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Studies on the incidence of Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) on improved cowpea and
non-cowpea varieties at Maradi, Niger
1Baoua, B.I.; 2Agunbiade,T. A., 3Ba, N. M., 2Pittendrigh, B. R. 1 Institut National de Recherche Agronomique du Niger, Niamey, Niger BP 240 Maradi Niger
2Peace Corps Niger, B.P. 10537. Niamey 3 Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
INRAN : BP 423 Niamey, BP 240 Maradi
Tél : (227) 20 72 53 89 Email : [email protected]
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Total rainfall =
624.9 mm
46 days
554.7 mm
38 days
347.2 mm
37 days
449.1mm
42 days
Maruca vitrata Fabricius adult caught
period in light trap
n=111
n=128
n=31
n=164
April October September August July May June
Sowing cowpea
Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Leguminosae: papilionaceae), is a highly
important grain legume crop grown in the semi-arid and dry savannah areas of the
tropics (Singh and Van Emden, 1979). It is an important source of energy and protein
for about 200 million people in Africa and also forms a vital cattle forage crop in many
farming systems (Mortimore et al., 1997). Despite the importance of cowpea, several
biotic and abiotic constraints reduce its production in the field and its value in storage.
Among the biotic factors, field and storage insect pests are the most serious (Singh et
al., 1990; Dreyer et al., 1994; Asiwe, et al., 2005). The major insect pests of cowpea
include aphids (Aphis craccivora), thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti Tribom), pod borer
(Maruca vitrata), a complex of pod sucking bugs (Clavigralla spp., Acanthomia spp.,
Riptortus spp.), and the storage weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. Of these, M.vitrata
causes significant damage to cowpea in sub-Saharan Africa.
Maruca vitrata Fabricius (syn. M. testulalis) (Lepidoptera:Pyraloidea: Crambidae), is a
key pest of cowpea (Jackai, 1995) as well as other legume crops including pigeon
pea and common bean (Taylor, 1967; Sharma, 1998).
Although the basic biology of M. vitrata has been studied extensively (Taylor, 1967;
Taylor, 1978; Jackai, 1981; Jackai, 1982; Okeyo-Owuor and Ochieng, 1981; Okeyo-
Owuor et al., 1983; Singh et al., 1990; Jackai et al., 1990; Okeyo-Owuor and Oloo,
1991; Onyango and Ochieng-Odero, 1993), generally there is inadequate information
on the occurrence and distribution of this pest on cowpea and non-cowpea hosts in
Niger and this could hinder the development of effective IPM strategies against the
pest in the country. This paper summarizes the incidence and abundance of M. vitrata
on improved cowpea and non-cowpea hosts in Niger.
The field experiment was conducted at the INRAN station
for DGP (Dry Grain Pulse) in Maradi during 2007, 2008
and 2009 cropping seasons..The experiment started at
the beginning of rainy season for each year study. The
experimental design for all the study was completely
randomized block design with treatments which are the
cowpea and non-cowpea plant materials replicated within
blocks. Each measured 4.8 m by 4.8 m, the space
between plots was 2 m while between blocks was 3 m.
The plants were sown at a spacing of 0.8 m by 0.8 m
within plots. Three seeds were sown per hole.
In 2007, the varieties were:
• IT89 KD 374-57, an improved early maturing
cowpea variety developed by the International
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria;
• TN 5-78, medium maturing cowpea variety from
INRAN;
• TN 256-87, late maturing cowpea variety also
from INRAN;
• Sesbania pachycarpa, a wild legume plant and,
• Vigna vexillata, wild cowpea variety.
In 2008 and 2009, the same planting conditions were
followed with slight changes in the varieties. The varieties
were as follows:
• IT 97K 499-38, an early cowpea variety;
• TN 256-87, intermediate cowpea variety;
• Dan Dame, late cowpea local variety; and
• S. pachycarpa, a tropical legume.
Data on the incidence of M. vitrata on the treatments
throughout the crop growth cycle was carried out 3 weeks
after sowing.
Light trap studies were conducted to assess the incidence
and abundance of M. vitrata at Maradi during the study.
The trap was checked each four days and all the M. vitrata
adults were collected and put into plastic vials containing
70% ethanol. Daily rainfall data during the crop growing
periods in 2007, 2008 and 2009 were obtained from the
local meteorological station.
The incidence of M. vitrata on the pods and flowers of
cowpea was also monitored during the crop growing
season. Flowers and pods from 15 plants were randomly
selected to assess the pest damage.
Context
Methodology
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Flowers/plant
pods/plant
Young larvae of Maruca vitrata Fabricius/plant
Old larvae of Maruca vitrata Fabricius/plant
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July August September October
July August September October
Year 2009
Year 2008 Flowers/plant
Flowers/plant
Young larvae of Maruca vitrata Fabricius./plant
Young larvae of Maruca vitrata Fabricius./plant
Oldlarvae of Maruca vitrata Fabricius./plant
Old larvae of Maruca vitrata Fabricius/plant
IT 97K 499-38 TN 256-87 Dan Damme
Sesbania pachycarpa D.C..
