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TeachersTeachers’ ’ exchangeexchangeTeachersTeachers’ ’ exchangeexchangeIng. Alessandro PerfettoIng. Alessandro Perfetto

Technological school: “E.Fermi” Technological school: “E.Fermi” Isernia (Italy)Isernia (Italy)

ITALY: IserniaITALY: IserniaPORTUGAL: MadeiraPORTUGAL: Madeira

Summary

1. Review of the main concepts2. Introduction to ICT3. Introduction to cloud computers4. Introduction to Prezi SW5. Student’s task number one6. Discussion about the main rules to develop a

good presentation7. Introduction to computer networks8. Student’s task number two9. An introduction to “google docs”

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Review of the main concepts

• Data: Data consists of the raw facts and figures that are processed into information (for example: the votes for different candidates being elected to student-government office).

• Information: Information is data that has been summarized or otherwise manipulated for use in decision making (for example, the total votes for each candidate, which are used to decide who won)

ICT: what is?

ICT

=–InformationTechnology

+

–CommunicationTechnology

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ICT meaning…

• ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form. For example, personal computers, digital television, email, robots.

• So ICT is concerned with the storage, retrieval, manipulation, transmission or receipt of digital data and also it concerned with the way these different uses can work with each other.

…ICT meaning

• ICT (information and communicationstechnology - or technologies) is an “umbrellaterm” that includes any communication deviceor application : radio, television, cellularphones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as wellas the various services and applicationsassociated with them, such asvideoconferencing and distance learning. ICTs are often spoken of in a particularcontext, such as ICTs in education, healthcare, or libraries.

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

• When we speak of Information we speak of Computer….

• A computer is a programmable, multiuse machine that accepts and processes (or manipulates) it into information that we can use such as summaries, totals, or reports.

• Its purpose is to speed up problem solving and increase productivity by automatic elaboration.

COMMNUNICATION TECHNOLOGY…

• Communication technology, also called telecommunications technology, consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for communicating over long distances.

• The principal examples are: telephone, radio, broadcast television, and cable TV. In more recent times, there has been the addition of communication among computers which is what happens when people “go online” on the internet.

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…COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

• In this context, online means using a computer or some other information device, connected through a network, to access information and services from another computer or information device.

• A network is a communications system connecting two or more computers where internet is considered the largest network.

ICT in education

• At Indiana University some teachers use a small wireless keypad linked to a computer to enable the students to answer questions not by raising their hands but by pressing buttons, with the results appearing on a screen in the front of the room.

• So the teacher has in real-time the students answer multiple-choice questions to see whether they understand her lecture points and to make necessary adjustments.

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Main Applications of ICT

• email (electronic mail) messages transmitted over a computer network, most often the internet.

• e-learning: (or distance learning) the name given to online education programs

• Telemedicine (medical care) delivered via telecommunications. For examples the radiologists have used “teleradiology” to exchange computerized images such as X-rays via telephone or linked networks with

expert physicians in metropolitan areas

Main Applications of ICT

• About medicine there is also anotherapplication about the robots (automatic devices) that perform functions ordinarily performed by human beings, with names such as robo doc, RoboCart, TUG, and HelpMate that help free medical workers for more critical tasks; The four-armed “Da Vinci” surgical robot, for instance, can do cuts and stitches deep inside the body, so that surgery is less traumatic and recovery time faster.

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Main Applications of ICT

• FINANCIAL: “The future of money is increasingly digital, likely virtual, and possibly universal,” says one writer. Virtual means that something is created, simulated, or carried on by means of a computer or a computer network, and we certainly have come a long way toward becoming a cashless society

Main Applications of ICT

• Entertainment: ranging from videogames to tele-gambling. It is also being used in the arts, from painting to photography.

Computers, the internet, and the World Wide Web are standing the system of music recording and distribution on its head. By downloading—transferring data from a remote computer to one’s own computer—so that people could listen to them before paying few dollars for a CD

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Main Applications of ICT

• Entertainment examples:Computer-based special effects in the Movie WALL-E, showing WALL-E and EVE in WALL-E’s truck. At Right of figure we have an indoor “winter” sports facility in Japan; the system uses microprocessors to keep lifts running, snow falling, and temperature at 26 degrees.

Main Applications of ICT

• Changing government and politics: A Rutgers University study suggests that the internet has great potential for civic betterment because it is fast and cheap for users (once they are connected) and facilitates communication among citizens better than do mass media such as radio and TV. A study, made by the Pew Internet & American Life Project, found that internet users are much more likely to contact government than are nonusers because of the ease of finding information online and of contacting officials through email.

