the 100 Year War

New Monarchies emerge as 15th century Spain tries to centralize power yet its people is divided by religion

100,000 -10,000 YEARS AGO FIRST AMERICANS

Americans touch the Arctic Ocean

“Ice Age” (created a “Land Bridge” aka “Bering Strait” located b/n Asia and North America (Alaska)

“Glaciers” (large sheets of ice) receded and sank below sea level thus new civilizations emerge

Inuits (Eskimo Indians)

Mound builders (Alabama)

Anasazi Plains Ameridians

(Alabama) Iroquois (Northeast

America and Canada)

People Location Religion Architect Rise/Decline

Olmec Gulf of Mexico

Rituals Large City ruled by hereditaryBuilt city around central pyramid

1,200 BC.---Declined

Maya Yucatan Peninsula

Priest/Human SacrificeSacred Ball Court

Temples PalacesCity States

300-900 AD.---Abandoned City

Toltec Tula*ChichenMexico City

Warriors PyramidsPalaces

900 AD. -1200---Declined

Aztec Tenochtitlan-Lake Texcoco Island

Temples (god monarch – “Montezuma”)Human Sacrifice

CitiesPyramidsRoadways that linked islands

12 Century AD.---Hernan Cortes (guns, war, destroyed them)

Inca South AmericaEquadorChileEdge of the Amazon

Emperor Rules (decended from the “Inti- Sun god” (State based on war)

Built major Road SystemColumbiaChileAndes

15th Century----Francisco Pizzarro (smallpox, guns, war)