Cowpea varieties
Wild host of Maruca vitrata Fabricius
Maruca vitrata Fabricius. Adults caught period in light trap
TN 5-78
Light trap used in the study
Daily rain fall record, period and total catch of Maruca vitrata Fabricius in
light trap at INRAN Maradi Station in Niger
Records of flowers and pods of cowpea, Sesbania pachycarpa
D.C. and Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich and larvae of Maruca vitrata
Fabricius per plant for each observation day during 2007
Records of flowers of cowpea and Sesbania
pachycarpa D.C. and larvae of Maruca vitrata Fabricius
per plant for each observation day
Number of observed flower per
plant Rate of infested
flowers per plant
Number of observed pods
per plant Rate of infested pods per plant
IT 89 KD 374-57 12,86 ± 9,94a 5,31 ± 15,30a 27,08 ± 25,49a 8,01 ± 14,51a
TN 5-78 14,01 ± 14,11a 4,32 ± 14,72a 24,94 ± 25,25b 6,91 ± 12,29a
TN 256-87 9,65 ± 765a 4,82 ± 14,25a 16,75 ± 19,42c 10,92 ± 18,64b
S. pachycarpa 96,50 ± 86,34b ND 56,00 ± 104,6d ND
V. vexillata 7,19 ± 7,11c 0,31 ± 3,09b 7,11 ± 6,43d 2,90 ± 11,18c
F=229,50; p<0,01 F=4.06; p<0,01 F=14,23; p<0,01 F=10.70; p<0,01
Total number of flowers and pods of cowpea, Sesbania pachycarpa D.C. and Vigna
vexillata (L.) A. Rich observed and rate of infestation by Maruca vitrata Fabricius in the
trial during 2007
Adults of Maruca vitrata Fabricius
Flowering stage of
S. pachycarpa
Larvae of M. vitrata on
cowpea pod M. Vitrata trial at station Maradi
These data allow us to provide additional information related to the population dynamics of M. vitrata in Sahelian region, Maradi l in Niger:
1) Adults seem to be present only during the rainy season during the period August to October as noted in Niamey and Kano in 1993 and 1994 by Bottenberg et al. (1997) and PobèMengao in
Burkina Faso by Ba et al. (2009). No adult M. vitrata were captured during the dry season and also it is reported the scarcity of the wild alternate hosts in the zone of Maradi and Zaria in
Nigeria (Margam et al. 2010). The hypothesis of migration of adult M. vitrata from south to north states by Bottenberg et al. 1997 seems to be confirmed.
2) Moisture appears to be an underlying factor in the survival of M. vitrata (Metcalf et al. 1962). Ba et al. (2009) demonstrated in Burkina Faso that the moth catches in light traps varied with
latitude and positively correlated with rainfall. In the Maradi, it is also noted a variation in catches of M. vitrata depends on rainfall. This results is consistent with reports that heavy rainfall exert
high pest pressure and favor excessive vegetative growth by Omongo et al. (1997) and Kurungi et al. (2000).
3) The pest develops little on V. vexillata. The legume is initially scarce because of its low germination rate, but it is late maturity legume. Very few larvae of M. vitrata were noted on some flowers
observed and this confirms the resistance of V. vexillata against the attacks of M. vitrata. Several authors stated the cases of pubescences in the plants’ organs prevent the pest development
(Jackai and Oghiakhe, 1989; Oghiakhe et al. 1993; Oigiangbe et al., 2006).
4) On the other hand S. pachycarpa is a wild plant on which M. vitrata develops. Several authors have classified as alternate hosts of the moth (Atachi and Djihou, 1994). In Maradi zone, the
species starts flowering late compared to early cowpea and this high rate of infestation flowers by M. Vitrata, is certainly due to its large number of inflorescences.
5) It is also possible to argue that M. vitrata make at least two generations per year in the region of Maradi. There is at least two or three peaks occurrence of young larvae for three years. Also,
during the three years, larvae of M. vitrata were observed on field over a period of 44 to 45 days, enough time to perform at least two cycles based on it development period from egg to adult
it takes an average of 19.2 days at 29.3 ° C (Adati et al. 2004).
6) As in the case of adults, larval development of M. vitrata is also related to rainfall. In 2007 and 2009, the observed amount in the plots was much higher than what was noted in 2008 years
which recorded a low rainfall.
7) The damage due to M. vitrata on early varieties is important as on late varieties. With a maximum of 2 to 3 larvae per plant, the losses ranged between 4 to 6% for flowers, between 8 to 11%
for pods and 12 to 15% of damaged fruiting organs. These rates are below those reported by Singh et al. (1990), Afun et al. (1991) and Dreyer et al. (1994).
8) The local variety Dan Damme was slightly infested by M vitrata. Indeed it seems to escape the attacks of the insect because of its late flowering characteristics. However, it can not be
recommended to Sahelian producers who have to adapt the context of rainy seasons which is becoming progressively shorter each year.
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This project has been made possible through support provided to the Dry Grains Pulses Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) by the Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade, U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Grant No. EDH-A-00-07-00005. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors
and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S. government.