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Main Applications of ICT

• Jobs & Careers: In the hotel business, even front-desk clerks need to know how to deal with computerized reservation systems.

• Investigators with specialized computer backgrounds are also required to help solve fraud, computer break-ins, accounting illegalities, and other high-tech crimes.

CLOUD COMPUTINGCLOUD COMPUTINGCLOUD COMPUTINGCLOUD COMPUTING

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Introduction to Cloud computing

• Cloud computing refers to the provision of computational resources on demand via computer network, such as applications, databases, file services, email, etc.

• In the traditional model of computing, both data and software are fully contained on the user's computer; in cloud computing, instead, the user's computer may contain almost no software or data (perhaps a minimal operating system and web browser only), serving as little more than a display terminal for processes occurring on a network of computers far away.

Introduction to Cloud computing

• The phrase “cloud computing” is originated from the cloud symbol that is usually used by flow charts and diagrams to symbolize the internet. The principle behind the cloud is that any computer connected to the internet is connected to the same pool of computing power, applications, and files.

• Users can store and access personal files such as music, pictures, videos, and bookmarks or play games or use productivity applications on a remote server rather than physically carrying around a storage medium such as a DVD or thumb drive

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…Introduction to Cloud computing

• Those who use web-based email such as Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, a Company owned email, or even an e-mail client program such as Outlook, Evolution, Mozilla Thunderbird or Entourage are making use of cloud email servers.

How does work Cloud computing?

• Cloud computing combines the processing power of multiple remote computers in "the cloud“ to achieve a task, managing and synchronizing multiple documents online, or computationally intensive work.

• These tasks would normally be difficult, time consuming or expensive for a single computer to accomplish.

• The result of this processing is then served using the Internet to one or more clients working on their local computer.

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How does work Cloud computing?

• The services and software are provided by the company hosting the remote computers.

• The clients are only responsible for having a simple computer with a connection to the Internet in order to make requests to and receive data from the cloud.

• Computation and storage is divided among the remote computers in order to handle large volumes of both, thus the client need not purchase expensive hardware to handle the task.

Definition of Cloud computing

• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a concise and specific definition:

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

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Cloud computing…

• Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services.

• It is the same concept that can be drawn with the electricity grid, where end-users consume power without needing to understand the component devices or infrastructure required to provide the service.

…Cloud computing

• Cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)" deliver software as a service over the Internet, eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computers and simplifying maintenance and support.

• The idea of Cloud computing is evolved from parallel processing, distributed computing and grid computing. There is a bit similarity between them but they work differently

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An An introductionintroduction totoPreziPrezi SWSW

An An introductionintroduction totoPreziPrezi SWSW

Interactive lession about Prezi SW

• Go to www.prezi.com

• Show in which way you have a free account on Prezi

• An illustration of the Prezi MENU

• Example of presentation about a topic

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STUDENT’s TASK number one

• Have your free account on to “prezi.com”

• Develop a simplified presentationabout main topic of ICT, imagingto show it to a student involvedwith you for the first time .

• Send to the teacher on mypersonal email address

DiscussionDiscussion aboutabout youryourpresentationpresentation

DiscussionDiscussion aboutabout youryourpresentationpresentation

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View…

• View of your personal presentation with a discussion about your development of the topics

Summary of rules for a good presentation

1. To avoid too much text in a part2. Insert some pictures to catch the attention3. Don’t use too much colors4. Insert productor’s name (handmade)5. Insert your country and general address6. To use a simple text7. At the begining the purpose or the aim of

your presentation8. To Refer to a summary9. Conclusion and future work about the topic10. To explain the topic in a simple way

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Computer networksComputer networksComputer networksComputer networks

Introduction to Computer Networks

• Most people know “Internet” through only the applications: � the World Wide Web

� email

� streaming audio and video

� chat rooms

� music file sharing.

• The Web, for example, presents an intuitively simple interface in which the users view pages full of textual and graphical objects, click on objects that they want to learn more about, and a corresponding new page appears.

• …..BUT……..•

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What is a computer network?

• A combination of computer hardware, cabling, network devices, and computer software used together to allow computers (nodes) to communicate with each other.

• The nodes are general purpose computers, like a desktop workstation or a PC

• The goal of any computer network is to allow the communication between computers to share data (exchange file and SW) and resources (HW: for example a printer).

