Taking Notes

I will give you guided note packets for the year. This are full of information and must be

kept in your binders

Some slides you will need to take notes on, others you wont. Pay attention to the upper

left hand corner for a pencil icon.

Write notes!!!

Slides with the pencil icon have blanks that you must fill in, or questions that you must answer on your note sheets.

No notes needed

Some slides are meant to increase your understanding of a topic. These slides may have a different activity but will not have notes. If there is no pencil, you don’t need to take notes, but must pay attention!

Ex: What was the note on the previous slide you needed to complete?

Pencil

The

Enlightenment

The Age of Reason

Before the Enlightenment

Before the Enlightenment took hold of Europe, the Renaissance had occurred. The Renaissance led to the Scientific Revolution. All of these time periods are defined by a sense of inquiry, or questioning the established order to find better ways of doing things.

The Enlightenment The Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, grew out of the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s

If scientists could understand the physical world using reason, then reason could also be used to discover natural laws, which govern human nature.

Prior to the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution, how did Europeans answer questions about the world they lived in?

The Church and Government

Achieving Heaven on Earth

Life in the enlightenment was characterized by political and religious fighting. The enlightened thinkers believed they could fix the political, social and economic problems using reason

Enlightened thinkers= philosophes

**Enlightened thinkers were concerned with the relationship between government and the people**

Thomas HobbesSupported strong government because he thought people are cruel, selfish and greedy –they need to be controlled

Strong governments are needed to control the masses.

The Social Contract is an arrangement where people give up their rights to be protected by the government

Hobbes wrote his ideas in the book entitled The Leviathan.

Thomas Hobbes believed a harsh and strict government was the only was to keep people in line, just like

Hammurabi’s code.

What was Hammurabi's code?

John LockePeople are basically moral and reasonable. They want to do the right thing.

Additionally, Humans are born with Natural Rights: Life LibertyProperty

Government exists at the consent of the governed to protect their rights. If the government fails to protect these rights, the contract is broken and the people may change or replace the government.

Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government stressing the best governments had limited power.

John Locke

“Freedom of men under government is to have a standing rule to live by, common to every one of that society, and made by the legislative power vested in it; a liberty to follow my own will in all things, when the rule prescribes not, and not to be subject to the inconstant, unknown, arbitrary will of another man.”

What does John Locke mean by this quote?

-John Locke, Two Treatises of Government

Laws should be consistent, not subject to change based on the desires of the king or others.

MontesquieuA Political writer, Montesquieu criticized absolute monarchies. He admired Britain's limited monarchy and said it protected people’s rights.

Montesquieu believed having 3 branches in government would prevent tyranny:

-Executive (the boss)-Legislative (makes the laws)-Judicial (judges and courts)

These 3 branches could check each other and split power.

Tyranny: absolute ruler abuses power, unfairly and

harshly ruling

These 3 branches could check each other and split power.

Name one country that adopted Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers

VoltaireBelieved in the freedom of free press and used it to expose the abuses of political and church leaders.

His writings angered government and church officials. He was imprisoned and forced into exile. To stop his ideas from spreading his books and writings were outlawed and burned= censorship

“I do not agree with a word that you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

-Voltaire

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Believed society made people evil. The uneven distribution of land was a great evil.

Rousseau stressed the importance of the common good which is decided by the general public.

He wrote The Social Contract where he says the government is in place because people allow it to make decisions for the common good.

Man is born free, and yet every where he is in chains

-Rousseau. The Social Contract

Enlightenment for Women

Natural Rights were for men only. Women were kept to the house.

Some women exposed to enlightened philosophy through the Salons or meeting places.

Prominent and wealthy women would host informal parties where enlightened thinkers could gather and discuss.

New Economic Systems

Along with trying to solve the political problems of the day, many enlightened thinkers attempted to solve the economic problems. These thinkers were called physiocrats.

These thinkers reject Mercantilism and promote Laissez Faire economic practices. In a laissez faire economy the government does not interfere with the operations of business.

Adam SmithIn his book The Wealth of Nations, Smith argued for the free market without government interference. He believed supply and demand should run the market. His ideas are still influential in economic discussions today.

EffectsBefore After

-Divine absolute monarchs

-Church authority

-Strict class system

-suffer in life, reward in heaven

-Government should protect the people

-flexible social classes

-Happiness on earth

Enlightened Ideas SpreadTheories from enlightened thinkers spread rapidly through the distribution of pamphlets and books. These thinkers were primarily concerned

-the relationship between people and their government

-exposing the abuses of church and political leaders

-using reason and natural law to answer life’s questions.

**Cultural Diffusion**

Salons

Many Enlightened thinkers met in the Salons to discuss their theories of government. The Salons were usually hosted by women, thus the philosophers were forced to speak in an easy vernacular to ensure understanding. Salons helped spread

the enlightened thought by bringing

the ideas into common language

Vernacular: common

language of an area

Censorship

The Church and Monarchs began a war of censorship. They burned books, imprisoned enlightened thinkers, and exiled many more.

Despite these attempts the Enlightened thoughts spread

Enlightened Despots

Some rulers embraced the ideas of the enlightenment to expand their rule.

Fredrick the Great adopted the idea of “Common Good” to tighten his control over his kingdom and subjects

Queen Catherine the Great made several reforms to the laws in Russia. She also spoke against serfdom, but ultimately she continued to expand her own power.

The Arts

The music of this time period follows was structured and organized, suitable for the age of reason. Some of the most famous artists and musicians from the time period include

Rembrandt van Rijn

Johann Sebastian Bach

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Review

Government The People

Review QuestionsWhich statement represents a key idea directlyassociated with John Locke’s Two Treatises ofGovernment?

(1) Freedom of speech should be denied.

(2) The king’s power on Earth comes from God.

(3) All people are born with the right to life,liberty, and property.

(4) Individuals acting in their own self-interestwill achieve economic success.

Review QuestionsWriters of the Enlightenment were primarily interested

in:

1. Changing the relationship between people and their government

2. Supporting the Divine Right Theory

3. Debating the role of church in society

4. Promoting increased power for European monarchs

Review QuestionsWhich statement best describes a change that occurred

during both the Renaissance and the Enlightenment?

1. Feudalism became the dominant political system

2. The use of reason and logic were discouraged

3. Technology and science were considered unimportant

4. A new questioning spirit and attitude

Posters

Please draw a promotional poster for the Enlightenment and its ideas or draw a poster that a King may have put up to stop the Enlightenment.