study question. compare and contrast acoustic and articulatory phonetics 10/24/2015 language...
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Study Question.• Compare and contrast acoustic and articulatory phonetics
04/20/23
• Language» Speech perception
◊ Acoustic Phonetics
◊ Articulatory Phonetics
◊ Top-down processes
Language
• Phonology: The rules underlying production and comprehension of speech.
• Phonetics: The nature of linguistic sounds.» Articulatory phonetics: Placement of the mouth, tongue, lips,
etc. used to produce particular sounds.
» Acoustic phonetics: Physical characteristics of speech sounds.
◊ The Speech Spectrograph
Language
• Some Basics» Qualitative and quantitive elements of sensory stimuli
Low
High
Com
pres
sion
Language
• The Speech spectrograph
Language
• Acoustic Phonetics» Phoneme: The smallest unit of speech that if changed
would change the meaning of a word.E.g., “Pit” ----> /p/ + /I/ + /t/
/b/
/b/+/I/+/t/ = “bit” /p/+/i/+/t/ = “peat”
/i/
/b/+/I/+/g/ = “pig”
/g/
LanguageConsonants Vowels
p pull s sip i heedb bull z zip I hidmman r rip e baitw willf fill æ badv vet u boot thigh U put
y yipt tie k kale o boatd die g galen near h hail a hotl lear sing
shoulds head
pleasurez
c chopgyroj
thyo but
V
bought
c
sofa
e
manyi
Language
• Articulatory Phonetics» Three ways in which consonants differ.
1. Place of articulation– Bilabial --> /p/
– Labiodental --> /f/
– Dental --> //
– Alveolar --> /z/
– Palatal --> /ˆz/
– Velar --> /k/
– Glottal --> /h/
Language
• Articulatory Phonetics» Three ways in which consonants differ.
2. Manner of articulation– Stops --> /b/
– Fricatives --> /s/
– Africatives --> /j/
– Nasals --> /m/
– Lateral --> /L/
– Semivowels --> /r/
3. Voicing
◊ Vibration of vocal chords
Language
• Articulatory Phonetics» Voicing
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• Articulatory Phonetics» Is speech special?
◊ Specialized neural mechanisms for perceiving speech. – Categorical perception
Voice onset-time and distinguishing /d/ from /t/
Language
• Articulatory Phonetics
» Vowels◊ Positioning and part of tongue
– Height
High (/i/ beet)
Med (/e/ bait)
Low (/a/ pot)
– Part
Front (/I/ bit)
Central (but)
Back (/o/ boat)
Language
• The search for invariants
» Distinctive features◊ Chomskey & Halle (1968)
– The Sound Pattern of English
5 groups of features
◊ Miller & Nicely◊ Articulatory features
» Problems with a simple bottom-up approach◊ There are no periods of silence between phonemes
Language
• The search for invariants» Phonemic information is presented in parallel
◊ Coarticulation◊ E.g. Cf. /M/ in “Tim” vs. “/M/ in “mad”
» We perceive them as the same, but they are different
» We perceive the same sound differently according to the context
◊ E.g.: Writer vs. Rider
◊ E.g.: Insert a silence between /s/ and /i/ --> “ski”
Insert a silence between /s/ and /u/ --> “spew”
Language
• Top down processes» Phonemic restoration effect (Warren, 1970)
◊ Their respective legi*latures◊ Found a *eel on the axle◊ Found a *eel on the shoe
Language
• Perceiving conversational speech» Two main problems:
1. There are no physical boundaries between words– Anna Mary candy lights since imp pulp lay thing
2. Speech is sloppy– -> Misheard Lyrics
– -> This was the best buy vs. She is a bad girl
Language
• Perceiving conversational speech» Two main problems:
QuickTime™ and aDV/DVCPRO - NTSC decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Language
What are you doing ?
Language
Whad’ya doin’?
Language
• Top-down processes and speech perception
» Phonemic perception◊ The McGurk Effect
» Sentence comprenension◊ Miller & Isard (1963)
– Participants shadow sentences:
Grammatic: Bears steal honey from the hive.
Semantically incorrect: Bears shoot honey on the highways.
Ungrammatic: Across bears eyes honey the bill.
Language
• Top-down processes and speech perception◊ Miller & Isard (1963)
– Results
Gram. Nonsem.Nongram.
No noise 89% 79% 56%
Mod. Noise 63% 22% 3%