• The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

Network classification by size

• One way to characterize networks is according to their size:– LAN (local area networks) :extend less than 1 km, tipically extends to one or two buildings in that area

– MAN: (metropolitan area network): a city or a large campus which usually span tens of kilometers that interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology

– WAN (wide area networks): introduced to describe the larger networks that interconnectgeographically distant computers (MAN)

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Internet

• Internet is a very large, global network that allows at every computers on the planet to communicate with the other computers.

• Not only, it is the biggest network in the formal sense, and it enables the communication in the worldwide across cultures and political boundaries.

• Underclose examination, however, the Internet isn’t a network at all. It’s really a bunch of interconnected networks.

• Internet is short for interconnected networks.and includes, literally, hundreds of thousands of enterprise networks, hundreds of millions of home users, and a mysterious cloud in the middle

Isp for Internet

• To have Internet, a company called “Internet service provider (ISP)” creates a network.

• An ISP then sells its services to businesses and individuals people, with the most basic service being the ability for the customers’ computers to send and receive data to and from any other computer on the Internet. To provide this basic overall service, an ISP must provide a customer with two things:■ A connection between an enterprise network, or a home user, and the ISP’s network■ Connections between the ISP’s network and every other part of the Internet

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Example of ISP

• three different ISPs supply a network connection to their respective customers Each users pay a fee, typically monthly, to their respective ISPs for the right to connect to that ISP. However, they do not pay money to the other two ISPs shown in the figure.

An example of network application:Video streaming

• One of the emerging application of the Internet is streaming audio and video. Although an entire video file could first be fetched from a remote machine and then played on the local machine, similar to the process of downloading and displaying a Web page, this would entail waiting for the last second of the video file to be delivered before starting to look at it.

• Streaming video implies that the sender and the receiver are, respectively, the source and the sink for the video stream. That is, the source generates a video stream (perhaps using a video capture card), sends it across the Internet in messages, and the sink displays the stream asit arrives.

• To be more precise, video is not an application; it is a type of data. One example of a video application is video-on-demand, which reads a preexisting movie from disk and transmits it over the network

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Another example of network application: video conference

• Another kind of application is the videoconferencing,which is actually the more interesting one because it has very tight timing constraints.

• Just as when using the telephone, the interactions among the participants must be timely. When a person at one end gestures, then that action must be displayed at the other end as quickly as possible. Too much delay makes the system unusable. In contrast, if it takes several seconds from the time the user starts the video until the first image is displayed, then the service is still deemed satisfactory. Also, interactive video usually implies that video is flowing in both directions, while a video-on-demand application is most likely sending video in only one direction.

How to connect more computers

• To connect each other two or more computers to have a network we need:

1. a network interface card

2. a cable (with RJ45 connectors)

3. device: hub or switch or router

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Network interface card

• For a PC to use a network, it must have some interface to the network cabling. PCs use network interface cards (NICs) to provide that interface. In fact, the name is somewhat self-descriptive: NICs are expansion cards that give a PC an interface to a network. The NIC address has many names besides NIC address. The most common name is Media Access Control (MAC) address.

Used Cable Connectors

• RJ-45 Jack connectors

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Device: HUB

• Hub, sometimes referred to as a concentrator or repeater Hub, refers to a networking component which acts as a convergence point of a Network, allowing the transfer of data packets.

• In its simplest form, a hub works by duplicating the data packets received via one Port, and making it available to all ports, therefore allowing data sharing between all devices connected to the hub.

Device :Switch

• A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN).

• Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch generally contains more intelligence (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub.

• Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of each packet, and forwarding them appropriately. By delivering messages only to the connected device intended, a network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub.

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Device: ROUTER

• Routers are physical devices that join multiple wired or wireless networks together. Technically, wired/wireless router connects networks and operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Home networkers often use an Internet Protocol (IP) wired or wireless router.

• An IP router such as a DSL or cable modem broadband router joins the home's local area network (LAN) to the wide-area network (WAN) of the Internet.

Device: Router

• By maintaining configuration information in a piece of storage called the routing table, wired or wireless routers also have the ability to filter traffic, either incoming or outgoing, based on the IP addresses of senders and receivers. Some routers allow the home networker to update the routing table from a Web browser interface. Broadband routers combine the functions of a router with those of a network switch and a firewall in a single unit and also an ADSL modem.

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Network topology

• The network topology describes the method used to do the physical wiring of the network. The main ones are bus, star, and ring.

• Bus - Both ends of the network must be terminated with a terminator.

• Star - All devices revolve around a central hub, which is what controls the network communications, and can communicate with other hubs.

• Ring - Devices are connected from one to another, as in a ring. A data token is used to grant permission for each computer to communicate.

A point to point connection.

• Network connectivity occurs at many different levels. At the lowest level, a network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some physical medium, such as a coaxial cable or an optical fiber. We call such a physical medium a link, and we often refer to the computers it connects as nodes. (Sometimes a node is a more specialized piece of hardware rather than a computer, but we overlook that distinction for the purposes of this discussion.

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Multiple access

• In other cases, more than two nodes may share a single physical link (such a link is said to be multiple access).

• Whether a given link supports point-to-point or multipleaccess connectivity depends on how the node is attached to the link. It is also the case that multiple-access links are often limited in size, in terms of both the geographical distance they can cover and the number of nodes they can connect. The exception is a satellite link, which can cover a wide geographic area.

Network configuration address:IP v4• An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a

numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."

• The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses,

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Network configuration address: IP v6

• A new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995, standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998, and is being deployed worldwide since the mid-2000s.

IP address class

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Example of network

Sending Packets to the Same Subnet or Different Subnet

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Another example

Wired or wireless network?

• Now that most Universities have their wired network infrastructure built there is suddenly a demand for a new wireless infrastructure. Does this mean that the wired network in obsolete? Of course not! The whole network infrastructure contains a place for wired and wireless connections. Every wireless access point using the 802.11 standards needs a wired connection. Wiring for wireless access points requires a different topology than for traditional wired jacks, so a network mixing both wireless and wired connections may need as much or more wire than before even with fewer jacks

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Wireless

• One advantage is dedicated bandwidth. Wired connections today are generally switched, which means that each user has access to the full available bandwidth. This means that a user of a 10 megabit connection has the full 10 megabit bandwidth at his disposal. The full bandwidth is often necessary for quality multimedia presentations. Wireless solutions use hub-based technology—the bandwidth is shared. So a hundred wireless users on an 11 megabit connection at an access point will share the 11 megabits. This means slow access if everyone is accessing the net at once; the result is not adequate for multimedia. It appears that networked multimedia will rely on wired networks for some time.

Wireless• Another advantage of wired over wireless is access

control and security. Wired connections have the advantage of physical access control. If a person cannot physically get to the network jack, he cannot use the wired network. Wired security methods are standard and proven—it is possible to reach a high level of protection for data and communications. This is important for university networks with secure information such as student records and financial data. Wireless security standards have not been settled and there are many ways that wireless networks can be compromised. Even with the use of VPN and other security methods that can be adapted to wireless today, access may be so difficult that network administrators will be reluctant to put them into place. Most existing wireless networks today lack the most fundamental security

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Wireless

• The high speed wireless network world in education today is concentrated around the IEEE 802.11 protocol. The most used version today is 802.11b, which works in the 2.4GHz unlicensed microwave band, and is capable of theoretical speeds of up to 11 megabits per second (mbps)

Wireless

• While theoretical top speed of 802.11b is 11 mbs, the practical speed is somewhat less. If the signal is weak—depending on the distance and barriers between receiver and transmitter, the speed is considerably less—as slow as 1 mbs. Actual effective speed is dependent not only on the signal strength but on factors such as number of concurrent users, interference and antenna effectiveness. Since the wireless access points provide shared network connections the bandwidth is split among users, so the more users the slower the access—an important factor in dense university environments.

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Wireless

• Security is an issue 802.11b wireless networking. The Wired Equivalent Privacy encryption (WEP) has many limitations and is not finding much practical use. Users of 802.11b are using what can be termed as temporary security solutions such as VPN (virtual private networks), while new security protocols are being developed. Unfortunately at present there is no generally accepted solution

Bluetooth

• Bluetooth is a short-range wireless protocol that is emerging from the digital phone world. It operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range with speeds as high as 728 kbps. The receivers are extremely small, the size of a match head, and have the potential to be part of many small devices.

• There are few Bluetooth devices today, but there are many in planning by companies such as Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, Intel, 3Com, Motorola, Lucent Technologies and Microsoft. Despite the many interested parties it is too early to know if Bluetooth will have the impact that its supporters say it will have..

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STUDENT’s TASK number two

• Develop a simplified presentation about “Computer networks” and the main topics using PREZI SW imaging toshow it to a student involvedwith you for the first time and send to the teacjer on my personal email address

An An introductionintroduction totogoogle google docsdocs

An An introductionintroduction totogoogle google docsdocs

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Interactive lession about Google Docs

• Go to Google Docs

• Show you in which way you have a free account on Google Docs

• An overview of the Google Docs MENU

• Construct an example of Google Docsapplication

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